Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “common wheat”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 901 records · Page 50Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Diet, diabetes, hypertension and blacks.

The prevalence of non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is increasing in all populations. This increment has been correlated with changes in lifestyle, particularly in eating behavior. Migration studies strongly suggest that NIDDM becomes more common when lifestyle factors interact with genetic susceptibility. Blacks have a higher prevalence of NIDDM than whites. In this study, it is suggested that persistent hyperglycemia mediated through the main carbohydrate of the Western diet-wheat, as white flour and whole wheat-in combination with partial or complete glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency are possible factors for the higher prevalence of NIDDM in blacks.

Black or African American↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of the ingestion of nougat on blood glucose and insulin in healthy subjects].

The importance of the treatment of diabetes mellitus in the diet, is well known. Given that the glycemic response of the foods can not be predicted simply based on their chemical composition, prior to advising diabetics, one must have comparative data on the physiologic effects of the different foods. In this work we have studied the effect of nougat on glycemia and insulinemia, because this is a common food in our culture, and its knowledge may be of great use to diabetic patients. For the study we chose 7 healthy volunteers who were asked to ingest, on different days, a portion of whole wheat bread and one of Jijona nougat with an equivalent number of carbohydrates, and blood samples were taken before breakfast and at different times after initiating the ingestion, and in these samples we determined the plasma concentrations of glucose and insulin. We calculated the peak distances of glycemia and insulinemia, that is to say, the differences between the minimum and maximum values, and the areas under the curves. The difference between the glycemia peak distance between the trial done with nougat and that done with whole wheat bread, was statistically significant with a p < 0.02. The area under both curves did not show statistically significant differences. The same was true for the insulinemia figures. In conclusion, nougat, which traditionally is banned from the diet of diabetics, in this study does not show to produce a greater functional overload of the pancreatic islets than whole wheat bread does, and, although it has a high caloric value, it can probably be added to the diet of diabetic in small quantities, without producing great metabolic alterations.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Immunocytochemical characterization of the endocytic and phagolysosomal compartments in peritoneal macrophages.

We have used endocytic and phagocytic tracers in an EM immunocytochemical study to define the compartments of the phagocytic and endocytic pathways in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Endocytosed BSA-gold appeared successively in early endosomes, spherical endosomal vesicles, a late endosomal tubuloreticular compartment (TC), and terminal lysosomes. The TC appeared as an elaborate structure enriched for the lysosomal membrane glycoproteins Lamp 1 and Lamp 2, and expressing significant levels of rab7, a late endosome-specific GTP-binding protein. The cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor was restricted to specialized regions of the TC that were predominantly adjacent to the Golgi complex. Both the early endosome and the TC had coated bud structures whose composition and function are presently unknown. Phagolysosomes containing latex beads expressed the same membrane antigens and received endocytic tracers simultaneously with the TC. Since the membrane surrounding both organelles was also in direct continuity, we assume that both structures form one functional compartment. Macrosialin, an antigen confined to macrophages and dendritic cells, was heavily expressed in TC and phagolysosomal membranes with low levels being detected in other endosomal compartments and on the cell surface. Treatment of cells with wheat germ agglutinin drastically altered the morphology of the TC, giving rise to sheets of tightly adherent membrane and greatly expanded vesicles, in which cell-associated wheat germ agglutinin was concentrated. The spherical endosomal carrier vesicles loaded with internalized gold tracers clustered nearby, often making contact without fusing. Since the delivery of endocytic tracer to the TC was significantly delayed these experiments suggest that the lectin is somehow preventing the endosome vesicles from fusing with the TC. Collectively, our data argue first that the PLC is equivalent to the "tubular lysosomes" commonly described in macrophages, and second that the meeting of the phagocytic and endocytic pathway occurs in this compartment.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Secretory otitis media and allergy. With special reference to the cytotoxic leucocyte test.

