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PubMed1994

[Effects of high iodine and high fluorine on children's intelligence and the metabolism of iodine and fluorine].

An investigation on children's intelligence and the metabolism of iodine and fluorine in high iodine and fluorine regions was carried out. The results were as follows. In high iodine and high fluorine areas, the thyroid enlargement prevalence rate among inhabitants and that among children were 3.8% and 29.8%, respectively. The dental fluorosis prevalence rate among inhabitants and that among children was 35.48% and 72.9%, respectively. The pupils' average intelligence quotient (IQ) was 76.67 +/- 7.75, slightly lower than the control point, but that of low intelligent pupils was 16.7%. The urinary iodine and urinary fluoride were 816.25 +/- 1.80 micrograms/L and 2.08 +/- 1.03 mg/L, respectively, markedly higher than the control point. The thyroid iodine-131 (131I) uptake rate was markedly lower than the control point. The values at 3 h and 24 h were 9.36 +/- 1.55% and 9.26 +/- 4.63%, respectively. The serum TSH was obviously higher than the control point. These results indicate that high iodine and high fluorine exert severe damage to human body.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Munich Intelligibility Profile. Studies of reliability and validity].

The 'Münchner Verständlichkeitsprofil (MVP)' (Munich Intelligibility Profile) is a PC-based method for assessment of the intelligibility of dysarthric speakers. Analyses of its reliability and validity were based on a total of 101 patients and 16 normal speakers as well as a group of 45 listeners. The reliability of the overall MVP score was determined using non-parametric analyses of variance and between-listener correlations. Retest reliability was measured for a subgroup of 5 listeners. Test validity was analyzed by correlating MVP scores with three external criteria (expert ratings, listeners' ratings, transcripts). Further, relevant aspects of the test construction were tested empirically. Finally, regression analyses were carried out in order to demonstrate that different MVP lists are equivalent in predicting transcription-based intelligibility scores.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Summary of results of a study of heredity of intelligence in a sample of the Czech population. III. Longitudinal and genealogic study of twins and their families].

The author presents further results of the longitudinal study of inheritance of intelligence, its components and structure in twins. Summarized results are presented for the age period from 0-15 years as well as detailed results of individual components and the global IQ in the age group of 8-15 years. The paper follows after two previous ones published in 1988 where the applied methods and statistical evaluation were described. Evidence was provided that heredity of intelligence is involved in children from a very early age, i.e. 0-3 years. After the age of 4 heredity predominates markedly over environmental influences up to the age of 15 years investigated so far by the author. (A slight decline occurs during the prepubertal period-age 13 and 14 years.) The author found that in particular the following components of intellect are inborn: abstract thinking, logic, talent for mathematics, concentration, inquisitiveness. Very detailed tables are presented for possible comparison with data in the literature and data from adults. The author found that the development of intelligence from childhood to adult age is very irregular. This uneven character is also mostly inborn. Statistical evaluation revealed several basic types of developmental curves and extreme variants. This will, however, be discussed in another paper. The theoretical results can be used also in practice in school education, counselling psychologic and psychiatric out-patient departments.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Information, intelligence, and interface: the pillars of a successful medical information system.

This paper addresses three key issues facing developers of clinical and/or research medical information systems. 1. INFORMATION. The basic function of every database is to store information about the phenomenon under investigation. There are many ways to organize information in a computer; however only a few will prove optimal for any real life situation. Computer Science theory has developed several approaches to database structure, with relational theory leading in popularity among end users [8]. Strict conformance to the rules of relational database design rewards the user with consistent data and flexible access to that data. A properly defined database structure minimizes redundancy i.e.,multiple storage of the same information. Redundancy introduces problems when updating a database, since the repeated value has to be updated in all locations--missing even a single value corrupts the whole database, and incorrect reports are produced [8]. To avoid such problems, relational theory offers a formal mechanism for determining the number and content of data files. These files not only preserve the conceptual schema of the application domain, but allow a virtually unlimited number of reports to be efficiently generated. 2. INTELLIGENCE. Flexible access enables the user to harvest additional value from collected data. This value is usually gained via reports defined at the time of database design. Although these reports are indispensable, with proper tools more information can be extracted from the database. For example, machine learning, a sub-discipline of artificial intelligence, has been successfully used to extract knowledge from databases of varying size by uncovering a correlation among fields and records[1-6, 9]. This knowledge, represented in the form of decision trees, production rules, and probabilistic networks, clearly adds a flavor of intelligence to the data collection and manipulation system. 3. INTERFACE. Despite the obvious importance of collecting data and extracting knowledge, current systems often impede these processes. Problems stem from the lack of user friendliness and functionality. To overcome these problems, several features of a successful human-computer interface have been identified [7], including the following "golden" rules of dialog design [7]: consistency, use of shortcuts for frequent users, informative feedback, organized sequence of actions, simple error handling, easy reversal of actions, user-oriented focus of control, and reduced short-term memory load. To this list of rules, we added visual representation of both data and query results, since our experience has demonstrated that users react much more positively to visual rather than textual information. In our design of the Orthopaedic Trauma Registry--under development at the Carolinas Medical Center--we have made every effort to follow the above rules. The results were rewarding--the end users actually not only want to use the product, but also to participate in its development.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1977

[Intelligence prognosis for autistic children (author's transl)].

