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PubMed1995

Predicting body fatness: the body mass index vs estimation by bioelectrical impedance.

The body mass index (weight in kilograms/height in square meters) is a common surrogate for fatness. With the advent of bioelectrical impedance analysis, more precise measurement of fatness in populations is now possible. We measured height, weight, and percentage that is fat by bioelectrical impedance analysis in 2032 adults, ages 31 to 92, participating in the Framingham studies. Body mass index was a poor predictor of fatness in women (R2 = 0.55) and men (R2 = 0.38), and was imprecise (standard error of estimate = 5 percentage points). The relationship between percentage fat and body mass index was quadratic in both sexes, and was altered by age in women (P < .0001) and, to a lesser extent, in men (P < .027). These data suggest that body mass index is an imprecise measurement of fatness compared with bioelectrical impedance.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Plasma leptin and insulin levels in weight-reduced obese women with normal body mass index: relationships with body composition and insulin.

Obesity is a complex disease with multiple features that has confounded efforts to unravel its pathophysiology. As a means of distinguishing primary from secondary characteristics, we compared levels of fasting plasma leptin and insulin in a cohort of weight-reduced obese women who have attained and maintained a normal BMI for more than 1 year with the levels in cohorts of never-obese and currently obese women. Weight-reduced obese women showed decreased plasma concentrations of leptin and insulin compared with obese women, but these levels remained significantly higher than those of never-obese women. Plasma leptin levels were highly correlated with plasma insulin levels (r = 0.60, P < 0.001). To further explore relationships with body composition, total body fat was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and body fat distribution by computed tomography in subsets of these groups. Weight-reduced obese women had a significantly greater percent body fat and subcutaneous abdominal fat mass than did the never-obese women, and these were highly correlated with plasma leptin (r = 0.90, P < 0.001, and r = 0.52, P < 0.001, respectively). In these weight-reduced obese women, visceral fat mass was similar to that of the never-obese. The insulin sensitivity index and first-phase insulin response were also comparable. These results demonstrate that higher leptin levels in weight-reduced obese women are related to the higher total fat and particularly the subcutaneous fat masses. Normalization of visceral fat mass in the weight-reduced obese was accompanied by normalization of insulin sensitivity index and first-phase insulin response. This study suggests that increases in plasma leptin and insulin in obesity are secondary features of the obese state.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1996

Performance and body composition of finishing gilts (45 to 85 kilograms) as affected by energy intake and nutrition in earlier life: II. Protein and lipid accretion in body components.

Forty-eight commercial hybrid gilts were used to investigate the response relationships between energy intake and deposition of protein and lipid in body components of finishing pigs (45 to 85 kg) as affected by previous nutrition. Two groups of 24 gilts received a single diet either at 2.2 (restricted pigs) or 3.7 (control pigs) times maintenance (M) from 20 to 45 kg. From 45 to 85 kg, pigs from each of these two groups were fed the same diet at one of six intake levels (1.7, 2.2, 2.7, 3.2, or 3.7 x M, or adlibitum). At 85 kg, the gilts were dissected and analyzed. Protein content in the whole body decreased curvilinearly from 190 to 166 g/kg (P < .001) and lipid content increased from 116 to 210 g/kg (P < .001) with increasing energy intake. The mean content of protein was 6 g/kg higher and of lipid 29 g/kg lower (both P < .001) in previously restricted gilts. Protein (PD) and lipid deposition (LD) in the whole body, organs, lean, and fat tissue increased linearly (P < .001) with increasing energy intake. In the whole body, PD increased from 83 to 187 g/d and LD from 46 to 392 g/d. The respective response relationships in grams/day were PD = 21.8 + 3.78 x DEI and LD = -193 + 13.7 x DEI(DEI is digestible energy intake, MJ/d). The LD:PD ratio increased curvilinearly from .6 to 2.2. Previous nutrition had only small effects on PD and LD. Only PD in the organs was on average 7 g/d higher (P < .001) in previously restricted gilts. Thus, the higher protein content and the lower lipid content in previously restricted gilts was not primarily the results of compensation but was almost entirely present at the end of the restriction phase at 45 kg.

