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PubMed1978

[The revascularisation of fresh homologous bone grafts in the diaphysis of long bones in dogs (author's transl)].

In two series each 5 X 2 grown up mongrel dogs we studied the healing process of fresh concellous and cortical homografts in a defect made in the diaphysis of the radius bone. The experiments cover microangiographical and histological weekly control in the first 6 weeks after transplantation. The results demonstrate that the fresh concellous homografts have a good revascularisation and produce early new bone in the first week. The revascularisation of the cortical grafts is delayed. The immune reaction, which begins after two weeks, is in concellous bone graft more vigorous than in the cortical graft. The reaction leads to vascular disruption prior to the degenerative and necrotic changes of the tissue cells in the grafts including the new bone formation. After overcoming the immune reaction the 2nd or the so called inductive phase of new bone formation starts. The integration of cortical grafts in the host bone is much slower than in concellous bone graft. The vigorous immune reaction followed by the avascular interval in the concellous homografts between the second and third week must be considered as a dangerous critical phase when using homografts in the clinic. Because of the less cell concentration in the cortical homografts there is less immune reaction. Revascularisation in cortical homografts is slow and consequently there is a delayed incorporation of the grafts in the clinical use.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Evidence of heterokaryosis in streptomyces coelicolor A3(2).

Hyphae from mixed cultures of complementary auxotrophs of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) did not grow on minimal media (MM) when fertility plasmids ( SCP1 and SCP2) were missing in both strains. The addition of one part per cent of complete medium (CM) to MM allowed growth of vigorous colonies among the tiny colonies of the parental types. The former, amounting to 1%-10% of the total population, turned out to be heterokaryons. They could be propagated on the same medium by plating of hyphal fragments. When five parts per cent of CM were added to MM, beside the heterokaryotic colonies, vigorous 'spindles' of aerial mycelium were formed whenever complementary colonies overlapped. When the SCP1 and SCP2 plasmids were present in one or both parents a clear constraint on the outburst of heterokaryotic aerial mycelium was observed.

Culture Media↗
PubMed1979

ACTH 4-10 in the amelioration of neuropsychological symptomatology associated with senile organic brain syndrome.

Eighteen male and female volunteers over the age of sixty who exhibited mild senile organic brain syndrome were administered ACTH 4-10 (Org OI 63) (30 mg, s.c.) or saline in a 2 X 2 Latin square design. Subjects experienced a reduction in depression and confusion and an increase in vigor. This evidence of an increase in vigor was supported behaviorally by a delay in the onset of increased latency in reaction time. Data also indicated that retrieval from memory may be enhanced by this compound. The electroencephalogram evinced a shift to lower frequencies under ACTH 4-10, but this effect was primarily noted in the females who received drug followed by placebo. These effects of ACTH 4-10 are intriguing and suggest that further work in this area should be encouraged.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1976

The influence of hypothalamically administered reserpine on the sexual behavior of the female cat.

Ovariectomized cats with intracerebral implants of reserpine, a monoamine depletor, were tested for sexual behavior by introducing them to sexually vigorous males and by artificial stimulation. Approximately a third of the animals mated in response to reserpine and another third exhibited some components of sexual behavior. The behavior exhibited by these animals had none of the frenzy of normal estrous behavior. Some components of the normal pattern were missing while all others were curtailed in duration and vigor. These animals responded with normal sexual behavior to intracerebrally and systemically administered estrogen. It is suggested that the unusual sexual behavior in response to reserpine was due to the release of these behavioral patterns from a monoamine system, inhibitory to sexual behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

A prospective study of the effects of the progestagen content of oral contraceptives on measures of affect, automatization, and perceptual restructuring ability.

Thirty-five young women completed the Profile of Mood States and tests of automatization and perceptual restructuring ability before and after commencing one of three forms or oral contraception (OC) or one form of intrauterine contraception (the loop). For each subject on each experimental variable the difference between the first and second tests was computed. These data were then analysed by covariance and discriminant function analyses. Two sets of functions were derived. The first distinguished the loop users from the OC users. The latter exhibited significantly greater increases in anger and significantly greater reductions in vigor than the former. The second set of discriminant functions distinguished users of Neogynon from the women in the other three groups. Neogynon users' performances on the Color Words Test (a measure of automatization ability) worsened and their anger, vigor and tension scores had decreased to a greater extent than was the case for members of the other groups. It is suggested that the changes in affect demonstrated by the first discriminant function were related to personal and attitudinal variables associated with the Loop users. The second discriminant function was interpreted as an indication that the varying progestagen content of OC may have differential effects upon both affect and automatization ability.

Contraceptives, Oral↗
PubMed1980

Drug preference and mood in humans: diazepam.

A group of ten normal human volunteers participated in choice experiments comparing d-amphetamine or diazepam with placebo and with each other. Although amphetamine was preferred to placebo by most subjects, 2 mg diazepam and placebo were chosen equally. However, placebo was chosen over higher doses (5 and 10 mg) of diazepam and 5 mg d-amphetamine was preferred to 2 mg diazepam. Subjective effects were assessed using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) before drug was taken and 1, 3, and 6 h later. Compared to placebo, amphetamine produced changes in mood on the POMS including increases in Vigor and Arousal. Doses of 5 and 10 mg diazepam produced decreases in Vigor and Arousal and increases in Fatigue and Confusion. The effects of diazepam were most pronounced 1 h after ingestion and appeared dose-dependent. For one subject who consistently chose diazepam, its subjective effects were similar to placebo and he stated that he could not distinguish them. These results are discussed in terms of the abuse liability of diazepam.