The degree of intelligence respectively development quotient, gained in the first test, proved to be a valuable prognosis for autistic children. This has been shown in repeated psychological tests with 13 autistic children (10 boys, 3 girls, aged 4.10-13.6). An at least minimal speech development has a better prognosis as consequence. Usually the patient gains an equal, sometimes an even better result in the second test if any development of speech can be registered. A correlation between progress of speech and improved intelligence and social interests was discovered. Therapeutic support of autistic children, nearly without the ability to speak, may improve development of social reaction and ability of learning. These results, waiting to be verified statistically, underline clearly the prognostic value of single indicators. They also indicate the high correlation between speech, intelligence and social integration.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Intelligibility of clear and conversational speech of young and elderly talkers.

It has been documented that talkers can be trained to produce "clear" speech, which is significantly more intelligible for hearing-impaired listeners. In this study, the ability of both younger and older talkers to produce clear speech after a minimal amount of instruction and practice was investigated. Tape recordings were made with the talkers attempting to produce both conversational-style and also clear-style speech. Elderly patients with sensorineural hearing loss listened to and attempted to repeat these sentence productions. The results indicate that both groups of talkers could effect significant intelligibility improvements despite minimal instruction and practice. Further, the magnitudes of the intelligibility improvements were statistically similar between the two groups of talkers. Instruction in clear speaking techniques is thus advocated as a useful intervention technique for spouses and other family members of elderly patients with hearing loss.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Application of an artificial intelligence program to therapy of high-risk surgical patients.

We developed an artificial intelligence program from a large computerized database of hemodynamic and oxygen transport measurements together with prior studies defining survivors' values, outcome predictors, and a branched-chain decision tree. The artificial intelligence program was then tested on the data of 100 survivors and 100 nonsurvivors not used for the development of the program or other analyses. Using the predictor as a surrogate outcome measure, the therapy recommended by the program improved the predicted outcome 3.16% per therapeutic intervention while the actual therapy given increased outcome 1.86% in surviving patients; the artificial intelligence-recommended therapy improved outcome 7.9% in nonsurvivors, while the actual therapy given increased predicted outcome -0.29% in nonsurvivors (p < .05). There were fewer patients whose predicted outcome decreased after recommended treatment (14%) than after the actual therapy given (37%). Review of therapy recommended by the program did not reveal instances of inappropriate or potentially harmful recommendations.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1997

[Effect of genotype on the relationship between parameters of intelligence and cognitive style].

The roles of genetic and environmental factors in regulating parameters of intelligence and cognitive style were studied. Monozygotic and dizygotic twins were tested three times, at the ages of 6, 7, and 10 years. The Wechsler Intelligence Test, Embedded Figures Test, and Matched Figures Fitting Test were used. Interrelations between the Intelligence Quotient and cognitive style appeared to be Independent of the shared regulatory mechanisms. Genetic correlations between IQ and cognitive style indicate that they are influenced in part by shared and nonshared genetic factors. It is proposed that qualitative changes in psychological features associated with the dynamic features of cognitive activity occur at the age of 7 years.

Child↗
PubMed1999

Intelligence as Developing Expertise.

This essay describes how intelligence can be viewed as developing expertise. The general conception of intelligence as developing expertise is described. Then research examples are given that, in conjunction, seem odd under traditional interpretations of abilities but that make sense as a whole in the context of the developing-expertise model. It is concluded that this new model offers potential for better understanding intelligence-related phenomena. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

An approach to intelligent ischaemia monitoring.

The paper describes an approach to intelligent ischaemia event detection based on ECG ST-T segment analysis. ST-T trends are processed by means of a Bayesian forecasting approach using the multistate Kalman filter. A complete procedure, intended for use in CCU/ICU monitoring areas, is proposed, in order to give the clinician an intelligent monitoring tool. The approach serves to describe trends and their changes in a symbolic way. A novel aspect is its ability to observe certain features of ST-T elevation/depression not detected by other means, and to reject artefacts and erroneous events. A sensitivity of 89.58% and a predictivity of 84.31% are obtained on selected records of the European ST-T database. Using a restriction on event amplitude, the predictivity is raised to 95.55%. An ischaemia sensitivity index of 1.2 was determined. The method has been shown to be a robust and practical trend analysis tool, and seems to be appropriate for numeric/symbolic transformations in next-generation intelligent monitoring systems.