Aging↗
PubMed1997

Feed intake, body weight, body condition score, musculation, and immunocompetence in aged mares given equine somatotropin.

Sixteen 20- to 26-yr-old mares were given 0, 6.25, or 12.5 mg/d equine somatotropin (eST) to determine whether aged mares respond to ST with changes in feed intake, body weight, body condition score (based mostly on fat cover), or immunocompetence. Neither dry matter intake, body weight, nor body condition scores were altered during the 6 wk of eST injection. However, based on photographs taken to evaluate musculation before and after treatment (scores 0 to 4), mares given eST developed greater (P < .07) muscle definition (1.8 +/- .6 and 2.5 +/- .6 for 6.25 and 12.5 mg eST/d, respectively) than control mares (.7 +/- .4). Total circulating leukocytes increased (P < .05) in both of the eST-treated groups during the 6-wk injection period, caused by an increase (P < .05) in granulocytes. Lymphocyte numbers were not altered. Granulocyte oxidative burst activity was not altered by eST treatment. Although lymphocyte proliferative responses to phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen, or lipopolysaccharide were not altered during the treatment period, lymphocyte proliferation in response to phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen increased twofold in eST-treated horses at 2 wk after eST treatment. In overview, the increased musculation and the increase in granulocyte numbers in mares given eST suggest that eST supplementation may improve the health and well-being of aged mares.

Aging↗
PubMed2002

Relationships between body weight at first mating and subsequent body development, feed intake, and reproductive performance of rabbit does.

A retrospective study was performed to evaluate the relationships between BW at first insemination and subsequent body development, feed intake, reproductive performance, and culling rate of rabbit does. Young rabbit does are vulnerable to body energy deficit in first lactation, resulting in decreased reproductive performance and high replacement rate. Heavy does at first insemination might be able to benefit from the extra amount of BW to cope with the energy deficit during first lactation. Data of three experiments were used in which does were given ad libitum access to feed during rearing and inseminated at 14.5 wk of age. The first two parities of each doe were recorded. Does were categorized in three groups based on their BW at 14.5 wk of age (first insemination): heavy (BW > or = 4,000 g), medium (BW 3,500 to 4,000 g), and small (BW < 3,500 g). Among does that kindled, differences in BW at first insemination were related to differences in voluntary feed intake and body growth rate during rearing. Heavy does consumed more feed per day (+ 45 g/d, P < 0.001) and had a higher BW gain (+ 12 g/d, P < 0.001) than small does from weaning (4.5 wk) to 14.5 wk of age. Body weight at first insemination did not affect BW, feed intake, and culling rate during the first two parities. Heavy does were heavier at first insemination and remained so throughout the reproductive period, but they followed a similar BW curve as medium and small does. A higher BW at first insemination (14.5 wk of age) improved litter size in the first parity (8.9, 7.7, and 6.4 for heavy, medium, and small does, respectively, P < 0.05). Extra BW at start of reproduction improves litter size in the first parity but does not contribute to an improved feed intake or increased BW development during reproduction.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2000

Effects of daily gain in pre- and postpubertal replacement dairy heifers on body condition score, body size, metabolic profile, and future milk production.

Two trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of moderate (0.7 kg) and accelerated (0.9 kg) average daily gain before (trial 1) and after (trial 2) puberty on body condition, metabolic profile, and first lactation milk production of Italian Holstein-Friesian heifers. There were 20 heifers in trial 1 and 22 in trial 2. Trials started when heifers averaged 150 and 300 kg of body weight in trial 1 and 2, respectively, and lasted 7 mo (experimental period). Across diet groups, half of the heifers were mated at first estrus after 370 kg and the other half after 420 kg of body weight gain. Actual average daily gains were 0.667 and 0.775 kg in trial 1 and 0.748 and 0.824 kg in trial 2 for moderate and accelerated experimental groups, respectively. Diets for high average daily gain did not affect body condition during growing phase in trial 1, whereas it did in trial 2. High average daily gain increased plasma glucose in trial 1 and plasma urea concentration in trial 2. Rearing diet did not affect milk production and milk protein percent; age in both trials. High average daily gain decreased milk fat percentage in trial 2. Early calving negatively influenced milk production in both trials and milk fat percentage in trial 1. Early calving heifers showed higher protein percentage than those with late calving only in trial 1.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed2002

Heritability and correlations among body condition score loss, body condition score, production and reproductive performance.

