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PubMedDate not supplied

Motion artifacts in fast spin-echo imaging.

The purpose of this work is to obtain a better understanding of motion artifacts in fast spin-echo imaging, in order to eventually identify efficient ways of suppressing them. To do so, the point spread function of a moving point was calculated for fast spin-echo imaging, and experimental data were acquired by imaging a moving liquid sphere with a diameter of 1.5 mm. The agreement of the experimental results with the calculated point spread function is shown to be excellent. It was found that motion artifacts in fast spin-echo imaging arise from the convolution of two distinct band patterns. One of these patterns may dominate the convolution, giving its own spacing to the resulting image. For other acquisition parameters, the convolution results in an intricate pattern that may appear to lack overall structure.

Algorithms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ex vivo evaluation of ferromagnetism, heating, and artifacts produced by heart valve prostheses exposed to a 1.5-T MR system.

Ex vivo testing techniques were used to determine the ferromagnetic qualities of, presence of heating in, and artifacts produced by 13 different heart valve prostheses exposed to a 1.5-T (64-MHz) magnetic resonance (MR) system. None of the heart valve prostheses showed a measurable deflection in the 1.5-T static magnetic field. Only minimal artifacts were produced during MR imaging with a fast spoiled GRASS (gradient-recalled acquisition in the steady state) pulse sequence. The largest temperature changes measured during a "worst case" MR imaging sequence (estimated average specific absorption rate, 2.5 W/kg; estimated spatial peak specific absorption rate, 7.6 W/kg) were +0.2 degree C with the implant imaged "in air" and +0.3 degrees C with the implant imaged in normal saline. Therefore, MR procedures performed with a 1.5-T (64-MHz) MR system may be performed safely in patients with any of the 13 different heart valve prostheses evaluated in this study.

Absorption↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ex vivo evaluation of ferromagnetism, heating, and artifacts of breast tissue expanders exposed to a 1.5-T MR system.

Three breast tissue expanders were evaluated for compatibility with MR imaging (1.5 Tesla). The metallic components of the breast tissue expanders were shown to be nonferromagnetic, heating < or = .2 degrees C and the artifacts varied. These results indicate that MR procedures may be performed safely in patients with these implants; however, artifacts may obscure implant leaks or breast lesions if located near and metal portion of the breast tissue expanders.

Artifacts↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Multislice T1-weighted hybrid RARE in CNS imaging: assessment of magnetization transfer effects and artifacts.

Using a T1-weighted hybrid rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement (RARE) MR sequence that implements an echo-to-view mapping scheme termed "low-high profile order," we evaluated signal intensity changes in different brain tissues as a function of number of slices, interslice gap, and echo train length (ETL). We also measured phase-encode and frequency-encode noise as well as blurring artifacts along the phase-encode direction as a function of ETL. Off-resonance magnetization transfer effects were demonstrated to be responsible for signal intensities changes in white matter and gray matter when using multislice techniques. These effects are amplified by increasing the number of slices and ETL. Due to the nature of the implemented echo-to-view mapping scheme, no on-resonance magnetization transfer effects were observed from the intraslice echo train. Selective background (white matter and gray matter) suppression in multislice T1-weighted hybrid RARE, secondary to off-resonance magnetization transfer effects, may provide better contrast resolution of enhancing central nervous system (CNS) lesions at much shorter scan time as compared to conventional spin-echo T1-weighted sequences. This improvement in contrast resolution as a function of ETL may be limited by worsening phase-encode noise and blurring artifacts.

Artifacts↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cancellation of metal-induced MRI artifacts with dual-component paramagnetic and diamagnetic material: mathematical modelization and experimental verification.

A mathematical model of dual-component paramagnetic and diamagnetic material to cancel metal-induced MRI artifacts was developed and verified experimentally. The magnetization produced by metallic material and then the gradient linearity distortion can be cancelled by using such materials with opposing paramagnetic and diamagnetic properties. This concept of dual-component materials provides a novel solution to the problem of MRI artifacts.

