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PubMed1979

Cultural and sex differences in dietary patterns of the urban elderly.

A group of 182 elderly subjects (91 females, 91 males; 94 blacks, 88 whites) were interviewed with respect to background data, dietary habits, and health variables. Analysis of variance showed race and sex differences with respect to meal patterns and quality of diet. In addition, correlational analyses revealed associations between quality of diet and social class, education, health status, and the smoking of cigarettes. Associations were strongest for the black subjects.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Community health-related physical fitness testing and the National Garden Festival Health Fair at Stoke-on-Trent.

A brief review of the literature on the effectiveness of health-related fitness (HRF) tests in the promotion of exercise is presented. The paper then describes one particular community project which used HRF tests as part of exercise promotion. The purpose of such a project was to give people some indication of their present cardio-respiratory fitness, muscular strength, and flexibility with a view to highlighting the components of HRF and areas of concern for future action. Other measures, such as self-reported activity patterns, smoking, alcohol, and diet were also taken. During the six months of the Festival in 1986, over 250,000 people visited the Health Fair (HF), and 15,000 volunteered to take the fitness tests; 13,373 were actually completed. As part of the evaluation of the HRF tests at the HF, a sample of 3,000 (500 per month) was used. A follow-up survey on 350 was mailed 12 months after the end of the Festival and 173 people replied. The follow-up survey showed that just under 50 per cent of males followed their 8-week exercise programme (given to them after their HRF tests) for the recommended time period. However, this figure dropped to 21.4 per cent for females. Of those who started exercise after their HRF tests, 12.5 per cent (females) and 18.4 per cent (males) gave up within two months, otherwise most were still involved (87.5 per cent females, 71.4 per cent males) after 12 months.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

England↗
PubMed2025

Multi-omics signature of healthy versus unhealthy lifestyles reveals associations with diseases.

This multi-omics cross-sectional study investigated differences in metabolomics, proteomics, and epigenomics profiles between two groups of adults matched for age but differing in lifestyle factors such as body composition, diet, and physical activity patterns. Data from prior studies were utilized for a comprehensive integrative analysis. The study included 52 participants in the lifestyle group (LIFE) (28 males, 24 females) and 52 in the control group (CON) (27 males, 25 females). Using multi-omics integration software (OmicsNet and Pathview), 96 significantly (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05) enriched pathways were identified that differentiated the LIFE and CON groups. Top pathways significantly (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;2.63&#x2009;&#xd7;&#x2009;10-5) influenced by group status included fatty acid degradation, fatty acid elongation, glutathione metabolism, Parkinson disease, and central carbon metabolism in cancer. This study identified a distinct metabolic signature comprised of metabolites, proteins, and gene methylation sites associated with a healthy lifestyle. These findings provide unique, but complementary, results to previous single-omics analyses using metabolomics and proteomics procedures which showed that the LIFE group exhibited lower plasma bile acid levels, higher levels of beneficial fatty acids, reduced innate immune activation, enhanced lipoprotein metabolism, and increased HDL remodeling. The current multi-omics analysis builds on these previous results by providing a more holistic view of how metabolites, proteins, and methylation sites associated with a healthy lifestyle, providing a larger, more comprehensive list of altered pathways. Additionally, the integrated analysis revealed connections between lifestyle factors and conditions such as cancer and insulin resistance beyond what identified in the single-omics approaches, highlighting the broader metabolic impact of lifestyle on health. Overall, the signatures identified by this multi-omics approach provide a basis for developing more translational biomarkers, such as those that defined the cancer and insulin resistance pathways that can be used to assess one's state of health and provide guidance on behavior modifications that should be taken to lower disease risk.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

Differential hepatic gene expression in a polygenic mouse model with insulin resistance and hyperglycemia: evidence for a combined transcriptional dysregulation of gluconeogenesis and fatty acid synthesis.

