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PubMed1984

Retrograde amnesia in Parkinson's disease.

Retrograde amnesia was assessed in demented and non-demented Parkinson's patients using a test of remote memory spanning the years from 1920-1979. Results indicated that the demented patients 1) scored significantly below normal controls and 2) had equal impairment for all time periods. This pattern was like that seen in other dementing illnesses (i.e., Huntington's and Alzheimer's diseases), but different from that in amnesic disorders, such as Korsakoff's syndrome. The data, therefore, suggest qualitative differences in pattern of remote memory loss between the dementias and amnesic syndromes.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Knowledge of New English vocabulary in amnesia: an examination of premorbidly acquired semantic memory.

To assess if amnesics have intact remote memory for general semantic information, we examined memory for vocabulary words with known dates of entry into the language between 1955 and 1989. Amnesics of mixed etiology with acute onset performed normally on both a recall and a recognition task. Korsakoff patients, in contrast, were impaired on both tasks and demonstrated a gradient such that their knowledge of words acquired during more recent time periods was worse than that of words acquired during more remote time periods. The improvement in performance associated with recognition testing was larger for Korsakoff patients than for control subjects and correlated significantly with a composite measure of frontal dysfunction. These findings suggest a deficit in the controlled search and retrieval of semantic information in Korsakoff patients. The implications of the differential performance of Korsakoff and mixed etiology amnesics for explanations of temporally graded retrograde amnesia are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Sleep onset is associated with retrograde and anterograde amnesia.

The purpose of the present study was to examine explicit and implicit memory for auditory events presented immediately prior to sleep onset. The results of the present study suggest subjects allowed 10 minutes of sleep demonstrate deficient explicit memory for auditory stimuli presented immediately prior to sleep onset. Subjects showed severe free recall deficits for word pairs presented 3 minutes prior to sleep onset and recognition deficits for stimuli from 1 minute prior to sleep onset. Implicit memory for word pairs presented prior to sleep onset seemed intact, and no recency effect was observed. In contrast to the 10-minute condition, subjects allowed 30 seconds of sleep demonstrated no equivalent explicit memory deficits. Memory performance in both delay conditions, however, appeared globally impaired relative to control data from subjects who remained awake. The results are interpreted in terms of elaboration of stimulus encoding, interruption of consolidation and retrograde versus anterograde amnesia.

Amnesia↗
PubMed1996

Recovery of high speed memory scanning after transient global amnesia: a case report.

We described the case of a 59 year old female with transient global amnesia (TGA) who had been examined neuropsychologically using Sternberg's paradigm and a random number generation (RNG) task on the following day, 1 week and 4 weeks after a TGA episode. The slope value of the linear function, a measure of cognitive memory scanning speed, decreased with time and showed a marked decrease 1 week after TGA, suggesting that the stage of serial and exhaustive scanning recovered within 1 week. The zero-intercept value, on the other hand, increased during 1 week but decreased 4 weeks later and was not related directly to recovery from TGA. The performance in RNG task improved 1 week later, but deteriorated 4 weeks after the episode. Such a change in RNG was in accordance with that of the zero-intercept value, predicting a relationship. It is concluded that the subclinical memory deficit, detected with these tasks, persisted longer than clinical recovery from TGA.

Amnesia↗
PubMed1976

Recovery from anterograde and retrograde amnesia after percutaneous drainage of a cystic craniopharyngioma.

A case is reported of a cystic craniopharyngioma involving the floor and walls of the third ventricle. Pronounced anterograde and retrograde amnesia were documented preoperatively by formal testing. Rapid improvement in both new learning capacity and remote memory occurred after percutaneous twist drill drainage of the cystic portion of the tumour. The relevance of these observations to the amnesic syndrome and its neuropathological basis is discussed.

Amnesia↗
PubMed1989

Regional cerebral blood flow and metabolism in patients with transient global amnesia: a positron emission tomography study.

In four patients who experienced transient global amnesia (TGA), clinical features and neuroradiological findings including positron emission tomography (PET) were studied within three months of the episodes, and compared with those in seven cases with cerebral transient ischaemic attacks (TIA). None of TGA patients had a previous history or significant risk factors for the cerebrovascular diseases. Their electroencephalogram, brain CT and angiogram for the head and neck were almost normal. PET study showed better preserved cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism in each area of the brain in patients with TGA compared with those with TIA in whom focal reductions of flow and metabolism were evident. These observations suggest that TGA is caused by reversible circulatory and/or metabolic disturbance, of which mechanism might be different from that in TIA.

