Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “ASIA”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 919 records · Page 51Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Evidence-based interventions for road traffic injuries in South Asia.

Injuries and deaths due to road traffic injuries (RTI) have become one of the most serious health problems in most countries of South Asia. Young adults are more likely to die in a serious road traffic crash than from most other diseases. Systematic reviews of international scientific literature provide insights for the South Asian road safety community. Detailed information about proven effective interventions is provided in this paper. For example, education programmes are usually, in themselves, insufficient to change overall behaviour, red light cameras reduce red light violations and intersection crashes by 25-40%. Helmet use reduces bicycle and motorcycle related head and facial injuries for all ages involved in all types of crashes, including those involving motor vehicles. Use of seat belts and equipping cars with airbags can reduce car occupant fatalities by over 30%. Traffic calming techniques, the use of roundabouts and the provision of pedestrian and bicycle facilities in urban areas provide significant safety benefits.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1976

Intracranial neoplasms in children: a comparison of North America, Europe, Africa, and Asia.

Series of intracranial neoplasms in childrem from four continents (North America, Europe, Africa, and Asia) are presented and their histopathological distributions are compared. Findings include a proportion of craniopharyngiomas in Japan and Africa about double that of other areas, with a relative deficit of medulloblastomas. Pinealomas also occurred approximately three times as often in Japan and Africa as elsewhere. A incidence of ependymomas in India double that of other parts of the world was noted. Astrocytomas were the most frequently occurring neoplasms in all series except the Japanese. Possible interpretations of the differences among the series, as well as proposals for further investigation, are discussed.

Africa↗
PubMed1999

Animal health emergencies: prevention and preparedness in Asia.

Besides response and recovery, prevention and preparedness are the two critical components of any contingency plan. The author discusses the various elements which must be present in the prevention and preparedness plan of countries in Asia. As the continent has such diverse peoples and veterinary infrastructures, the actual plan may vary from one country to another, but must incorporate those elements which are crucial to ensure the success of the preparedness plan.

Animal Diseases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Setaria species from water buffalo of Southeast Asia and from Caffer Buffalo of Africa: comparative study with Setaria spp. from cattle of the respective areas (author's transl)].

Setaria leichungwingi Chen, 1937 (stat. nov.), parasite of Bubalus bubalis in Asia is closely related to S. labiatopapillosa, but the peribuccal chitinous crown is different. Until now, specimens determined as S. labiatopapillosa in Africa pertain in fact to two species S. labiatopapillosa sensu stricto and a new species described here: S. nelsoni n.sp., characterised by peribuccal crown's form (similated to that of S. leichungwingi) and by narrow host-sepcificity. It differs from S. leichungwingi by thick spiny extra-projections in higher percentage on peribuccal crown and by fewer spiny formations on the end of the female. A table gives the determination of the Setaria from Buffalo of the regions between India and East Europe with that from cattle. In the area, Setaria sp. from Bubalus is closely related to but different from S. labiatopapillosa.

Africa, Central↗
PubMed1999

Progress toward poliomyelitis eradication--South East Asia Region, 1997-1998.

In 1988, the World Health Assembly resolved to eradicate poliomyelitis by 2000. To achieve this goal, in 1994 World Health Organization (WHO) South East Asia Region (SEAR) member countries accelerated implementation of polio eradication strategies. In 1994, Thailand became the region's first country to initiate National Immunization Days (NIDs), followed by Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka (1995); Myanmar and Nepal (1996); and Democratic People's Republic (DPR) of Korea and Maldives (1997). This report summarizes the progress in achieving routine and supplemental vaccination coverage and surveillance for cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) and the impact of these activities on polio eradication in the region.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The characteristics of the macro- and trace element composition of the hair in the peoples of Asia, Africa and Latin America].

Macro- and trace element composition of hairs on the head, chest, in the armpits, and on the pubis in the population of Asia, Africa, and Latin America adapted and not to the climate, geographic and ecological conditions of the Russian Federation (Moscow) is studied by spectrography (DPS-13 spectrograph). Element composition of residents of 16 countries is analyzed by variation statistics methods using PC: Lebanon, Syria, Yemen, Bahrain, India, Sierra Leone, Côte d'Ivoire, Rwanda, Kenya, Sudan, Mexico, Ecuador, Bolivia, Brasilia, Columbia, and Chile. Hairs from residents of East Europe (Russians, Byelorussians, Ukrainians) living in Moscow for 6-8 years (adapted) were the reference for comparison. A total of 371 specimens of hairs were examined. Hairs from adapted and not adapted residents of the above-listed countries and continents differ significantly from each other and from the hairs of Russians, Byelorussians, and Ukrainians living in Moscow.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1999

Measles control--South-East Asia Region, 1990-1997.

