Prevention and amelioration of stress and consequences of interaction between children and dogs.
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Adolescent↗
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Results for “subordinate behavior”
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Aggression in the Ko-Bushmen.
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Acculturation↗
Environmental, genetic and social factors affecting the expression of estrus in beef cows.
Genetic, social and environmental factors affecting behavioral estrus were evaluated in Angus (n = 10), Brahman (n = 10) and Senepol (n = 10) cows during a PGF2alpha synchronized estrus and subsequent spontaneous estrus. Cows were equally stratified by breed to two groups of 15. Both groups were pre-synchronized with a modified two-injection PGF2alpha protocol. At the start of the experiment, cows were treated with 25 mg PGF2alpha followed by a second and third administration of 12.5 mg PGF2alpha, 11 and 12 days later to induce synchronized estrus. The subsequent estrus was designated as spontaneous estrus. Behavioral estrus data including the onset and end of estrus, estrous duration and the total number of mounts received for the synchronized and spontaneous estruses were collected using HeatWatch". Interval from the third PGF2alpha, treatment to the onset of a HeatWatch" estrus occurred earlier (P < 0.05) in Angus (31 +/- 5 h) than Brahman (53 +/- 7 h) or Senepol (53 +/- 4 h) cows, with dominant Senepol and Brahman cows taking longer to exhibit estrus after PGF2alpha than subordinate cows. The duration of the synchronized estrus tended to be shorter (P < 0.06) in Senepol (12 +/- 3 h) than in Angus (19 +/- 2 h) or Brahman (17 +/- 2 h) cows. Behavioral estrus data between the two periods were confounded by greater temperature-humidity index (THI) values during spontaneous estrus. The THI during spontaneous estrus appeared (P = 0.09) to affect the duration of estrus (9 +/- 1 h versus 16 +/- 1 h) and did affect (P < 0.0001) the total number of mounts received (8 +/- 4 mounts versus 34 +/- 4 mounts) during spontaneous estrus compared to synchronized estrus. Breed had no effect (P > 0.10) on the duration and total number of mounts received during synchronized and spontaneous estruses. In conclusion, type of estrus (synchronized or spontaneous), THI, social dominance and breed exerted significant effects on characteristics associated with behavioral estrus in beef cattle in subtropical environments.
Animals↗
Female gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRP-R)-deficient mice exhibit altered social preference for male conspecifics: implications for GRP/GRP-R modulation of GABAergic function.
We studied female GRP-R-deficient mice with respect to olfactory function and social behavior toward male conspecifics. Results of a food exploration test (hidden cookie method) revealed that the olfactory ability of these mutant mice is identical to that of wild-type mice. However, when preference toward either a socially dominant or subordinate male mouse was assessed in a social preference test, wild-type mice showed a greater preference for socially dominant males than did GRP-R-deficient mice. In contrast, in a social investigation test to an anesthetized male mouse, GRP-R-deficient mice exhibited greater investigatory behavior toward the target male than did wild-type mice. When female C57BL/6J mice were given diazepam (0, 1, 2 or 4 mg/kg, i.p.), their investigatory behavior to the anesthetized male target was increased in a dose-dependent manner. Conversely, i.p. administration of bicuculline (1 mg/kg) significantly decreased the social investigatory behavior of female GRP-R-deficient mice, but not of wild-type mice. These results indicate that female GRP-R-deficient mice exhibit altered responsiveness to male conspecifics relative to their wild-type counterparts, and suggest that this outcome may be attributable, at least in part, to altered GABAergic function in these mutant mice.
Anesthesia↗
Hair pulling and eating in captive rhesus monkey troops.
Hair pulling and eating has not yet received attention in the nonhuman primate literature. Hair pulling and eating was recorded 388 times in two heterogeneous troops of healthy rhesus monkeys that were kept according to modern management practices. The behavior in question consists of the following sequence: pulling with the fingers (1/3 of cases) or with the teeth (2/3 of cases) tufts of hair from one's own or from a partner's coat; chewing the hair and finally swallowing it; the undigested material is excreted in the feces. Hair pulling was almost exclusively (378/388) partner-directed. It was observed 364 times between animals whose dominance relationships were known; it was performed in 96% (349/364) of observations by a dominant but only in 4% (15/364) of observations by a subordinate monkey. The recipient of hair pulling showed typical fear and/or avoidance reactions. In both troops young animals (2-8 years of age) engaged in hair pulling and eating significantly more often than old animals (10-26 years of age). There was no evidence that nutritional, toxicological or climatic factors were responsible for the manifestation of this behavior. It was concluded that, similar to trichotillomania in man, wool pulling and eating in sheep and muskox, and feather picking in poultry, hair pulling and eating is an aggressive behavioral disorder in rhesus monkeys reflecting adjustment problems to a stressful environment.