Bayes Theorem↗
PubMed2006

[Verification of normative values for the Swiss version of the Freiburg speech intelligibility test].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: In the Swiss version of the Freiburg speech intelligibility test five test words from the original German recording which are rarely used in Switzerland have been exchanged. Furthermore, differences in the transfer functions between headphone and loudspeaker presentation are not taken into account during calibration. New settings for the levels of the individual test words in the recommended recording and small changes in calibration procedures led us to make a verification of the currently used normative values. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Speech intelligibility was measured in 20 subjects with normal hearing using monosyllabic words and numbers via headphones and loudspeakers. RESULTS: On average, 50% speech intelligibility was reached at levels which were 7.5 dB lower under free-field conditions than for headphone presentation. The average difference between numbers and monosyllabic words was found to be 9.6 dB, which is considerably lower than the 14 dB of the current normative curves. CONCLUSIONS: There is a good agreement between our measurements and the normative values for tests using monosyllabic words and headphones, but not for numbers or free-field measurements.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Development of intelligent design associates: a case study.

A number of human factors data sets provides guidelines and recommendations for the system design process. Much of this information is available to the human factors engineer in design handbooks, textbooks, and periodicals. While human factors design information is both available and abundant, it is not necessarily readily accessible or in a format that is easily assimilated into a particular design scenario. This paper discusses the feasibility of incorporating human factors design data into intelligent, knowledge-based systems referred to as design associates. Successful implementation of any design associate is dependent upon two key issues: conversion of human factors data into a valid knowledge base, and overcoming the knowledge representation constraints imposed by an intelligent software tool. Detailed results of a recent effort to address these issues, and subsequently implement a design associate on a commercially available intelligent software tool, are presented. This particular associate, implemented in a rule-based tool environment, aids in the selection of visual display technologies.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1978

Pitch deviancy and intelligibility of deaf speech.

The relationship between pitch deviancy and other aspects of speech production that affect intelligibiliyy of deaf speech was investigated. The speech skills assessed included the following: ratings of pitch deviancy, ratings of overall intelligibility, production of the prosodic features--stress, intonation, and pause, and production of phonemes. Children who could not sustain phonation had speech that was consistently judged unintelligible. This group of children also had pure tone averages greater than 90 dB. For the remaining children, the relationship among pitch deviancy, intelligibility, and hearing level was variable. The highest intercorrelations were among prosodic feature production, phoneme production, and intelligibility.

Acoustics↗
PubMed1978

The effect of selected prosodic errors on the intelligibility of deaf speech.

A trained speech pathologist listened to recordings of 40 deaf children, each reading 15 sentences and recorded instances of four types of prosodic errors: adventitious sounds, excessive phoneme duration, pitch breaks, and pauses. The scores were correlated with previously obtained intelligibility scores. It was found that adventitious sounds, except those obviously operating as transitional sounds to ease the movement from one place of articulation to another, had the greatest negative effect on intelligibility, followed by very long duration and pitch breaks. Medium and long pauses, long duration, prologned closure (i.e., long duration plosives), and adventitious transitional sounds had a lesser negative effect. Short pauses had a small positive effect on intelligibility. The method used to identify the errors was one that can hopefully be evolved into an evaluative instrument for practical use in schools for the deaf.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Forensic drug intelligence: an important tool in law enforcement.

Organised criminality is a great concern for national/international security. The demonstration of complex crimes is increasingly dependant on knowledge distributed within law-enforcement agencies and scientific disciplines. This separation of knowledge creates difficulties in reconstructing and prosecuting such crimes. Basic interdisciplinary research in drug intelligence combined with crime analysis, forensic intelligence, and traditional law enforcement investigation is leading to important advances in crime investigation support. Laboratory results constitute one highly dependable source of information that is both reliable and testable. Their operational use can support investigation and even provide undetected connections or organisation of structure. The foremost difficulties encountered by drug analysts are not principally of a chemical or analytical nature, but methodologies to extract parameters or features that are deemed to be crucial for handling and contextualising drug profiling data. An organised memory has been developed in order to provide accurate, timely, useful and meaningful information for linking spatially and temporally distinct events on a national and international level (including cross-border phenomena). Literature has already pointed out that forensic case data are amenable for use in an intelligence perspective if data and knowledge of specialised actors are appropriately organised, shared and processed. As a particular form of forensic case data, the authors' research focuses on parameters obtained through the systematic physical and chemical profiling of samples of illicit drugs. The procedure is used to infer and characterise links between samples that originate from the same and different seizures. The discussion will not, however, focus on how samples are actually analysed and compared as substantial literature on this topic already exists. Rather, attention is primarily drawn to an active and close collaboration between magistrates, forensic scientists, law enforcement investigators and crime analysts from different institutions with the aim of generating, using and validating relevant profiling case data as integral part of investigative and crime analysis processes. Original advances are highlighted through experiences from criminal investigations of offences related to the unlawful importation, exportation, supply and possession of illicit drugs.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

A study of nurses' spiritual intelligence: a cross-sectional questionnaire survey.