Amnesia↗
PubMed1989

Transient global amnesia and falcotentorial meningioma--a case report.

A 59-year-old woman suffered from a single episode of transient global amnesia (TGA). A computerized tomographic scan and angiographic examinations revealed a falcotentorial meningioma, supplied by the posterior cerebral arteries. We suggest that TGA can be attributed to the vascular insufficiency in this case.

Amnesia↗
PubMed1987

A method for the recovery of mishap related events lost to amnesia.

The author describes a non-hypnotic, non-pharmacologic method employed in the recovery of memories blocked by amnesia following an aircraft accident. A detailed account of the method used during the investigation of two mishaps is provided. Memories were fully recovered. In addition, a description of the use of this technique in enhancing the recall of a witness to a fatal aircraft accident is provided.

Accidents, Aviation↗
PubMed1985

Retrograde amnesia produced by electron beam exposure: causal parameters and duration of memory loss.

The production of retrograde amnesia (RA) upon electron beam exposure has been investigated. RA production was evaluated using a single-trial avoidance task across a 10(4) dose range for 10-, 1-, and 0.1-microsecond pulsed exposures. The dose-response curve obtained at each pulse duration showed significant RA production. The most effective dose range was 0.1-10 rad at a dose rate of 10(6) rad/sec. By employing a 10 rad (10(6) rad/sec) pulse, a memory loss of the events occurring in the previous 4 sec was demonstrated. The conclusion was that the RA effect might be due to sensory system activation which provided a novel stimulus that masked previous stimuli.

Amnesia↗
PubMed1984

[Function of ECS as a cue in retrograde amnesia in the rat].

Two experiments were performed with rats to examine whether electroconvulsive shock (ECS), which is known to produce retrograde amnesia (RA), would serve as a dominant cue in the training trial. In Experiment I, after 6, 1, or 0 ECS preexposures , rats were received ECS immediately following one-trial passive avoidance training in a step through apparatus. Twenty-four h later, six ECS preexposure group showed a higher level of retention performance. Thus, the effects of ECS on RA were shown to be attenuated by the preexposure to ECS. In Experiment II, it was shown that ECS acquired a considerable amount of cue value which might produce a conditioned suppression on an off-the-baseline type procedure. These results were interpreted as that RA phenomena could be considered as a sort of retroactive conditioning where ECS served as a CS.

Amnesia↗
PubMed1984

The transient global amnesia-migraine connection.

Twelve patients with transient global amnesia (TGA) were studied. Seven (58%) of the 12 had a headache during their attack; five (42%) of the 12 were migraineurs. Measurement of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) by the xenon Xe 133 inhalation method showed similar patterns of flow in five of the seven patients tested. The rCBF abnormalities were impaired vasomotor response in the watershed area between the middle cerebral artery and posterior cerebral artery territories, and/or focal ischemia in the inferior part of the temporal lobe. These rCBF abnormalities differed from those seen in patients with carotid transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) and vertebrobasilar TIAs. We speculate that the vasomotor phenomena in migraine may play a major role in the cause of TGA.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Amnesia following basal forebrain lesions.

Of five patients with damage to the basal forebrain, four had lesions secondary to rupture of anterior cerebral or anterior communicating artery aneurysms, and one to the resection of an arteriovenous malformation. Computed tomographic scans and intraoperative reports confirmed damage to basal forebrain regions, which include septal nuclei, nucleus accumbens, substantia innominata, and related pathways. Behavioral disturbances featured a prominent amnesic syndrome and personality changes. The amnesia was distinguishable from that reported in patients HM and DRB and shared features with that seen in patients with Korsakoff's syndrome. We propose that the memory disorder can be explained by malfunctioning in the hippocampal system, secondary to damage in the basal forebrain structures with which it is strongly interconnected. The dysfunction might, in part, be caused by reduction of specific neurotransmitter innervation because the lesions are likely to damage cholinergic neurons and nearby catecholamine pathways within the basal forebrain.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

The P3 evoked potential and transient global amnesia.