Artifacts↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Artifact in SE phase images can mimic aortic dissection.

Phase images of cardiac-triggered thoracic spin-echo scans can present an artifactual border-like feature across the aorta. This may be misinterpreted as a dissection. The artifact results from helical flow in the aorta; cause and appearance of the artifact are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sliding interleaved kY (SLINKY) acquisition: a novel 3D MRA technique with suppressed slab boundary artifact.

This work addresses the elimination of the slab boundary artifact (SBA) or venetian blind artifact in three-dimensional multiple overlapped thin slab acquisition (3D MOTSA) for magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). Our method uses a sliding-slab, interleaved kY (SLINKY) data acquisition strategy, equalizing flow-related signal intensity weighting across the entire slab dimension. This technique demodulates signal intensity changes along the slab direction and can essentially eliminate the SBA while retaining the same or better imaging time efficiency than that of conventional MOTSA, providing robustness to complicated flow patterns and thereby resulting in more accurate depiction of vascular morphology. In addition, this technique does not need specialized reconstruction and extra computation. The unique penalty of this technique is the sensitivity to phase inconsistency in the data. Both phantom and in vivo experiments verify the clinical significance of the technique. The new MRA images acquired with this imaging technique show highly reliable mapping of vascular morphology without the SBA and reduction of signal voids in complex/slow flow regions.

Artifacts↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cardiovascular catheters and accessories: ex vivo testing of ferromagnetism, heating, and artifacts associated with MRI.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the MR safety of cardiovascular catheters and accessories. Intravascular cardiovascular catheters and accessories were tested for MR safety at 1.5 T using previously described techniques with respect to the evaluation of magnetic field attraction (deflection angle method), heating (temperature measured immediately before and after performing MRI), and artifacts (using a fast spoiled gradient-recalled acquisition in steady state [GRASS] pulse sequence). Two devices were attracted (RV pacing lead and Oximetrix 3 SO2 optical module) by the static magnetic field. Each of the other objects displayed no attraction. Heating was +0.2 degrees C for the sample cardiovascular catheter tested (Opticath). Artifacts varied from moderate to severe, depending on the amount and type of metal present in the device. Despite these ex vivo test results, further safety consideration should be given to the cardiovascular devices that have a conductive wire component (ie, certain types of the cardiovascular catheters) because of the potential for inducing current and excessive heating in these devices during MRI, especially using a high-field-strength MR system. The cardiovascular catheters evaluated in this study or those with a similar design are not recommended for use in patients undergoing MRI procedures.

Artifacts↗
PubMed2002

Simultaneous perfusion and BOLD imaging using reverse spiral scanning at 3T: characterization of functional contrast and susceptibility artifacts.

Reverse spiral scanning with arterial spin-labeling was developed at 3T to simultaneously detect perfusion and BOLD signals in the brain by subtracting or adding the control and labeled images, respectively, in the same dataset. BOLD contrast was improved with the longer effective echo time achieved in the reverse spiral scan compared to conventional forward spiral scans. Susceptibility artifacts near air-tissue interfaces in the brain were substantially reduced in the reverse spiral images due to their early data acquisition time and, hence, less signal attenuation. Brain activation experiments with the reverse spiral scan were performed on normal subjects and were compared to forward spiral imaging in the same subjects. The experiments demonstrated that reverse spiral imaging was able to detect perfusion and BOLD signals simultaneously and reliably, even in the brain regions with severe susceptibility-induced local gradients, while forward spiral scans were either not optimal for detecting the two functional signals at the same time or were vulnerable to susceptibility artifacts.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Reduction of spectral ghost artifacts in high-resolution echo-planar spectroscopic imaging of water and fat resonances.