BACKGROUND: Nurse's spiritual well-being may assure a positive attitude toward spiritual care, and assist patients in overcoming spiritual distress. Spirituality is often related to one's belief system. Spirituality on the part of nurses is yet largely unheard of in a society with materialism which is one of the most destructive belief systems on the world. OBJECTIVES: The objective of the study was to explore the profile of spiritual intelligence among nurses, and to examine the effect of religions on nurses' spiritual intelligence in China. DESIGN: This is a cross-sectional descriptive and inferential designed study. SETTINGS: The study was carried out in a medical center in China. Subjects were widely distributed, throughout seven provinces, with 16 hospital settings. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 130 registered hospital nurses, who were taking part in a 3-day, national nursing quality conference held by the target medical center in China, were recruited by convenience sampling. METHODS: Wolman's (2001) four-point Likert-type Psycho-Matrix Spirituality Inventroy (PSI) was distributed collaboratively during the period of the conference. Upon receiving oral approval from nursing administrators, the author ensured that subjects' responses would remain confidential and that filling out the questionnaire was to be construed as willingness to participate in this study. RESULTS: 1. The majority of nurses (90%) tended to experience numerous instances of physical emotional pain and suffering throughout life. 2. Among the 130 subjects, only seven nurses clearly specified their religions, and religious beliefs accounted for most of the variance in the criterion variable in the study. CONCLUSIONS: Exploring nurses' spiritual profiles, especially for those who seem to be unfamiliar with spiritual matters, is a starting point on the journey to delivering spiritual care. Chinese nurses' spiritual intelligence is only to be excavated. The study draws attention to the diverse culture of the nurses' concepts of spirituality, which is fundamental to the delivery of truly holistic care of humans in a multi-faith society.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Intelligent system for start-up of a petroleum offshore platform.

It is difficult to control and to manage the start-up of a petroleum offshore platform. In order to solve this problem an intelligent system can play an important role, since available qualitative operator and design knowledge can be easily implemented to assist the operator during start-up. This paper describes the integration of an expert system with a fuzzy controller applied to such a process. The intelligent system has many heuristic rules to implement the automation of the start-up procedures, like the opening of many on-off valves while simultaneously monitoring process variables. It also has a fuzzy controller to optimize the opening of the oil wells, in order to minimize the start-up time. This intelligent system is being implemented in the platform P-19 of Petrobras, the Brazilian oil company, in Campos Basin, Brazil. The prototype has been operating since October 1998.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

An intelligent rapid odour recognition model in discrimination of Helicobacter pylori and other gastroesophageal isolates in vitro.

Two series of experiments are reported which result in the discrimination between Helicobacter pylori and other bacterial gastroesophageal isolates using a newly developed odour generating system, an electronic nose and a hybrid intelligent odour recognition system. In the first series of experiments, after 5 h of growth (37 degrees C), 53 volatile 'sniffs' were collected over the headspace of complex broth cultures of the following clinical isolates: Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella sp., H. pylori, Enterococcus faecalis (10(7) ml(-1)), Mixed infection (Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, and E. faecalis 3 x 10(6) ml each) and sterile cultures. Fifty-six normalised variables were extracted from 14 conductive polymer sensor responses and analysed by a 3-layer back propagation neural network (NN). The NN prediction rate achieved was 98% and the test data (37.7% of all data) was recognised correctly. Successful clustering of bacterial classes was also achieved by discriminant analysis (DA) of a normalised subset of sensor data. Cross-validation identified correctly seven 'unknown' samples. In the second series of experiments after 150 min of microaerobic growth at 37 degrees C, 24 volatile samples were collected over the headspace of H. pylori cultures in enriched (HPP) and normal (HP) media and 11 samples over sterile (N) cultures. Forty-eight sensor parameters were extracted from 12 sensor responses and analysed by a 3-layer NN previously optimised by a genetic algorithm (GA). GA-NN analysis achieved a 94% prediction rate of 'unknown' data. Additionally the 'genetically' selected 16 input neurones were used to perform DA-cross validation that showed a clear clustering of three groups and reclassified correctly nine 'sniffs'. It is concluded that the most important factors that govern the performance of an intelligent bacterial odour detection system are: (a) an odour generation mechanism, (b) a rapid odour delivery system similar to the mammalian olfactory system, (c) a gas sensor array of high reproducibility and (d) a hybrid intelligent model (expert system) which will enable the parallel use of GA-NNs and multivariate techniques.

Culture Media↗