The P3 evoked potential has been linked to memory mechanisms, but its neuronal generators are uncertain. Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a disorder of recent memory that has been postulated to result from ischemia or focal seizures in the medial temporal lobes and/or thalamus. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a recording of P3 evoked potential and sphenoidal electroencephalogram during TGA. The tonal P3 was not decremented in comparison to P3 recordings one month and two years after recovery. Sphenoidal electroencephalogram was normal. The results suggest that the neuronal networks which generate the tonal P3 are not involved in the part of the memory system affected by TGA.

Amnesia↗
PubMed1992

Dissociation of color from object in amnesia.

A patient with persistent amnesia after bilateral medial temporal and left inferotemporo-occipital infarction could not match colors to objects in verbal, visual, or visuoverbal tasks. A severe naming disorder for objects was present but the patient could name colors and point to colors whose name was given. The matching disorder appeared to be a deficit in the semantic classification of objects rather than a problem in identifying colors.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Intraoperative hippocampal cooling and Wada memory testing in the evaluation of amnesia risk following anterior temporal lobectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of memory testing following localized thermal inactivation (cooling) of the hippocampus during epilepsy surgery to assess risk for postoperative memory decline. DESIGN: Memory was assessed after intraoperative thermal inactivation of the hippocampus and during the Wada procedure to help determine the clinical utility of each procedure. SETTING: A university hospital, comprehensive epilepsy surgery program. PATIENTS: Individuals undergoing unilateral temporal lobectomy for relief of intractable seizures. PROCEDURE: After temporal tip resection, iced liquid was irrigated into the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle until the hippocampus was "cooled." MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Multiple neuropsychological measures of learning and memory. RESULTS: Wada memory testing suggested risk for memory impairment in 15 patients while cooling indicated risk in only five patients. Predictions arising from the two procedures were concordant in 13 patients and discordant in 12 patients. Among the 12 inconsistent predictions, hippocampal cooling suggested adequate contralateral memory support in 11 (92%) of 12 patients, and none of these 11 patients had a postoperative anterograde amnesia. CONCLUSION: Intraoperative hippocampal cooling may be useful in determining the risk of postoperative memory disorder among selected patients undergoing epilepsy surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

An increased frequency of patent foramen ovale in patients with transient global amnesia. Analysis of 53 consecutive patients.

OBJECTIVE: Alerted by the number of patients with transient global amnesia (TGA) in whom Valsalvalike activities immediately preceded the onset of TGA, we have investigated the frequency of patent foramen ovale (PFO) as the prerequisite for paradoxical embolism. DESIGN: Case series with comparison to a control group. SETTING: Hospitalized and ambulatory patients at the neurological departments of the Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany, and the Rheinisch-Westfälische-Technische Hochschule, Aachen, Germany. PATIENTS: Fifty-three consecutive patients with TGA were evaluated by the 2 centers between 1988 and 1995. RESULTS: Using contrast transcranial Doppler sonography we have observed a PFO in 55% of the patients with TGA, compared with 27% of a control group of 100 patients. This difference was statistically significant (P < .01). Twenty-five patients with TGA (47%), 15 of them with a proven PFO, reported a precipitating activity, such as the lifting of heavy weights, immediately before the TGA occurred. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to other pathological mechanisms, paradoxical embolism with temporobasal ischemia could possibly play a role in the clinical syndrome of TGA. This hypothesis could explain the frequent observation of preceding Valsalvalike activities in patients with TGA.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Emotional arousal and phobia in transient global amnesia.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of emotionally stressful or phobogenic events and phobic personality traits in transient global amnesia (TGA). DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: Tertiary care center. PATIENTS: Fifty-one case patients with TGA (mean +/- SD age, 62.7 +/- 6.7 years) compared with 51 control patients with transient ischemic attacks (mean +/- SD age, 63.8 +/- 6.7 years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Precipitant factors, life events, and phobic attitudes. RESULTS: Of the 25 TGA attacks that were triggered by a precipitant, 11 were possibly related to emotionally stressful or phobogenic situations. On a scale that measured phobic attitudes, the case patients with TGA scored significantly higher than the control patients with transient ischemic attacks (mean +/- SD total score, 15.21 +/- 11.0 vs 4.41 +/- 5.2; P < .001 by corrected analysis of variance for age, sex, and education). The amount of stressful live events in the year that preceded the attack did not differ between the case patients with TGA and the control patients with transient ischemic attacks. CONCLUSION: The results support the hypothesis that emotional arousal and phobia are involved in TGA.

Aged↗