Echo-planar spectroscopic imaging (EPSI) can be used for fast spectroscopic imaging of water and fat resonances at high resolution to improve structural and functional imaging. Because of the use of oscillating gradients during the free induction decay (FID), spectra obtained with EPSI are often degraded by Nyquist ghost artifacts arising from the inconsistency between the odd and even echoes. The presence of the spectral ghost lines causes errors in the evaluation of the true spectral lines, and this degrades images derived from high-resolution EPSI data. A technique is described for reducing the spectral ghost artifacts in EPSI of water and fat resonances, using echo shift and zero-order phase corrections. These corrections are applied during the data postprocessing. This technique is demonstrated with EPSI data acquired from human brains and breasts at 1.5 Tesla and from a water phantom at 4.7 Tesla. Experimental results indicate that the present approach significantly reduces the intensities of spectral ghosts. This technique is most useful in conjunction with high-resolution EPSI of water and fat resonances, but is less applicable to EPSI of metabolites due to the complexity of the spectra.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2003

On the artifact of a subvoxel susceptibility deviation in spoiled gradient-echo imaging.

In MRI, susceptibility-based negative contrast amplifies the effect of objects that are too small to be detected by water displacement or intrinsic contrast properties. In this work, a simplified description of the susceptibility artifact of a subvoxel object in spoiled gradient-echo imaging is presented that focuses on the elimination of signal in its vicinity: the dephased-volume. The size and position of the dephased-volume are investigated using 3D time-domain simulations and in vitro experiments in which scan parameters and object magnetic moment are systematically varied. Overall signal loss is found to be linearly related to a dephasing parameter that contains the susceptibility difference with tissue, object volume, and echo time (TE), and thus allows the magnetic moment of the object to be assessed. Gradient strength, in-plane resolution, fractional echo, and slice orientation have limited influence. For the settings used, the center of mass of the artifact was always within 0.5 mm of the object's in-plane position.

Artifacts↗
PubMed2001

Motion artifact reduction and vessel enhancement for free-breathing navigator-gated coronary MRA using 3D k-space reordering.

Breathing-induced bulk motion of the myocardium during data acquisition may cause severe image artifacts in coronary magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). Current motion compensation strategies include breath-holding or free-breathing MR navigator gating and tracking techniques. Navigator-based techniques have been further refined by the applications of sophisticated 2D k-space reordering techniques. A further improvement in image quality and a reduction of relative scanning duration may be expected from a 3D k-space reordering scheme. Therefore, a 3D k-space reordered acquisition scheme including a 3D navigator gated and corrected segmented k-space gradient echo imaging sequence for coronary MRA was implemented. This new zonal motion-adapted acquisition and reordering technique (ZMART) was developed on the basis of a numerical simulation of the Bloch equations. The technique was implemented on a commercial 1.5T MR system, and first phantom and in vivo experiments were performed. Consistent with the results of the theoretical findings, the results obtained in the phantom studies demonstrate a significant reduction of motion artifacts when compared to conventional (non-k-space reordered) gating techniques. Preliminary in vivo findings also compare favorably with the phantom experiments and theoretical considerations. Magn Reson Med 45:645-652, 2001.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Integral method for numerical simulation of MRI artifacts induced by metallic implants.

Numerical simulation is a valuable tool for the study of magnetic susceptibility artifacts from metallic implants. A major difficulty in the simulation lies in the computation of the magnetic field induced by the metallic implant. A new method has been designed and implemented to compute the magnetic field induced by metallic objects of arbitrary shape. The magnetic field is expressed pointwise in terms of a surface integral. Efficient quadrature schemes are proposed to evaluate this integral. Finally, the method is linked to an artifact reconstruction model to simulate the images. Magn Reson Med 45:724-727, 2001.

Artifacts↗
PubMed2001

Measuring the human retinal oxygenation response to a hyperoxic challenge using MRI: eliminating blinking artifacts and demonstrating proof of concept.