The objectives of this study were to estimate the heritability of body condition score loss (BCSL) in early lactation and estimate genetic and phenotypic correlations among BCSL, body condition score (BCS), production, and reproductive performance. Body condition scores at calving and postpartum, mature equivalents for milk, fat and protein yield, days to first service, and services per conception were obtained from Dairy Records Management Systems in Raleigh, NC. Body condition score loss was defined as BCS at calving minus postpartum BCS. Heritabilities and correlations were estimated with a series of bivariate animal models with average-information REML. Herd-year-season effects and age at calving were included in all models. The length of the prior calving interval was included for all second lactation traits, and all nonproduction traits were analyzed with and without mature equivalent milk as a covariable. Initial correlations between BCS and BCSL were obtained using BCSL and BCS observations from the same cows. Additional genetic correlation estimates were generated through relationships between a group of cows with BCSL observations and a separate group of cows with BCS observations. Heritability estimates for BCSL ranged from 0.01 to 0.07. Genetic correlation estimates between BCSL and BCS at calving ranged from -0.15 to -0.26 in first lactation and from -0.11 to -0.48 in second lactation. Genetic correlation estimates between BCSL and postpartum BCS ranged from -0.70 to -0.99 in first lactation and from -0.56 to -0.91 in second lactation. Phenotypic correlation estimates between BCSL and BCS at calving were near 0.54, whereas phenotypic correlation estimates between BCSL and postpartum BCS were near -0.65. Genetic correlations between BCSL and yield traits ranged from 0.17 to 0.50. Genetic correlations between BCSL and days to first service ranged from 0.29 to 0.68. Selection for yield appears to increase BCSL by lowering postpartum BCS. More loss in BCS was associated with an increase in days to first service.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The interaction of strain of Holstein-Friesian cows and pasture-based feed systems on milk yield, body weight, and body condition score.

Interactions between genotype and environment are becoming increasingly important as cattle genotypes are being managed in a diverse range of environments worldwide. The objective of this study was to investigate if there is an interaction of strain of Holstein-Friesian cows (HF) by grass-based feed system that affects milk production, body weight, and body condition score. Three strains of HF were compared on 3 pasture-based feed systems over 3 consecutive years. The 3 strains of HF were: high production North American, high durability North American, and New Zealand. The 3 grass-based feeding systems (FS) were: a high grass allowance system (MPFS), a high concentrate system (HCFS), and a high stocking rate system (HSFS). There was a separate farmlet for each FS and a total of 99, 117, and 117 animals were used in yr 1, 2, and 3 respectively, divided equally between strains of HF and FS. The high production cows produced the highest yield of milk, the New Zealand the lowest, and the high durability animals were intermediate. Milk fat and protein content were higher for the New Zealand strain than for the high production and high durability strains. The New Zealand strain had the lowest body weight and the highest condition score, whereas the high durability strain had the highest body weight, and the high production strain had the lowest condition score. There was a strain x FS interaction for yield of milk, fat, and protein. The milk production response to increased concentrate supplementation (MPFS vs. HCFS) was greater with both the high production and high durability strains (1.10 kg of milk/kg of concentrate for high production; 1.00 kg of milk/kg of concentrate for high durability) than the New Zealand strain (0.55 kg of milk/kg of concentrate). The results indicate that the optimum strain of HF will vary with feed system.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2004

Effects of behavior modification on body image, depression and body fat in obese Korean elementary school children.