This study is an investigation on whether allergy, and especially food allergy, is more common in patients with secretory otitis media (SOM) than in others. At the same time, the effectiveness of the cytotoxic leucocyte test (CLT) as an aid in the diagnosis of food allergy was also studied. The material comprised 90 patients: 69 suffering from secretory otitis media and 21 without the disease as controls. Patients were studied using allergy history, ear status, tests for nasal and blood eosinophilic cells, total IgE, skin tests for 20 allergens. RAST for milk and wheat, immunoglobulin A, G and M, precipitating antibodies for milk and gluten. Mantoux test, and the CLT for 23 allergens. Allergy was found in 20% of the SOM patients and 10% of the control patients; the difference was not statistically significant. The best methods for verifying allergy were history, skin tests, and tests for nasal eosinophils cells. Laboratory tests could not verify objectively that food allergy was more common among SOM patients than controls, although 16% of the SOM patients compared with none of the controls had a history of food allergy. Of the tests used, the CLT correlated best with a history of allergy, but the results of the different tests were not in accordance wtih each other.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Structural comparisons of two allelic variants of human placental alkaline phosphatase.

A simple immunosorbent purification scheme based on monoclonal antibodies has been devised for human placental alkaline phosphatase. The two most common allelic variants, S and F, have similar amino acid compositions with identical N-terminal amino acid sequences through the first 13 residues. Both variants have identical lectin binding properties towards concanavalin A, lentil-lectin, wheat germ agglutinin, phytohemagglutinin and soybean agglutinin, and identical carbohydrate contents as revealed by methylation analysis. CNBr fragments of the variants demonstrate identical high performance liquid chromatography patterns. The carbohydrate containing fragment is different from the 32P-labeled active site fragment and the N-terminal fragment.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1996

Inhibition of human TNF alpha and LT in cell-free extracts and in cell culture by antisense oligonucleotides.

Antisense oligonucleotides (ODN), complementary to mRNA of human tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) and lymphotoxin (LT) were tested for their ability to inhibit TNFs. TNFs production was studied in cell-free systems including wheat germ extract (WGE) and rabbit reticulocyte lysate (RRL). All ODN were effective in WGE at low concentration (0.2 microM), except those targeted to the 3' region of TNF alpha mRNA. A short ODN complementary to a common region between TNF alpha and LT inhibited both TNFs. In contrast, high ODN concentration (50 microM) was needed to inhibit LT mRNA translation in RRL, whereas no clear inhibition of TNF alpha was observed unless RNase H was added to the translation mixture. ODN effects on TNFs production by stimulated cell line in culture were also investigated. Three ODN-one located in the 5'-untranslated region, one spanning the AUG initiation codon and one downstream of this AUG-were the most effective sequences to decrease TNF alpha production. Two ODN targeted to the AUG initiation codon of LT were also able to inhibit its production. In conclusion we confirm the role of RNase H in cell free systems, and we found that there is no correlation between ODN efficiency in a cell-free system nor in cell culture. Efficient ODN could be used for in vitro investigation of the role of TNF alpha and LT in mechanism in which they are involved.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

The colinearity of the Sh2/A1 orthologous region in rice, sorghum and maize is interrupted and accompanied by genome expansion in the triticeae.

The Sh2/A1 orthologous region of maize, rice, and sorghum contains five genes in the order Sh2, X1, X2, and two A1 homologs in tandem duplication. The Sh2 and A1 homologs are separated by approximately 20 kb in rice and sorghum and by approximately 140 kb in maize. We analyzed the fate of the Sh2/A1 region in large-genome species of the Triticeae (wheat, barley, and rye). In the Triticeae, synteny in the Sh2/A1 region was interrupted by a break between the X1 and X2 genes. The A1 and X2 genes remained colinear in homeologous chromosomes as in other grasses. The Sh2 and X1 orthologs also remained colinear but were translocated to a nonhomeologous chromosome. Gene X1 was duplicated on two nonhomeologous chromosomes, and surprisingly, a paralog shared homology much higher than that of the orthologous copy to the X1 gene of other grasses. No tandem duplication of A1 homologs was detected but duplication of A1 on a nonhomeologous barley chromosome 6H was observed. Intergenic distances expanded greatly in wheat compared to rice. Wheat and barley diverged from each other 12 million years ago and both show similar changes in the Sh2/A1 region, suggesting that the break in colinearity as well as X1 duplications and genome expansion occurred in a common ancestor of the Triticeae species.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1986

The M2 autoantigen of central nervous system myelin, a glycoprotein present in oligodendrocyte membrane.