The retinal oxygenation response to a hyperoxic challenge measured using MRI appears to be an early and accurate marker of retinopathy risk in experimental models, with promising clinical potential. However, the application of this technique in humans is limited by blinking artifacts that can confound detection of subtle signal intensity changes. We asked subjects to refrain from blinking during a 12-s fast low-angle shot (FLASH) image, and to blink if needed during the following 3-s rest period. This no-blink blink cycle was repeated sequentially 20 times during either room-air or 100% oxygen breathing. Significant change (P < 0.05) was detected for the first time from the resultant blinking-artifact-free images in the preretinal vitreous oxygen tension (upper limit of about 13 mm Hg (1.8 KPa, N = 3)) following a 10-min hyperoxic inhalation challenge. These results provide the proof-of-concept data needed for future MRI evaluation of the retinal oxygenation response and human retinopathy, such as diabetic retinopathy.

Artifacts↗
PubMed1992

Intensity artifacts in MRI caused by gradient switching in an animal-size NMR magnet.

The switching of magnetic field gradients in MRI gives rise to eddy currents in the structural components of superconducting magnet systems. The associated magnetic fields cause intensity artifacts which are particularly severe in some animal-size systems. We treat theoretically three mechanisms which cause intensity artifacts in one-dimensional projection images obtained by a spin-echo technique. The first is an off-resonance effect, caused by applying the refocusing pulse before the read compensation gradient pulse has decayed sufficiently. The other two mechanisms are caused by a spatial dependence of the phase accumulated by the spins at the time of formation of the echo, as a result of the eddy current fields. First, interference causes a loss of transverse magnetization because of a variation in the phase of spins which lie on the same isochromat during the read gradient pulse. Second, a variation of the phase of the spins in a direction orthogonal to the isochromats causes spins throughout the sample to refocus at different times. These two mechanisms are fundamentally different, since interference can occur even if the main magnetic field is homogeneous, whereas improper refocusing does not. It is shown that there is no loss of intensity by the interference mechanism if phase encoding is used to form two-dimensional images. This may well be a major reason why images obtained by 2DFT have been found to be generally superior to those obtained by projection reconstruction. Experimentally, the distribution of intensity in one-dimensional projection images of a square slice phantom is compared with theoretical intensities, estimated using eddy current field reported in the preceding paper.

Artifacts↗
PubMed1993

Aortic ghost artifact in ultrashort TE multislice gradient echo MR images is not increased by paramagnetic enhancement.

Pulsation artifact on gradient echo images with ultrashort TE (i.e., < 3 msec) and intermediate TR is primarily from view-to-view amplitude modulation. Paramagnetic contrast agents increase the signal from blood during diastole without increasing the intensity of unsaturated systolic blood, decreasing signal modulation between systole and diastole. In a phantom and in humans, artifact decreased or remained the same following contrast enhancement.

Aorta, Abdominal↗
PubMed1995

Correction of motional artifacts in diffusion-weighted images using a reference phase map.

A method of correcting motional artifacts in diffusion-weighted images is described. Motion causes changes in the phase of the k-space NMR signal and thereby introduces positional shifts (or ghosts) in the spatial domain. By correcting the phase of the NMR signal before Fourier transformation, the image sharpness is greatly enhanced. The new method measures the phases of the NMR signal once and stores this phase information in a phase map. Subsequent images with motional artifacts are corrected during postprocessing using this reference phase map.

Artifacts↗
PubMed1995

Reduction of phase error ghosting artifacts in thin slice fast spin-echo imaging.

Fast spin-echo (FSE) imaging techniques are very sensitive to the relative phase between the 90 degrees (excitation) RF pulse and the 180 degrees (refocusing) RF pulses. In this paper, it is demonstrated that a phase shift can be created between the excitation and refocusing pulses in such a manner that the received signal is divided into two components of distinctly different phase shifts. The nature of these two components is reviewed. It is demonstrated that ghosting artifacts will occur when images are reconstructed from this received signal. The ghosting is shown to be object dependent. A correction technique is presented which calculates the phase errors among different echoes based on measurements from a single echo train acquired without phase encoding gradients. The results in both phantom and human studies show that this method is capable of reducing the ghosting artifact in thin slice FSE images.

Algorithms↗