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PubMed2004

Lithium intoxication, hypercalcemia and "accidentally" induced food and water aversion: a case report.

Lithium is widely used in the management of patients with affective and other behavioral disorders. In addition to its therapeutic role, it is important to recognize that it occasionally causes severe side effects. Associated with its long-term use, parathyroid hypersecretion and hypercalcemia is a rare but reported side effect. A 54-year-old patient is reported who previously had a good response to lithium carbonate treatment of his bipolar disorder. Suddenly, and after 15 years of lithium carbonate use, he presented food and water aversion, hypercalcemia, lithium intoxication (SLi of 4.30 mmol/l) and acute renal insufficiency. Haemodialysis was carried out and the patient improved dramatically.

Antimanic Agents↗
PubMed1968

Vitamin D intoxication, with hypernatraemia, potassium and water depletion, and mental depression.

Two elderly patients suffering from manic-depressive psychosis/depressive reaction had concurrently hypercalcaemia from vitamin D intoxication. They developed hypernatraemia with severe potassium and water depletion. Hypercalcaemia was pronounced, but both patients recovered quickly and their depressive symptoms resolved following water and potassium repletion and corticosteroid therapy.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Neurotoxicity, anorexia and the preferential choice of antidote in methylmercury intoxicated rats.

In the rat the first clinical signs of methylmercury intoxication is loss of appetite, which can be restored by the administration of dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA). In female rats which lost body weight as a result of methylmercury treatment, the anorexic effect of methylmercury was reversed even when DMSA was given in the drinking water. When intoxicated animals had the choice between DMSA supplemented water (2.5 mg DMSA/ml) and tap water, they preferred DMSA. This preference is related to the severity of intoxication and is abolished after one or two days. During this time the urinary mercury excretion is substantially increased and the body burden of methylmercury is decreased. The effect of methylmercury mobilization is fast, and can be detected in urine collected from cannulated ureters shortly after the IV administration of 10 or 20 mg/kg dimercaptosuccinic acid.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The fluorosis problem in Senegal: data evaluation and presentation of a new method for defluoridating the water supply].

Fluoride intoxication is a serious public health problem in Senegal. The concentration of fluoride ions in underground water in Senegal is higher than the acceptable standard (0.7 mg/l at 25 degrees C) varying between 5 and 15 mg/l according to the season. The hydrological pattern of fluoride ions in Senegalese water is presented. The high levels of fluoride ions are due to the presence of phosphate ores. The health problems associated with the ingestion of toxic doses (about 4 mg/l) are discussed. Epidemiological investigation shows that the intoxication in Senegal is serious. In addition to fluoride in drinking water, high levels are also found in food, particularly tea and vegetables. Nanofiltration is a low cost membrane-based process which can be used to eliminate fluoride from drinking waters. Also known as low pressure reverse osmosis, this process is selective for small molecules and ions. It can thus sterilize and partially demineralize water. Furthermore, it can require only small amounts of energy, such that it can be run from photoelectric cells.

Filtration↗
PubMed1995

Role of plasma vasopressin in changes of water balance accompanying acute alcohol intoxication.

Acute alcohol intoxication causes diuresis presumably resulting from inhibition of vasopressin (also called antidiuretic hormone) release from the posterior pituitary gland. In contrast, in alcoholics during withdrawal from alcohol, vasopressin release is stimulated, resulting in water retention (antidiuresis) and dilutional hyponatremia. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of this biphasic response of vasopressin secretion to alcohol in normal persons. We studied eight healthy men who took part in two study sessions: one involving the ingestion of ethanol (1.2 g/kg of body weight) and the other the ingestion of the same volume of fruit juice during 3 hr from 6 to 9 PM. Starting at 6 AM the following morning, subjects were loaded with water (20 ml/kg of body weight within 15 min). During the first 3 hr of the study, ethanol intake increased diuresis, whereas from midnight to 6 AM, a phase of antidiuresis was obtained. Antidiuresis continued during water loading when the retention of water was 44 +/- 6% during the alcohol experiment and 12 +/- 4% during the control session (p < 0.05). During the alcohol-induced diuresis, the plasma arginine vasopressin levels did not differ from the control experiment, but were higher during the phase of antidiuresis from 10 PM to 6 AM (p < 0.05- < 0.01). Also, after water loading at 8 and 9 AM, they were higher in the alcohol study than in the control experiment (p < 0.05). After alcohol ingestion, serum osmolality was higher than the corresponding control values from 8 PM to 2 AM (p < 0.01- < 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Dead Sea water poisoning.