Autoantibodies with in-vitro demyelinating capacity induced in Hartley and strain 13 guinea pigs with homologous central nervous system (CNS) tissue were used to characterize the target autoantigen M2. Using the Dot Immunobinding technique, M2 was found to be a component of CNS myelin different from basic protein (BP) and from cerebroside. The expression of M2 on oligodendrocytes, cells known to produce CNS myelin, also confirmed that M2 was a component of CNS myelin. Furthermore, the autoradiography of immunoprecipitates formed with radiolabelled guinea pig myelin and analysed in sodium dodecyl sulphate gels showed that M2 was specific to CNS myelin and absent in peripheral nervous system (PNS) myelin. On electrophoresis M2 appeared as two CNS myelin protein bands at the 27 and 54 KD molecular weight levels, distinct from the major protein bands of proteolipid and BP. M2 bands were of glycoprotein nature, as was demonstrated by affinity chromatography of CNS myelin on wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)-Sepharose. A monoclonal antibody induced by BP-free CNS glycoproteins recognized the same bands as anti-M2 serum in guinea pig CNS myelin. This would imply that both M2 bands share common determinants. M2 bands similar to the above in guinea pig were also shown in rat, rabbit and bovine CNS myelin with guinea pig antibodies. The same type of anti-M2 antibodies were induced in rabbit immunized with homologous CNS tissue. Although only a minor component of myelin, M2 is strongly immunogenic compared to BP. M2 antigen could thus be the target of chronic demyelinating processes such as experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Study of the compatibility of certain higher plants and chlorella used as a bioregenerative human life support system].

The phototrophic component of a bioregenerative life support system should be of a multispecies structure. It should incorporate not only higher plants but also different algae. The paper discusses the studies concerning mutual effects of Chlorella and higher plants cultivated together in a closed atmosphere. It can be inferred from the studies that gaseous products of Chlorella did not exert a significant effect on the carbon dioxide consumption by wheat and radish plants or on their biomass increment. In turn, gaseous products of higher plants did not influence Chlorella growth. It can, therefore, be concluded that Chlorella and the above higher plants, when cultivated in a common atmosphere, do not inhibit each other and can be regarded as biologically compatible constituents of the photoautotrophic component of future bioregenerative life support systems.

Carbon Dioxide↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Radioimmunoassay for detection of IgG antibodies against enterobacterial antigens.

The rough mutant of Salmonella minnesota (Re 595) contains several broad reacting antigens including a core LPS common to many aerobic gram-negative bacteria without sugars that confer serotype specificity to most gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, antibodies against this organism can be evoked by a large number of gram-negative bacteria. Using radioimmunoassay methods, sera from 59 patients with bacteremia due to enterobacteriaceae had higher concentrations of IgG antibodies against the rough mutant of Salmonella minnesota (Re 595) than control subjects. There was a significant correlation between concentrations of antibodies against Salmonella minnesota and concentrations of antibodies against a single strain of E coli. Sera from patients with bacteremia due to E coli or Klebsiella were tested against one strain of E coli and one strain of Klebsiella. The concentrations of antibodies against the homologous antigen were not higher than the concentrations of antibodies against the heterologous antigen. Sera from patients infected with S aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa did not have high concentrations of antibodies against S minnesota. Antibodies against common antigen(s) in Salmonella minnesota (Re 595) are useful in diagnosis of enterobacterial infections.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1990

Autoantibodies specific for different isoforms of CD45 in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Nearly one-third of IgM antilymphocyte autoantibody-positive sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) contain IgM antibodies to one or more 180-220-kD molecules (p180, p190, p205, and p220) in blots of glycoproteins purified from T cells by wheat germ agglutinin affinity chromatography. Identity of these IgM targets with multiple isoforms of CD45 was established by their specific depletion from T cell glycoproteins by immunoprecipitation with T191, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) that reacts with an epitope common to all CD45 isoforms. Although the anti-CD45 autoantibodies recognize higher molecular weight isoforms primarily, antigenic specificity in this system is quite heterogeneous and includes multiple distinct CD45 isoforms on different types of T cells that are, at least in part, different from those reactive with mAbs 2H4 and UCHL-1. Because CD45 is a major membrane protein tyrosine phosphatase that plays a critical role in antigen-induced T cell activation, the present data may be relevant to some of the antilymphocyte antibody-mediated immunologic abnormalities that characterize SLE and related autoimmune diseases.