Animals↗
Intermale social aggression: reinstatement in castrated rats by implants of testosterone propionate in the medial hypothalamus.
Male hooded rats were castrated, subcutaneously implanted with testosterone-filled silastic tubes, and individually housed with an intact adult female rat. An unfamiliar male intruder was introduced into each colony on a weekly basis and the aggressive behavior of the resident male was recorded. When the intermale social aggressive behavior of the resident male toward the intruder reached a high level in terms of a composite aggression score, the subcutaneous testosterone tubes were removed. Weekly tests of aggression toward unfamiliar intruders continued until the aggression of the resident male dropped to a low level for two successive weeks in terms of our composite aggression score. Bilateral implants of pellets of testosterone propionate were then made into the medial hypothalamus or adjacent tissue. A control group was implanted with cholesterol pellets into the medial hypothalamus. During four weekly tests following the implant, rats with testosterone propionate implants in the medial hypothalamus showed increases in lateral attacks, lateral attack duration, bites, and piloerection. The increase in aggression was not consistently displayed by animals with testosterone propionate implants dorsal or anterior to the medial hypothalamus or by animals with cholesterol implants in the medial hypothalamus. These results suggest that the medial hypothalamus or closely adjacent tissue contains testosterone-sensitive neural circuitry modulating intermale social aggression.
Aggression↗
Prehension movements in the macaque monkey: effects of perturbation of object size and location.
While the neural bases of prehension have been extensively studied in monkeys, a few kinematic studies have examined their prehension behavior. Recently (Roy et al. 2000, 2002), we have described the kinematics of reaching and grasping in freely behaving monkeys under normal conditions by applying the high-resolution recording techniques (Optotrak system) and behavioral paradigms used in humans. Here we determined whether online movement reorganization observed in monkeys following sudden changes of either object size or location at movement onset is similar to that observed in humans. We found that changing object size led to rapid on-flight re-calibration of the different movement parameters, eventually preserving the unitary aspect of the movement with a minor time cost. By contrast, a shift in object location triggered a massive time-consuming reorganization. Re-directed movements appeared as a concatenation of two sub-movements: a first one directed to the initial object and a second one directed to the new object location. These findings first complement our earlier studies in providing further evidence of the similarities between monkey and human prehension. Second, they suggest that the two components of prehension, reaching and grasping, interact through coordination mechanisms that are more efficient to correct for size than for location perturbation. This difference may reflect a hierarchical organization in which reaching would be the subordinate of grasping in both primate species.
Animals↗
Comparison of the effects of alcohol, chlordiazepoxide, and delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on intraspecies aggression in rats.
The species-specific repertoire of attack, threat, defense, and submission was produced in pairs of male laboratory rats and measured after intraperitoneal injection of a drug or its vehicle to one of the rats. Attack behavior by dominant rats toward nondrugged opponents was increased by a low dose of alcohol (0.5 g/kg) or of chlordiazepoxide (5 mg/kg), but suppressed by delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). In experienced subordinate rats, the highest alcohol dose (1.5 g/kg) impaired the defensive upright posture whereas THC (2, 4 MG/KG) prolonged immobile crouch and submissivesupine reactions and resulted in more wounds. Naive rats administered alcohol assumed the submissivesupine posture more readily and for a longer duration, but sustained more biting attacks. Chlordiazepoxide and THC, when administered to naive rats, prolonged the immobile crouch reaction, and THC also impaired the defensive upright posture. We conclude that alcohol and chlordiazepoxide both enhance attack behavior in dominant rats, whereas THC has specific anti-aggressive effects and profoundly alters the submissive-defensive reactions.
Aggression↗
A vasopressin antagonist can reverse dominant/subordinate behavior in hamsters.