In 1989, the World Health Assembly resolved to reduce measles morbidity and mortality by 90% and 95%, respectively, by 1995, compared with the number of cases during the prevaccine era. In 1990, the World Summit for Children adopted a goal to vaccinate 90% of children against measles by 2000. Although these goals have not been met, progress has been achieved toward global measles control, including in the South-East Asia Region (SEAR) member countries of the World Health Organization (WHO). By the end of 1997, estimated worldwide measles morbidity and death were reduced by 74% and 85%, respectively, and by 70% and 88%, respectively, in SEAR. In February 1999, representatives of the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), WHO, and CDC met and recommended a regional plan of action for measles control. This report summarizes the progress in measles control in SEAR during 1990-1997 and summarizes the plans for future activities in the region.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Quality of vaccination services and social demand for vaccinations in Africa and Asia.

For immunization to be effective in the long run as a major global disease control intervention it is important to provide good quality vaccination services. Studies carried out in three countries in Asia (Bangladesh, India, and the Philippines) and two countries in Africa (Ethiopia and Malawi), and reported on in this article, document the fact that parents are willing to invest considerable effort in having their children vaccinated; however, there are a number of serious shortcomings in the quality of the routine vaccination services and strains are apparent at the interface between the vaccination providers and the users. These shortcomings are detracting from the sustainability of routine vaccination programmes and are promoting the growth of pools of nonimmunized and partially immunized children. To safeguard the continued operation and to enhance the coverage of routine vaccination programmes it is crucial that these difficulties be addressed.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Cost effectiveness in the discrimination of leishmania species causing anthroponotic leishmaniases in Asia using selective enzymes.

In this study, an attempt was made to evaluate the usefulness of selective enzymes in the identification of Leishmania spp causing anthroponotic leishmaniasis in Asia, especially from a cost effectiveness point of view. For this purpose cellulose acetate electrophoresis was carried out to identify the Leishmania species of the Old World. After analyzing 11 enzymes 6PGDH was found to be the most polymorphic enzyme which could distinguish the WHO reference strains of the Leishmania species endemic in Asian countries like L.(L.) donovani (DD8), L. (L.) infantum (IPT-I), L.(L.) major (5ASKH), and L.(L.) tropica (K-27). Addition of another enzyme G6PDH improved the quality of diagnosis. Cost could be reduced manifold to discriminate the Asian Leishmania parasites by analyzing these two enzymes.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Mekong malaria. Malaria, multi-drug resistance and economic development in the greater Mekong subregion of Southeast Asia.

This monograph brings together national malaria databases for 1996, 1997 and 1998 from the 6 countries comprising the Greater Mekong Subregion of Southeast Asia: Cambodia, China (southern provinces), Lao People's Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam. The objective is to create a regional perspective in what is a global epicenter of drug resistant falciparum malaria, so to enhance the information flow required to improve malaria control on a regional basis in the context of economic and social change. Geographical Information Systems technology has been applied to the regional mapping of total reported malaria cases, malaria incidence, confirmed cases, parasite species distribution. There is great diversity in disease patterns in the 6 countries and at subnational administrative unit area level in each country, so that in the region as a whole there is marked asymmetry in disease distribution, with many areas of high endemicity. Focal expansion of maps in the vicinity of international border areas delineates the differential trans-border malaria distribution that presents a challenge for disease control. The malaria pattern is also depicted in environmental context against regional elevation and forest cover profiles, which affect mosquito breeding site distribution and agricultural activity. Data on resistance of falciparum malaria to a range of anti-malarial drugs summarise the historical and recent context of resistance development and spread in terms of geography and time frame. Data on population movement across international borders identify the magnitude of a major factor in the dispersal of malaria, including resistant parasite strains. Malaria control involves consideration of microeconomic capacity and operates in the broader context of macroeconomic policy: economic and social profiles of the region are included to provide this perspective. So too are maps depicting major economic development projects in the region, projects that have and will continue to have profound, dynamic impacts on malaria epidemiology. The geographic collation of regional malaria databases is thus placed in overall geographic, health, environmental and economic perspective. This beginning can form a basis for the development of an effective regional malaria surveillance system in the context of rapidly evolving social and infrastructural change, leading eventually to a multi-disease surveillance network.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Surveillance of some infectious diseases among aircrew personnel in Southeast Asia.