Antigens, CD↗
PubMed1997

Food hypersensitivity and allergic disease: a selective review.

Food intolerance can be caused by immunologic, pharmacologic, toxic, infectious, idiosyncratic, metabolic, and neuropsychologic processes. Food allergy denotes an adverse reaction to food or food additives in which an underlying immunologic mechanism can be shown. Its incidence in young children is approximately 1.3% and among adults is 0.3%. Parental history of atopy is a significant causal factor. In addition, exposure to common allergenic foods in infancy increases risk. For these reasons, exclusive breast-feeding and maternal avoidance of peanut, egg, fish, and dairy products during lactation has been recommended and shown to reduce the occurrence of food allergy. Wheat, egg, and fish should not be introduced until the infant is aged > 12 mo and peanut until the age of 36 mo. These measures and other environmental precautions can be expected to reduce the cumulative prevalence of allergy.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Transferrin receptors on mitogen-stimulated human thymus-derived lymphocytes.

The appearance of transferrin receptors on mitogen-stimulated human thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes was studied. When indirect immunofluorescence with immunoadsorbent-purified antitransferrin antibodies was used, approximately 10% of resting T cells were stained. This proportion increased to 50-80% of the cells 3-4 days after stimulation with the mitogenic lectins concanavalin A (Con A) and leucoagglutinin (La) from Phaseolus vulgaris. Almost all blast cells (greater than or equal to 90%) were positive. Cell binding experiments with 125I-labelled transferrin indicated the presence of 1-5 x 10(5) transferrin receptor molecules/cell with high avidity for transferrin (K = 2 - 12 x 10(8) l/mol). Analysis by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography of cell lysates containing 125I-labelled T-cell surface components revealed two surface peptides (90 kdaltons and 80 kdaltons, reducing conditions), which selectively bound to insolubilized antitransferrin antibodies. The 90-kdalton peptide also bound to insolubilized transferrin. The 80-kdalton peptide is most probably transferrin and the 90-kdalton peptide the transferrin receptor. Unreduced transferrin receptor had a molecular weight of 180 kdalton. It is probably a glycoprotein, since it reacted with wheat germ agglutinin, La, and probably also Con A. The properties of the lymphocyte transferrin receptor are similar to those described for transferrin receptors on various in-vitro-grown transformed cells. This speaks in favour of a common receptor present on all proliferating human cells.

Concanavalin A↗
PubMed2006

How fast was wild wheat domesticated?

Prehistoric cultivation of wild wheat in the Fertile Crescent led to the selection of mutants with indehiscent (nonshattering) ears, which evolved into modern domestic wheat. Previous estimates suggested that this transformation was rapid, but our analyses of archaeological plant remains demonstrate that indehiscent domesticates were slow to appear, emerging approximately 9500 years before the present, and that dehiscent (shattering) forms were still common in cultivated fields approximately 7500 years before the present. Slow domestication implies that after cultivation began, wild cereals may have remained unchanged for a long period, supporting claims that agriculture originated in the Near East approximately 10,500 years before the present.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1999

Postweaning performance of calves from Angus, Brahman, and reciprocal-cross cows grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue or common bermudagrass.