A unique chemical intoxication by Dead Sea water and its resultant physiological effects of combined severe hypercalcemia and hypermagnesemia are described. Of 48 adult patients, 16 had at least one severe clinical manifestation of either disturbed sensorium or a syndrome similar to adult respiratory distress syndrome. The patients had tachyarrhythmias (11 of 38, 29%), conduction disturbance (nine of 37, 24%), and a normal QTc interval in the presence of severe hypercalcemia. Combined respiratory and metabolic acidosis and concomitant extreme hypercalcemia and hypermagnesemia, reaching serum levels up to 28.8 and 33 mg/dL, respectively, were responsible for most of the clinical findings. The adult mortality was 19%. Four pediatric patients with variable degrees of intoxication survived. Discriminant function analysis determined that admission serum calcium concentration of more than 15.5 mg/dL was the best predictor of mortality. In patients with severe intoxication, supportive medical treatment, including forced diuresis, was disappointing. Early dialysis for severe cases merits further study.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Potentized Mercuric chloride and Nux vomica facilitate water permeability in erythrocytes of a fresh-water catfish Clarius batrachus under acute ethanol intoxication.

OBJECTIVES: The primary biomolecular target of a homeopathic potency is unknown. If it is a plasma membrane protein such as water-channel protein, the drug would alter water permeation in cells. Therefore, the objective is to see if potentized homeopathic drugs like Mercuric chloride 30c and Nux vomica 30c could alter permeation of water through the erythrocytes of a fresh water fish under acute ethanol intoxication. LOCATION: The work was carried out in the Zoology Laboratory of Visva Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India. SUBJECT: Live freshwater catfish. DESIGN: Erythrocytes collected from fish with and without ethanol intoxication were incubated in distilled water at 30 degrees C for 30 minutes with Ethanol 30c (control), Merc cor 30c (test 1), and Nux vomica 30c (test 2). Merc cor 30c and Nux vom 30c were prepared by successive dilution of the respective mother tinctures with 90% ethanol (1:100) followed by sonication at 20 kHz for 30 seconds in 30 steps. Ethanol 30c was prepared in the same way from 90% ethanol diluted with 90% ethanol. In another experiment, fish were pretreated with Ethanol 30c and Nux vom 30c followed by ethanol injection at 2 g/kg of body weight. Then their erythrocytes were tested in vitro with the same potencies. After centrifugation of blood samples, fluid part was removed, erythrocyte pellets dried in a BioChemical Oxygen Demand (BOD; Atlas Surgical, New Delhi, India) incubator at 90 degrees C for 12 hours and intracellular water content measured. RESULTS: Red blood cells (RBCs) from ethanol-injected fish permeated more water than those from normal fish. Water permeation was enhanced with Merc cor 30c and Nux vom 30c. RBCs from fish pretreated with Nux vom 30c imbibed more water in in vitro treatments than those from fish pretreated with Ethanol 30c. CONCLUSION: Because water channel proteins or aquaporins are mainly responsible for water transport through the plasma membrane of RBCs, it is thought that potentized drugs interact with these proteins, thereby facilitating water influx in the cells.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Thioridazine intoxication of therapeutic error as the cause of death of a three-year girl].

Intoxication with drugs and xenobiotics in children, particularly under the age of 7 years, represents a serious diagnostic and therapeutic challenge considering the relatively immature enzymatic detoxication systems, greater susceptibility to organ lesions, easily destabilized homeostasis (including water-electrolyte balance) and limited compensatory mechanisms in acidosis or alkalosis. We present the case of a 3-year-old girl, who died 30 hours after admission to hospital, with suspicion of ingestion of two or three 100-mg tablets of thioridazine. The medical documentation and results of autopsy are in favor of acute cardiopulmonary failure caused by extensive cerebral and pulmonary edema as a complication of "water poisoning" i.e. acute hypotonic overhydration of the child.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Combined use of drinking mineral water and the natural enterosorbent zosterine in kidney stones (an experimental study)].

A combined action of carbonic mineral waters of Shmakovsky and Mukhensky deposits and natural enterosorbent zosterin was studied in nephrocalcinosis in experiment. Taking carbonic mineral waters reduced intoxication, stimulates filtration and excretory renal functions. Zosterin delays calcium in the renal tissue in nephrocalcinosis. Therefore, these two factors were incompatible in animals with experimental renal affection.

Animals↗