New Zealand obese (NZO) mice exhibit severe insulin resistance of hepatic glucose metabolism. In order to define its biochemical basis, we studied the differential expression of genes involved in hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism by microarray analysis. NZOxF1 (SJLxNZO) backcross mice were generated in order to obtain populations with heterogeneous metabolism but comparable genetic background. In these backcross mice, groups of controls (normoglycemic/normoinsulinemic), insulin-resistant (normoglycemic/hyperinsulinemic) and diabetic (hyperglycemic/hypoinsulinemic) mice were identified. At 22 weeks, mRNA was isolated from liver, converted to cDNA, and used for screening of two types of cDNA arrays (high-density filter arrays and Affymetrix oligonucleotide microarrays). Differential gene expression was ascertained and assessed by Northern blotting. The data indicate that hyperinsulinemia in the NZO mouse is associated with: (i) increased mRNA levels of enzymes involved in lipid synthesis (fatty acid synthase, malic enzyme, stearoyl-CoA desaturase) or fatty acid oxidation (cytochrome P450 4A14, ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, acyl-CoA oxidase), (ii) induction of the key glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase, and (iii) increased mRNA levels of the gluconeogenic enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. These effects were enhanced by a high-fat diet. In conclusion, the pattern of gene expression in insulin-resistant NZO mice appears to reflect a dissociation of the effects of insulin on genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism. The data are consistent with a hypothetical scenario in which an insulin-resistant hepatic glucose production produces hyperinsulinemia, and an enhanced insulin- and substrate-driven lipogenesis further aggravates the deleterious insulin resistance of glucose metabolism.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

The slavery hypothesis for hypertension among African Americans: the historical evidence.

The slavery hypothesis for hypertension has stated that the high blood pressures sometimes measured in African Americans are caused by one or more of these conditions: first, salt deficiency in the parts of Africa that supplied slaves for the Americas; second, the trauma of the slave trade itself; third, conditions of slavery in the United States. A review of the historical evidence shows that there was no salt deficiency in those parts of Africa, nor do present-day West Africans have a high incidence of hypertension. Historical evidence does not support the hypothesis that deaths aboard slave ships were caused mainly by conditions that might be conductive to hypertension, such as salt-depleting diseases. Finally, the hypothesis has depended heavily on evidence from the West Indies, which is not relevant for the United States. There is no evidence that diet or the resulting patterns of disease and demography among slaves in the American South were significantly different from those of other poor southerners.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1986

Why are diabetes, stomach cancer and circulatory diseases more common in Northern Sweden?

Why does a greater proportion of the population of northern Sweden suffer from such diseases as diabetes, stomach cancer and those of the circulatory system than people living in the southern part of the country? Are there any environmental factors that can explain these circumstances? It can be concluded from this study that the regional mortality pattern displayed here cannot be disregarded. The consistency of the finding is supported by the joint analysis of several data sources. The analyses in this study indicate that dietary habits, water hardness, and seasonal variations--rather than smoking habits or alcohol abuse--could be causal explanations for the regional mortality pattern in circulatory diseases. Diet and genetic factors may explain the regional variations in diabetes, while there is so far no evidence for associations between stomach cancer and any environmental factors. Thus, there is no correlation between stomach cancer and waterborne nitrate level in the 24 Swedish counties. This calls for further studies on the connections between stomach cancer and intake of salt, vitamins or trace elements. The preparation of foods could also have some impact on the incidence of stomach cancer.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed1991

[Mitral flow responses to two-week salt loading in elderly hypertensive patients].

The effects of a two-week high sodium diet on mitral flow pattern were assessed in 29 patients with essential hypertension (81.9 +/- 6.9 years). Transmitral flow was recorded during different rates of salt intake; 7 g/day for 8 weeks and 20 g/day for 2 weeks. With sodium loading, 25 patients whose mean blood pressure (MBP) increased by 10 percent or more were termed salt-sensitive (SS) group, and 4 patients whose MBP did not change or increased by less than 10 percent were termed non-salt-sensitive (NSS) group with mitral flow velocity integral, cardiac output (CO) and total peripheral resistance (TPR) were calculated. Thirteen of the SS patients were defined as "SST" in which an increase in TPR was greater than that in CO with sodium repletion. In the remaining 12 SS patients termed "SSc", the increase in CO was greater than that in TPR with salt loading. CO increased significantly in the SSc patients, but did not change in the SST or NSS group with sodium loading. TPR increased significantly in the SST and NSS subjects, and decreased significantly in the SSc patients. Peak velocity of transmitral flow in the rapid filling phase (R) decreased significantly in the SST and NSS patients, and increased significantly in the SSc group. On the other hand peak velocity of transmitral flow in the atrial contraction phase (A) increased significantly in the SST and SSc groups, but remained unchanged in the NSS patients. There was a significant increase in A/R in the SSt group and a significant decrease in A/R in the SSc patients with sodium loading.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Influences of protein malnutrition on amino acid composition, trace metal elements and tensile strength of rat hairs.