Data from 403 Polled Hereford-sired calves from Angus, Brahman, and reciprocal-cross cows were used to evaluate the effects of preweaning forage environment on postweaning performance. Calves were spring-born in 1991 to 1994 and managed on either endophyte-infected tall fescue (E+) or common bermudagrass (BG) during the preweaning phase. After weaning, calves were shipped to the Grazinglands Research Laboratory, El Reno, OK and stratified to one of two winter stocker treatments by breed and preweaning forage; stocker treatments were winter wheat pasture (WW) or native range plus supplemental CP (NR). Each stocker treatment was terminated in March, calves grazed cool-season grasses, and calves were then moved to a feedlot phase in June. In the feedlot phase, calves were fed to approximately 10 mm fat over the 12th rib and averaged approximately 115 d on feed. When finished, calves were weighed and shipped to Amarillo, TX for slaughter. Averaged over calf breed group, calves from E+ gained faster during the stocker phase (P<.10), had lighter starting and finished weights on feed (P< .01), lighter carcass weights (P<.01), and smaller longissimus muscle areas (P<.05) than calves from BG. Calves from E+ were similar to calves from BG in feedlot ADG, percentage kidney, heart, and pelvic fat, fat thickness over 12th rib, yield grade, marbling score, and dressing percentage. Maternal heterosis was larger in calves from E+ for starting weight on feed (P<.01), finished weight (P<.10), and carcass weight (P<.16). These data suggest that few carryover effects from tall fescue preweaning environments exist, other than lighter, but acceptable, weights through slaughter. These data further suggest that the tolerance to E+ in calves from reciprocal-cross cows, expressed in weaning weights, moderated postweaning weight differences between E+ and BG compared to similar comparisons in calves from purebred cows.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2005

The use of RAPD to characterize Bipolaris sorokiniana isolates.

Bipolaris sorokiniana is a phytopathogenic fungus causing diseases of cereal crops such as common root rot, the leaf spot disease, seedling blight, and black point of the grain. Random-amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay was used to investigate the genetic diversity of 20 isolates collected from different cultivars in wheat-producing regions in Brazil. Seventy primers, with random nucleotide sequences, were tested. Reproducibility to amplify the genomic DNA of isolates was found for 30 of the 70 primers tested, generating between 1 and 17 fragments ranging from 0.35 to 2.0 kb (average size). The degree of similarity between samples was calculated through simple association and the dendrogram was assessed using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetical average. After the RAPD analyses 19 isolates were closely grouped, having a similarity coefficient of >or= 78%. Isolate I017 showed very low similarity coefficients, ranging between 38 and 46%. The RAPD analyses provided important information as to the degree of genetic variability and the relationship between the isolates investigated, revealing polymorphism and establishing electrophoretic profiles useful to characterize the phytopathogen.

Ascomycota↗
PubMed1984

Inhibition of cell-mediated lympholysis by cloned and uncloned lines of natural killer cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes with sugars and lectins.

This study was designed to further understand the nature of the interaction between natural killer (NK) cells and their susceptible targets. To do this, a panel of sugars and two lectins was tested for the ability to inhibit the lysis of NK-sensitive targets by cloned and uncloned lines of human NK cells. Six of these sugars (beta-gentiobiose, sucrose, alpha-lactose, beta-lactose, N-acetylglucosamine, and N-acetylgalactosamine) and one lectin, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), proved to be potent inhibitors of the lytic activity of NK cells as well as of cytotoxic T lymphocytes activated in mixed lymphocyte cultures. Both beta-gentiobiose and WGA were shown to inhibit lysis at the level of the killer cell. Finally, the inhibitory effect of WGA could be reversed by addition of its sugar ligand, N-acetylglucosamine, which is itself an inhibitor of lytic function. From these findings it is concluded that these inhibitors probably do not act at the recognition stage of lysis since all of the NK and CTL lines tested, regardless of specificity, were inhibited by the same panel of sugars and lectins. Instead, it appears more likely that these inhibitors block some postrecognition stage of the lytic mechanism. The common inhibition profile by these sugars on NK and CTL activity further suggests that these two cell types may share, at least partially, a common lytic mechanism.

Acetylglucosamine↗
PubMed1979

Schizophrenia: Reconciliation of the dopamine, prostaglandin, and opioid concepts and the role of the pineal.

In recent years it has been suggested that the biological defect in schizophrenia may be related to excess dopamine activity, to production of an abnormal opioid or a normal opioid in excess, to a prostaglandin deficiency, to a hypersensitivity to wheat proteins, to an allergic phenomenon, to a defect in zinc metabolism, or to a pineal deficiency. The present hypothesis proposes that the various concepts are not mutually exclusive but represent different aspects of the same problem. The final common path in schizophrenia may be a failure of formation and action of prostaglandins of the 1 series.

Allergens↗