Golden hamsters communicate dominance status by flank marking, a behavior that is dependent upon vasopressin-sensitive neurons in the anterior hypothalamus-medial preoptic area (AH-MPOA). The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether arginine vasopressin (AVP) and an antagonist of AVP could alter or reverse dominant/subordinate relationships in pairs of hamsters. Microinjection of AVP into the AH-MPOA of subordinate hamsters dramatically increased their flank marking despite the presence of their dominant partners. Conversely, microinjection of the AVP antagonist into the AH-MPOA of dominant hamsters blocked flank marking in the presence of their subordinate partners. Surprisingly, the untreated subordinate hamsters significantly increased their own flank marking when tested with their dominant partners treated with the AVP antagonist, thereby reversing the pattern of flank marking normally seen in dominant/subordinate relationships. However, the effect of AVP and the AVP antagonist were limited to the day of treatment. When flank marking behavior was reversed in a pair of hamsters by treatments for three consecutive days, the pair immediately displayed the original dominant/subordinate behavior when treatment was stopped.
Aggression↗
Social and reproductive factors affecting cortisol levels in wild female golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia).
The steroid hormone cortisol has been associated with different levels of "stress" as well as different reproductive conditions in many primates. In callitrichids, cortisol has more often been reflective of female reproductive status than of chronic stress. In this study, we addressed the hypothesis that wild golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia) females, whose social structure is characterized by low aggression and high social support, would not show rank ("stress")-related differences in glucocorticoids but would show reproductive changes. We collected 710 fecal samples from 22 adult females in Poço das Antas Reserve, Brazil, and nearby reintroduction areas, and assayed them for cortisol. Differences in cortisol levels were found between different reproductive conditions. Females in the first trimester of pregnancy had lower cortisol levels than nonpregnant females, although we did not differentiate between basal and ovulating levels in nonpregnant females. Cortisol rose in the third trimester of pregnancy. Primiparous females had a higher rise in the third trimester than multiparous females. No differences in cortisol levels were found among dominant females, ovulatory subordinate females, or anovulatory subordinate females. These results are similar to those obtained in other studies of callitrichid females. The lack of differences in cortisol excretion between dominants and subordinates is likely due to the low levels of overt aggression and the high level of social support available to subordinate females.
Animals↗
Organization and activation of sexual and agonistic behavior in the leopard gecko, Eublepharis macularius.
Gonadal sex is determined by the temperature experienced during incubation in the leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius). Furthermore, both factors, incubation temperature and gonadal sex, influence adult sexual and agonistic behavior in this species. Yet it is unclear whether such differences in behavior are irreversibly organized during development or are mediated by differences in hormone levels in adulthood. To address this question, we gonadectomized adult females and males generated from a female-biased (30 degrees C) and a male-biased (32.5 degrees C) incubation temperature and treated them with equivalent levels of various sex steroids. We found that 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) activated sexual receptivity in females but not males, suggesting an organized sex difference in behavioral sensitivity to E(2). There were also organized and activated sex differences in attractivity to stimulus males. Although females were more attractive than males when treated with E(2), both sexes were equally unattractive when treated with dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or testosterone (T). Likewise, sex differences in aggressive and submissive behavior were organized and activated. Attacks on stimulus males were activated by T in males but not in females. In contrast, hormones did not influence flight behavior in males but did affect female submissiveness. Overall, males also evoked more attacks by stimulus males than did females. Nevertheless, females and males treated with androgens evoked more attacks than animals of the same sex that were treated with cholesterol or E(2). Incubation temperature had some weak effects on certain behaviors and no effect on others. This suggests that temperature effects in gonadally intact geckos may be due primarily to differences in circulating levels of hormones in adulthood. We conclude that gonadal sex has both organizational and activational effects on various behaviors in the leopard gecko.
Aggression↗
Gender differences in evaluating social-sexual conduct in the workplace.
Qualitative interviews exploring gender differences in perceptions of sexual harassment were conducted with 100 full-time St. Louis area employees. Women more than men reported that telling dirty/sexual jokes was a non-harassing behavior, qualified behaviors as harassing when they happened in the workplace, and considered behaviors as non-harassing when the man's intentions were not harmful. Men more than women reported that requesting a date was a non-harassing behavior, qualified behaviors as harassing when the woman did not welcome the behavior, and considered behaviors as non-harassing when they did not violate workplace norms. Logistic regression analysis predicted the respondent gender with 86% accuracy. Finally, concept mapping suggested that when women think about harassers they are concerned with power and social aptitude, while men seem to be more concerned about the responsibility and psychological adjustment of perpetrators of sexual harassment. When women think about victims of harassment they are concerned with a woman's assertiveness and work effectiveness, while men are more concerned with the psychological state of the woman and how provocative she is when they think about victims of sexual harassment.