We examined hair properties from determinations of diameter, amino acid composition, trace metal elements, and tensile strength of the hairs from protein-malnourished rats. The coarse or medium hair diameters of the experimental protein-malnourished rats had a tendency to decrease more than those of the control. Total contents of amino acids in the hairs had a tendency to decrease in the protein-deficient rats. Cystine content of rat hairs definitely decreased only in 5% wheat- and 5% rice-pattern amino acid mixture diet groups but not in 5% gluten diet and 5% casein diet groups. And many of the low-protein diet groups were significantly lower in methionine content than the control except for the 5% casein diet group. The Mg, Zn, and Fe contents in the hairs considerably increased in protein-deficient rats against the control. Tensile strength of coarse hairs in the experimental protein-malnourished rats was significantly lower than that of the control. The changes in amino acid composition of rat hair proteins are more likely to be influenced by various qualities of dietary protein or different compositions of amino acid mixtures in the diets at a similar dietary protein level. It should seriously be considered from our data whether the reduced cystine content in the hair can be regarded as an indicator of nutritional status.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2000

[Treatment of children with hyperkinetic disorders (ADHD) based on communications- and systems analysis].

Inquired for a therapeutic mode changing hyperactive behavior without application of drugs or diets we analyzed the patterns of cognition, communication and system behavior related to such disturbed children and their families. Following our observations we created a clinically useful therapy basing on a special view to system- and communication theory. We applied our therapeutic mode generally to as hyperactive identified primary school children and collected in N = 46 cases catamnestic data about five years later. In more than 80% out of the sample we found successful developments after application of in means 8 therapeutic sessions during 9 months. About 53% out of the successful treatment children show a splendid school success. Our results are demanding for an extended discussion of relations and family constellations including hyperactive behavior of one child. Searching for the possibilities of change in the view of system theory it seems to be more appropriate to consider relations but individual behavior.

Attention↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Oncologic hygienic aspects of regulation of benz(a)pyrene in food products].

The paper presents a methodological scheme for regulating the acceptable levels of benz(a)pyrene in the foodstuffs is presented. It also gives a list of the acceptable levels of this carcinogen in the foodstuffs whose specific values depend on its daily dosage and the pattern of a standard diet for the Ukraine's population.

Benzopyrenes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Childhood obesity: etiology, prevention, and treatment.

The rapid increase in the prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents is alarming, particularly in light of its many medical and psychosocial consequences. In this review, we discuss key concepts of nutrition and physical activity. Etiology, prevention, and treatment strategies are also discussed, focusing on the macronutrient content of the diet, portion control, meal patterns, physical activity, and sedentary behaviors. Television viewing, lack of physical activity, and intake of fast food and soft drinks are also examined as potential contributing factors in the obesity epidemic. Children should be helped to develop healthy nutrition and exercise habits early, since interventions are most effective when behaviors are still being formed.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Epidemiology and health impact of obesity: an Asia Pacific perspective.

The Asia-Pacific region contributes more than half the world population and includes some of the world richest and most developed countries alongside some of the world's poorest and least developed countries. Despite persisting levels of underweight in some countries, overweight and obesity have become a major public health concern for almost the entire region. Official levels of obesity ranges from over 80 % of the entire adult population of some Pacific nations to less than 3 % in the Philippines. There remains much debate about the most appropriate BMI cut points to define the overweight and obesity in Asian populations and thus the true levels of obesity are likely to higher in most Asian countries. The causes of this rapid increase in overweight within the region are likely to be complex. However, rapid development leading to a shift away from traditional diets to an eating pattern containing more high fat, high energy foods and drinks together with a significant reduction in physical activity through shifts in occupational and recreational patterns is likely to be major contributors to the problem. This weight gain has been associated with an epidemic of chronic diseases such diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancers which is threatening to overwhelm the health care systems of less developed countries and results in an enormous, health, social and economic burden to the region.

Asia, Southeastern↗
PubMed1991

[Mitral flow responses to three-week salt loading in elderly hypertensives].