This study was performed to investigate the effects of behavior modification on body image, depression and body fat in obese elementary school children. Sixty-two elementary students of the 4th to 6th grade were selected from two different Seoul schools. Thirty-four children in one school were designated as the experimental group, and 28 children from the other school as the control group. The experimental group received 60 - 70 minutes of behavior modification, once a week, for 8 weeks. The control group received neither management nor treatment. The results indicated a significant improvement of body image and a reduction in the increase rate of body fat for the experimental group. This finding strongly supports the theory that behavior modification can be used as an effective strategy in the treatment of obese children.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1985

Metabolic and anatomical adaptations of heavy-bodied chicks to intermittent feeding. I. Food intake, growth rate, organ weight, and body composition.

Chicks of a heavy-bodied strain were deprived of food on alternate days from 14 to 83 days of age. Relative food intake was depressed by intermittent feeding to 25 days of age, after which the deprived chicks resumed the relative intake of the ad libitum-fed controls, i.e., the relative intake on repletion day was twice that of the control chicks. Following an adaptation period of 2 weeks, the relative growth rate of the intermittently fed chicks exceeded that of the control group, the excessive growth being due to an increase on the day of repletion which was more than twice that of the control birds. Body fat concentration was depressed by intermittent feeding throughout the experimental period. Although, in ad libitum-fed chicks, periodical deposition of body protein and fat was parallel throughout the experimental period, in the treated chicks, protein deposition prevailed initially and fat deposition prevailed at the end of the experimental period. Intermittent feeding was accompanied by a consistent increase in the relative weight of the liver, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract, including the small intestine. The differences in food intake, growth, body composition, and gastro-intestinal tract between heavy- and light-breed chicks exposed to intermittent feeding are discussed.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2000

Preliminary study of body mass index and its relationship to percent body fat in Harare, Zimbabwe.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of this paper were to document the body mass index (BMI) and anthropometric characteristics of the city of Harare urban dwellers of Zimbabwe. To investigate the relationship between BMI, sum of skin folds (SSF) and percent body fat (PBF). DESIGN: Cross sectional study. SETTING: Designated fitness awareness locations in the city of Harare during the 1998 physiotherapy awareness week. SUBJECTS: The participants were 140 apparently healthy adults, males (n = 71) and females (n = 69). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Body Mass Index. RESULT: The minimum and maximum values of BMI were 17.7 and 33.3 for men, 17.6 and 47.8 for women. BMI was not found to increase with aging but PBF on the contrary did. The mean BMI value for the males and females was 24.89 +/- 3.18 and 27.8 +/- 5.89 respectively. There was no significant difference in mean BMI between sexes (p = 0.331). Weight was also similar by gender (p = 0.4691). In both sexes, the BMI showed a significant positive correlation with PBF, SSF, body weight and age (for males r = 0.721, 0.731, 0.900, 0.369, p < 0.01 respectively; and in females r = 0.786, 0.804, 0.940, 0.404 and p < 0.01 respectively). CONCLUSION: Women were found to have higher BMI, PBF, SSF than their male counterparts. On the average, men were found to be taller, with no significant difference in weight. There was a linear relationship between BMI and PBF, and all the variables investigated except age and stature in both sexes. Because of the differences of environment and industrialisation, estimation of BMI should involve such factors as ethnicity, race, gender and age.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Body weight, body mass index, and incident symptomatic osteoarthritis of the hand, hip, and knee.

Studies have shown a positive association between obesity and knee osteoarthritis. Studies evaluating hand or hip osteoarthritis and weight, however, have assessed x-ray osteoarthritis or been cross-sectional, or both, and results of these have been inconsistent. We assessed the association between body weight, body mass index, and incident symptomatic osteoarthritis in 134 matched case-control pairs of women who were part of a case-control study on estrogen replacement therapy and osteoarthritis. We identified incident symptomatic osteoarthritis cases of the hand, hip, and knee in women ages 20-89 years who were members of a health plan between January 1, 1990 and December 31, 1993. For each case we selected a control woman who was matched by closest date of birth to the case. Medical records were reviewed to obtain weight and height information for the period before disease onset. After controlling for estrogen use, smoking status, height, and health care use, we found that body weight was a predictor of incident osteoarthritis of the hand, hip, and knee. Odds ratios ranged from 3.0 to 10.5 for women in the upper tertiles of weight compared with women in the lowest tertile. Similar associations were observed for body mass index. Our results suggest that obesity is associated with the development of incident osteoarthritis at all joints studied.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Primate body temperature and sleep responses to lower body positive pressure.