A 2-year analysis of specimens among aircrew personnel in Southeast Asia is reported. Stool specimens were examined for intestinal parasites and enteric bacteria, blood smears for blood parasites, and sera tested for transaminases (SGOT) and antibodies to Entamoeba histolytica, Toxoplasma gondii, Chikungunya and Japanese encephalitis viruses, Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, Leptospira sp. and Pseudomonas pseudomallei. One to four specimens each were obtained from 537 adult males and 20 females. There were 56 subjects with intestinal parasites as follows: Giardia lamblia (3.8%), Endolimax nana (2.6%), Entamoeba histolytica (1.4%), Entamoeba hartmanni (0.9%), Entamoeba coli (0.7%), Trichiuris trichiura (1.7%), Ascaris lumbricoides (1.4%), hookworm (0.9%), and Clonorchis sinensis (1.2%). Two individuals had malaria, Plasmodium vivax (0.6%). Pathogenic enteric bacteria were isolated from seven stool specimens; Shigella groups B and D (0.9%), Salmonella paratyphi (0.3%), and Arizona group (0.9%). Significantly elevated SGOT levels were found in 0.9% and antibodies to Japanese encephalitis virus in 1.5%, to Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in 1.2%, to Pseudomonas pseudomallei in 0.3%, to Entamoeba histolytica in 0.9% and to Toxoplasma gondii in 10.1%. No antibodies were found to Chikungunya virus or Leptospira sp.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed2001

[Migrating swellings from Asia: gnathostomiasis].

Two patients suffered from intermittent subcutaneous swellings of the face. A 41-year-old man recalled a recent episode with severe thoracic pain and at that time pleurisy was documented. In this patient there was pronounced eosinophilia. The other was a 32-year-old woman. Both patients had traveled to southeast Asia. Antibodies against Gnathostoma spinigerum were detectable in both patients. The first patient was treated with albendazole 200 b.i.d. for three weeks, but because of recurrent facial swelling, he was treated again with albendazole at a higher dose: 400 b.i.d. for eight weeks, which the swellings did not recur. The second patient was not treated because the frequency of the swellings had already decreased spontaneously. Gnathostomiasis is an infection by the nematode G. spinigerum. The main route of human infection is by eating insufficiently not well-cooked fish or frog. The initial infection is often not recognised, but severe symptoms can occur. In humans, the larva of the nematode does not develop further but may wander through the subcutaneous tissues. Untreated, the infection usually runs a mild, self limiting course, but complications such as invasion of the central nervous system or of the eye have been described. Treatment with albendazole reduces recurrence of swellings.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Mammographic image quality and exposure in South East Asia.

Generally there is a significant delay before optimized performance of mammography is fully realized in the developing countries. To evaluate the status of mammographic performance, a survey of mammographic image quality and exposure was performed in nine hospitals from four selected South East Asian countries. The entrance exposure on the surface of the American College of Radiology (ACR) mammographic phantom (ACR-RMI model 156) was made using both thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) and an ionization chamber. The TLDs were mailed from the University of Wisconsin Radiation Calibration Laboratory (UWRCL) to the cooperating hospitals. The surveyed hospitals processed the images and returned them to the UWRCL for subsequent evaluation of the image quality of the mammographic phantom. Machine-specific data, technique factors and sensitometric data were also obtained. At 28 kVp, the mean entrance exposure is 0.91 R (0.46 to 2.6 R), mean glandular dose is 1.61 mGy (0.90 to 4.15 mGy), mean optical density is 1.37 (0.66 to 2.30), mean total phantom image score is 9.1(4-12). Only three of the nine hospitals tested achieved an acceptable score above the minimum 10. Results for 25 and 30 kVp showed similar trend. The variation between the ion chamber measurements and TLD measurements ranged from 4 to 24%. There is a wide variation in the image quality and entrance exposure among hospitals in South East Asia. There is a need for a quality assurance program. The factors that cause low score in the phantom images must be corrected. Calibration and the use of appropriate ionization chambers for mammography is important.

Asia, Southeastern↗
PubMed2000

Neurocysticercosis and echinococcosis in Asia: recent advances in the establishment of highly reliable differential serodiagnosis for international collaboration.