Three-week effects of a high sodium diet on mitral flow pattern were assessed in 23 patients with essential hypertension (81.8 +/- 6.8 years). Transmitral flow was recorded during different rates of salt intake: 7 g/day for 8 weeks, 20 g/day for 3 weeks. With sodium loading, 19 patients whose mean blood pressure (MBP) increased by 10 percent or more were termed the salt-sensitive (SS) group, and 4 patients whose MBP did not change, or increased by less than 10 percent were termed the non salt-sensitive (NSS) group. With mitral velocity integral, cardiac output (CO) and total peripheral resistance (TPR) were calculated. Fourteen of the SS patients, in which an increase in TPR was greater than that in CO with sodium repletion, were defined as "SST". In the remaining 5 SS patients, termed "SSC", an increase in CO was greater than that in TPR with salt loading. CO increased significantly in the SSC patients, but did not change in the SST or NSS group with sodium loading. TPR increased significantly in the SST, and remained unchanged in the SSC or NSS patients. Peak velocity of transmitral flow in the rapid filling phase (R) decreased significantly in the SST patients, increased significantly in the SSC group, and remained unchanged in the NSS subjects. While, peak velocity of transmitral flow in the atrial contraction phase (A) increased significantly in the SSC group, it remained unchanged in the SST and NSS patients. There was a significant increase in A/R in the SST group and a significant decrease in A/R in the SSC patients with sodium loading.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

Quantitative analysis of occlusal microwear in Australopithecus and Paranthropus.

Quantitative analysis of microwear features preserved on the occlusal surfaces of the M2s of southern African specimens of Australopithecus and Paranthropus (the so-called 'gracile' and 'robust' australopithecines) reveals that there is no striking relationship in either taxon between occlusal facet inclination and the incidence of wear features. Within each taxon, Phase I and Phase II facets tend to differ in a similar manner in the total number of wear features, the percentage frequency of pitting, and in the orientation of wear scratches. Nevertheless, Paranthropus molars tend to display significantly greater numbers of microwear features on both Phase I and II facets than do Australopithecus homologues, and Paranthropus molars also evince significantly higher proportions of occlusal pitting on these surfaces. Paranthropus and Australopithecus crowns also differ significantly in the degree by which the occlusal wear scratches vary in their orientation. On each facet, Australopithecus tooth scratches display a greater degree of directional similarity. The differences between the Phase I and Phase II facets of Australopithecus and Paranthropus M2s suggest that the dietary items involved in the production of these observed patterns differed also. The diets of these Plio-Pleistocene hominids appear to have been qualitatively dissimilar.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

A survey of household food purchases and dietary habits in relation to affluence among Singapore Chinese.

A survey of 40 Singapore Chinese households was performed, obtaining information on major perishable foods purchased for home consumption in the previous week, extent of home consumption (eating in), household dietary habits and housing type, the last as a measure of affluence. Eating out was very common: nine (23 per cent) households ate less than 50 per cent of meals at home. Excluding these nine households, consumption and habits were compared between more affluent and less affluent households. The more affluent households purchased more red meat/offal (P = 0.001), poultry (P = 0.002), vegetables other than green leafy (P = 0.04), fruit (P = 0.007) and eggs (P = 0.04); they also differed significantly in various dietary habits. Significant differences were also observed between English-speaking and Chinese-speaking households. The results suggest that increasing affluence may have brought about substantial dietary change in Singapore, thus meriting further study of the role of diet in changing disease patterns in Singapore.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1986

Social and biocultural determinants of food selection.

Health professionals concerned with improving the nutritional status of populations are facing numerous problems ranging from emaciation to overnutrition. This review article addresses the complexity, the relative significance and the interaction of factors leading to the nutritional profile of specific groups and individuals. When availability of food is threatened, the programs designed to reduce the incidence of malnutrition must balance the food supply with energy resources and population needs as well as encourage economic improvement of food distribution systems. For those persons having access to an abundant food supply, social forces and technological factors may affect food patterns, resulting in unbalanced diets associated with chronic diseases. Misinterpretation of reliable scientific findings is a major cause of abnormal nutrition behaviour. Overreaction to health messages may precipitate such conditions as anorexia nervosa or nutrient toxicity. Adverse food reactions, real or imagined, lead to restrictions in food selection. Excessive austerity in food use negates the pleasure of eating, a useful mechanism in food choice ensuring food diversity.

Attitude to Health↗