Cephalic fluid shifts, induced by lower body positive pressure (LBPP) are known to influence various physiological systems (i.e. cardiovascular and renal). In earlier experiments, we observed an apparent change in the arousal state of primates in such LBPP conditions. This study was designed to examine the effects of LBPP on arousal state and body temperature level which is normally correlated with sleep. Chair restrained male squirrel monkeys were exposed to 40 mmHg LBPP for 90-100 minutes between the daytime hours of 13:00-15:00. Each monkey was placed in a specially modified restraint chair to which they were highly restrained [correction of trained]. Deep body temperature (DBT) was collected from 10 animals. Sleep parameters were obtained from 6 animals chronically implanted for sleep recording. A video camera was used to observe each animal's apparent state of arousal. LBPP resulted in an approximate 0.9 degree C decrease in DBT. During video observation some animals appeared drowsy during LBPP, however, sleep recording revealed no significant changes in the state of arousal. Thus, LBPP is capable of inducing a mild hypothermia [correction of hyperthermia]. Further, the mechanisms underlying the observed lowering of body temperature appear to be independent of arousal state.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

The influence of transient change of total body water on relative body fats based on three bioelectrical impedance analyses methods. Comparison between before and after exercise with sweat loss, and after drinking.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to clarify the influence of change of total body water caused by exercise and drinking, on relative body fat (%BF) based on three bioelectrical impedance analyses (BIA) methods, between hand and foot (H-F), between hand and hand (H-H), and between foot and foot (F-F). METHODS: The subjects were 30 Japanese healthy young adults aged 18 to 23 years (15 males, 15 females). Measurements were made three times for each BIA method; before and after exercise with sweat, and after drinking, and also twice according to the under water weighing (UW) method, before exercise and after drinking. A pedaling exercise, with a bicycle ergometer, was used for 60 minutes as the exercise. RESULTS: The relationship of %BF between the UW method and each BIA method was mid-range or more (r=0.765-0.839). However, %BF based on the H-F and F-F BIA methods were higher than that based on the UW method. After drinking, %BF of all the BIA methods were higher than the UW method. %BF of the BIA methods after exercise indicated values lower than those before exercise. %BF of the H-F and H-H BIA methods after drinking were a little higher than those before exercise, indicating that those measurements reflect a slight change of body water. CONCLUSIONS: It was demonstrated that %BF of any BIA method reflect the change of body water caused by exercise, sweating, and drinking.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2003

[Primary pars plana vitrectomy in the treatment of penetrating eye injuries involving intraocular foreign bodies in the vitreous body ].

The method of choice in the treatment of penetrating eye injuries affecting the vitreous body with an intraocular foreign body is in the majority of patients primary pars plana vitrectomy with transvitreal extraction of the foreign body (FB). During the period from April 1999 till September 2000 the authors treated thus at the Ophthalmological Clinic of the General Faculty Hospital and 1st Medical Faculty Charles University Prague 26 eyes of 26 young men with an average age of 34 years. The mean interval between the injury and primary PPV was 8.5 days. The patients were followed up on average for 23.5 months. The entrance of the penetrating injury was in 17 eyes in the cornea or limbus, in 9 eyes in the sclera. In two eyes posttraumatic endophthalmitis developed. The intraocular FB was 6 mm2 in size in 16 eyes and 6-20 mm2 in 10 eyes. In primary PPV we indicated in 14 eyes internal tamponade with gas or silicone oil. On account of late retinal complications which developed as a result of proliferative vitreoretinopathy we indicated in eight eyes PPV reoperation. At the end of the investigation period in 3 eyes inoperable detachment of the retina developed. As the main negative prognostic factor for final visual acuity the authors evaluated a size of the FB greater than 6 mm2, other negative prognostic factors are the scleral entrance injury, complications of the entrance injury (prolapse of the iris, vitreous body, haemophthalmus) and the development of posttraumatic exogenous endophthalmitis.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

A computer program for calculation of doses and prices of injectable medications based on body weight or body surface area.