Adult↗
Male polymorphism in Limia perugiae (Pisces: Poeciliidae).
The male-polymorphic poeciliid fish, Limia perugiae, a small teleostean endemic to the southeast of the Caribbean island Hispañola, consists of three male size morphs with uniform females. Large males differentiate at a size varying between 25 and 38 mm; intermediate males, between 21 and 25 mm. Under competition, large males exhibit an elaborate courtship display, whereas small males show only a sneak-chase behavior. Intermediate males adapt their tactics to the respective competitors. However, all male morphs can switch from courtship display to sneak-chase behavior. In large mating groups with four males of different size and five or six virgin females, large dominant alpha-males as well as small subordinate delta-males did not produce any offspring. Unexpectedly, all progeny were sired exclusively by the intermediate subordinate beta- and gamma-males. Breeding experiments with the three male morphs can best be explained by a model of Y-linked genes for small and large size which are both suspended by the activity of an autosomal recessive repressor responsible for the development of intermediate males. The dominant allele of the recessive repressor, in either its homoorits heterozygous state, activates the Y-chromosomal genes for large or small size, respectively. Accordingly, intermediate males may produce male offspring of all size classes, depending on the presence of either the Y-linked gene or the autosomal repressor.
Agonistic Behavior↗
How a subordinate male bonobo leads dominant females up the garden path.
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Animals↗
Intense cocaine self-administration after episodic social defeat stress, but not after aggressive behavior: dissociation from corticosterone activation.
RATIONALE: An intense stress response characterizes both the dominant and submissive individuals during an aggressive confrontation, and these stress responses have enduring neural and behavioral consequences. OBJECTIVES: In spite of similar glucocorticoid and corticolimbic dopamine activation, dominant and defeated individuals appear to diverge in terms of their drug taking. Do rats that are intermittently subjected to defeat stress become more sensitized to cocaine taking relative to rats that engage in aggressive bouts? METHODS: Separate groups of male Long-Evans rats were investigated after an initial 10-day period with four brief episodes of social defeat (intruders) or aggressive behavior (residents): (1) the corticosterone responses to the very first and the last confrontations were measured; (2) the locomotor response to an amphetamine (1 mg/kg) challenge 10 days after the last stress exposure served as an index of behavioral sensitization; (3) intravenous self-administration sessions assessed the reinforcing effects of 0.75 mg/kg/infusion cocaine when available after every fifth response (fixed ratio), when delivered after completing progressively more demanding response requirements (progressive ratio; 0.3 mg/kg/infusion), and when available during a 24-h binge of continuous access (0.3 mg/kg/infusion). RESULTS: Both social defeat of the intruder rat and attack behavior by the resident rat rapidly increased plasma levels of corticosterone after the first and last aggressive confrontation, indicating no habituation to these types of stress. Intermittent social defeat engenders a sensitized locomotor response to a 1 mg/kg amphetamine challenge and increases cocaine self-administration as indicated by more behavioral effort to obtain cocaine infusions and by accumulating more cocaine during 24 h of continuous access (binge). By contrast, experiences with aggressive behavior do not impact on the motorically activating and reinforcing effects of stimulant administrations. CONCLUSIONS: The closely similar corticosterone activation in dominant and subordinate rats, followed by divergent patterns of cocaine self-administration indicates that different forms of social stress have dissociable effects on cocaine taking.
Aggression↗
The source of an aggression-promoting olfactory cue, released by alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone, in the male mouse.
Earlier experiments demonstrated that the injection of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone into one mouse of a male pair results, 15 minutes later, in the release of an olfactory cue which increases the aggressive behavior of its partner. Because the preputial gland, whose activity is dependent upon testosterone and alpha-MSH, produces an odor which stimulates aggressive behavior, its relationship with the MSH response was investigated. Preputialectomy failed to prevent the release of the odor by an MSH-treated subordinate mouse of a pair, although preputialectomy of one mouse of a naive pair resulted in it later displaying higher levels of aggression than its intact partner, which then became subordinate. Swabs taken from the perineal region of alpha-MSH-injected subordinates, contained more aggression-promoting factor than swabs taken from saline injected subordinates. It is concluded that the short-term effects of alpha-MSH upon aggression are probably via a product of glandular or urinary origin other than the preputial gland and that the latter is more involved in long-term aggression-promoting cues.
Aggression↗