Neurocysticercosis (NCC) and echinococcosis, caused by the larval stage of taeniid cestodes, are recognized as major parasitic zoonoses threatening human life worldwide. Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by Echinococcus granulosus, has well been known to be more widely distributing in Europe and Asia (Eurasia) than alveolar echinococcosis (AE) caused by E. multilocularis. However, it has recently been found that AE is more widely distributing or spreading in Eurasia. Furthermore, NCC caused by Taenia solium is also spreading in Eurasia. Due to the lack of reliable methodology for diagnosing these zoonotic cestodiases worldwide, prevalence rates of these diseases are extremely underestimated. Our group has been working for the establishment of differential serodiagnosis and molecular diagnosis of AE. CE and NCC as international collaboration projects sponsored by the Ministry of Education, Japan from 1994 until 2000 at least. In this paper, we introduce (1) the most recent original work on the establishment of differential serodiagnoses of NCC, AE and CE, (2) international collaboration work on epidemiology of these diseases in several countries, and discuss (3) what we can and should do for the control of such global parasitic diseases. It is stressed that international collaboration or cooperation work on the control of parasitic diseases is only successful based on the original scientific contribution of high standard.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Seroepidemiology of adult diarrhea rotavirus in some countries of Asia].

OBJECTIVE: Adult diarrhea rotavirus (ADRV) is the major cause of severe adult diarrhea. This paper is to survey the ADRV antibody in sera of normal persons of some areas of Asia including China cities of Changchun, Nanking, Taiyuan, Wuhan, Kathmandu of Nepal, Seoul of South Korea and Hong Kong China. METHODS: The ADRV antibody was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent blocking test. RESULTS: The data of survey showed that 1. A total detection of 2183 normal sera from persons of Asian areas showed an ADRV antibody positive rate of 3.6% (79/2183); 2. In cities in China and in Hong Kong, the ADRV antibody showed a lower level in age groups of 10-20,20-30-; 3. The ADRV antibody was detectable in normal persons in 1997 in Hong Kong which indicated an earlier existence of ADRV there before the ADRV outbreak in mainland China in 1983; 4. The ADRV antibody level observed in 1986-1991 in Hong Kong showed no obvious difference; 5. ADRV antibody was detectable in normal persons in Nepal and South Korea. CONCLUSIONS: The survey showed there was only a low level of ADRV antibody in normal persons in the Asian areas surveyed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Prevalence of micronutrient deficiency particularly of iron, zinc and folic acid in pregnant women in South East Asia.

Micronutrient deficiency, whether clinical or subclinical, may affect growth, cognition and reproductive performance. In pregnant women moderate to severe deficiencies of iron, zinc and folic acid have been shown to increase risk of low birth weight, pregnancy complications and birth defects. Any attempt to introduce a micronutrient supplementation programme during pregnancy must be based on adequate data on the prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies, their adverse effects and the potential for reversing these through supplementation. This paper reviews parameters for assessment of iron, zinc and folic acid deficiencies in pregnancy and the available data on prevalence of these in pregnant women in South Asia. Iron deficiency and anemia affect 50 % or more of pregnant women, the prevalence of folic acid deficiency may be up to 30-50 % and there is evidence to suggest that zinc deficiency is likely to be widespread but supportive data are scarce.

Anemia, Iron-Deficiency↗
PubMed2001

Priorities for reproductive health: assessing need in the older population in the Asia-Pacific region.

Best practice in healthcare entails the identification of priority health needs so that scarce resources can be most appropriately deployed in the development of services. In this light, the priorities for health of older women and men in the Asia-Pacific region are considered in terms of reproductive health. A broader definition of "reproductive health" is used here, which considers conditions that affect the reproductive systems of older women and men. Although previous fertility history may influence some of these conditions, such as breast or cervical cancer or uterine prolapse, others -- including sexually transmitted diseases and impotence -- emerge as independent factors; that is, they relate directly to past and/or current sexual activity. Regional and country-specific survey data and the estimates of deaths and disease burden provided by the Global Burden of Disease Inquiry Project show that a component of the overall health problems of older women relate directly to pregnancy and the practice of unsafe sex. The lack of data for other conditions that affect the reproductive systems of older women and men is noted, as is the importance of further research if an individual's health needs are to be fully met. It is argued that healthcare and health services alone cannot meet some of the health needs of the older population; broader political and social change are required.

Adult↗