A computer program (CalcAnesth) was developed with Visual Basic for the purpose of calculating the doses and prices of injectable medications on the basis of body weight or body surface area. The drug names, concentrations, and prices are loaded from a drug database. This database is a simple text file, that the user can easily create or modify. The animal names and body weights can be loaded from a similar database. After typing the dose and the units into the user interface, the results will be automatically displayed. The program is able to open and save anesthetic protocols, and export or print the results. This CalcAnesth program can be useful in clinical veterinary anesthesiology and research. The rationale for dosing on the basis of body surface area is also discussed in this article.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Body-image evaluation and body-image investment among adolescents: a test of sociocultural and social comparison theories.

Sociocultural theory and social comparison theory were used to account for variations in body-image evaluation and body-image investment among male and female adolescents (N = 1,543). Exposure to magazines and television programs containing idealistic body imagery as well as frequency of self-comparison to universalistic targets (e.g., fashion models) were measured. Results provided minimal support for sociocultural theory, but fairly strong support for social comparison theory. Specifically, the extent to which males engaged in universalistic social comparison predicted appearance self-esteem, number of diets to gain weight, use of pathogenic weight control practices, and use of steroids to increase muscle mass. For females, universalistic social comparison predicted appearance self-esteem, body dissatisfaction, number of diets to lose weight, and use of pathogenic weight control practices. The possibility that the null effects for sociocultural theory were an artifact of dummy coding for missing data or theoretical interdependence were explored, but did not appear to be valid. Limitations of the present study and directions for future research are outlined.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of anticancer treatment on leptin level, fat body mass (FM) and lean body mass (LBM)].

UNLABELLED: Leptin plays an important role in the metabolism of adipose tissue. Considering that malignancy and its treatment cans affect normal development in childhood. We analysed the correlations between serum leptin levels and body composition after anticancer treatment. We studied 33 survivors (24 boys and 9 girls) who before our study, have been treated for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) (n=23) and Hodgkin disease (n=10) after 7.15+/-3.5 years. Sixteen patients with ALL received cranial irradiation (12Gy). We measured body mass index (BM1) fat mass (FM) and lean body mass (LBM) using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). We compared these results to the results obtained from reference values (SD score). Leptin levels were measured with the RIA method. RESULTS: 1. Mean leptin levels were higher in girls after puberty (10.93 ng/mL+/-8.9) than in boys (3.73 ng/mL+/-3. 7). In boys no differences were found in leptin levels between T2-4 and T5 stages. In girls the leptin values increased after puberty. Leptin SD score levels were higher in boys during (1.55 +/-1.0) and after puberty (1.46+/-0.75) and in girls - after puberty (1.19 +/-1.51). We did not find any influence of cranial irradiation (12Gy) or various methotrexate doses (5 g/m(2) vs. 19/m(2)) leptin values. 2. No difference in BMI SD score was found within the whole study group. 3. FM did not change ill boys during and after puberty, although FM SD score were higher during puberty (2.98 +/-4.8). In girls FM and FM SD score were higher after puberty. In boys and girls LBM augmented with pubertal development but LBM SD score in boys were lower after puberty (-1.67 +/-1.7) in comparison to puberty (0.2 +/-1.7). No differences were found between LBM SD score in girls during and after puberty. 4. We found a correlation between leptin levels and BMI (r=0.59 p=0.001) and FM (r=0.77 p=0.0001). 5. Relation of FM to LBM in boys remained unchanged, however in girls it increased within pubertal development. CONCLUSION: l. Anticancer treatment during childhood shows no influence on body mass index although the tendency to higher fat mass in pubertal boys and in post pubertal girls is observed. 2. Leptin values depend on fat mass and do not relate directly to the pubertal stage.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