Choice Behavior↗
PubMed1988

'Recognition units' at the top of a neuronal hierarchy? Prepacemaker neurons in Eigenmannia code the sign of frequency differences unambiguously.

The electric fish, Eigenmannia, is able to discriminate the sign of the frequency difference, Df, between a neighbor's electric organ discharges (EODs) and its own. The fish lowers its EOD frequency for positive Dfs and raises its frequency for negative Dfs to minimize jamming of its electrolocation ability by a neighbor's EODs of similar frequency. This jamming avoidance response (JAR) is controlled by a group of 'sign-selective' neurons in the prepacemaker nucleus (PPN) that is located at the boundary of the midbrain and the diencephalon (Fig. 1). Extracellular recordings from a total of 35 neurons revealed a great similarity between behavioral and neuronal response properties: 1. All neurons fired vigorously for negative Dfs and were almost silent for positive Dfs, regardless of the orientation of the jamming stimulus, and thus discriminated the sign of Df unambiguously (Fig. 2). 2. In accordance with behavioral observations, individual neurons failed to discriminate the sign of Df when the jamming stimulus had the same field geometry as the signal mimicking the animal's own EOD (Fig. 3). 3. Df magnitudes which evoke strongest JARs, usually 4 to 8 Hz, also induced most vigorous responses in sign-selective neurons (Fig. 5). 4. Behavioral and neuronal thresholds for the detection of small jamming signals were similar. Threshold for sign selectivity was reached when the amplitude ratio of the jamming signal to the EOD mimic, measured near the head surface, was 0.001. This value corresponds to a maximal temporal disparity (a necessary cue for performing a correct JAR) of 1 to 2 microseconds for signals received by the two sides of the body in a transverse jamming field (Fig. 7). 5. The effects of two jamming fields, offered orthogonally to each other, may interact nonlinearly at the behavioral as well as at the neuronal level. A positive Df presented in one field may suppress behavioral and neuronal responses to modulations of the sign of Df in the other field (Fig. 8c).

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Hybrid immune response to parental liver tissue grafts.

Parental-to-F1-hybrid liver tissue grafts in like-sex donor-recipient combinations survive indefinitely, although several F1 recipients demonstrate an immunological response to the parental graft. Female F1 recipients, particularly those carrying the H-2b haplotype, respond vigorously to male parental liver grafts. However F1 female responses to male parental liver tissue grafts differ substantively from the responses of parental females to syngeneic male grafts. C3H male liver grafts are rejected vigorously by F1 females as long as the F1 carries the H-2b haplotype. These findings support previous reports of strong immunological responses to C3H H-Y antigen in female F1 and C3H.SW animals, a response which is absent in C3H females. Female F1 hybrids carrying the H-2b haplotype do not reject grafts of B10 or B6 male liver as rapidly as do B10 or B6 parental females. This reduced F1 response may be related to the formation of hybrid antigens and consequent alteration of the anti-H-Y response. Alternatively, cells that specifically suppress the anti-H-Y response may be present in F1 hybrids. Factors responsible for suppression appear to be controlled by non-MHC antigens, at least in (C3H X B6 or B10)F1 hybrids.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Ultrastructural and histochemical evidence for differentiation of intraocular locus coeruleus grafts and invasion of the host iris by central neurites and glia.

Intraocular grafts of dorso-lateral pons, including the noradrenaline-containing cell group locus coeruleus, have been studied with ultrastructural and histochemical techniques. Also, the invasion of neuronal and glial constituents from the grafts into the iris of the host animal is described. In mature brain grafts, aggregates of locus coeruleus neurons were easily discernible with monoamine histofluorescence. These cells had an ultrastructural appearance very similar to that in situ. Numerous somatic spines were frequently associated with synaptic specializations, and monoamine-containing vesicles could be found scattered in the cytoplasm of the locus coeruleus cells. Large neurons of the nucleus tractus mesencephalici nervi trigemini were also found. These cells were neurofilament-immunoreactive just as in situ, and were ultrastructurally characterized by size, distribution of the granular endoplasmic reticulum and abundant large terminals in synaptic contact with their somata and processes. All grafts showed a vigorous astroglial proliferation, evidenced both with immunohistochemistry of glial fibrillary acidic protein and electron microscopy. The astroglial cells were more numerous, larger and with more processes than in adult in situ counterparts. At the attachment site of the brain stem grafts, the iris dilator plate was entirely changed ultrastructurally by a vigorous invasion of neuronal and astrocytic processes. The normal, loose connective tissue stroma of the iris was replaced by layers of almost exclusively central nerve fibres and astrocytes respectively. Monoamine histofluorescence demonstrated an extreme adrenergic hyperinnervation of the iris at the attachment site of the graft, compared to the normal sympathetic ground plexus, whereas neurofilament immunohistochemistry did not visualize any substantial ingrowth of such positive central nerve fibres. Immunohistochemistry of glial fibrillary acidic protein strongly supported the ultrastructural evaluation, showing profound astroglial invasion deep into the iris stroma. Electron microscopic identification of central nerve fibres in the iris showed numerous adrenergic locus coeruleus fibres with small dense-core vesicles. Also, bundles of thin, central, unmyelinated axons were found deep in the iris as well as occasional dendrites. Both large dense-cored and small clear vesicles were encountered in the iris fibres of brain graft origin. Axo-dendritic synaptic specializations formed by locus coeruleus-derived adrenergic fibres were found in the iris.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Volume accommodation during swallowing.

Bolus volume is an important modifier of the biomechanical events of the oropharyngeal swallow. The biomechanical events comprising a swallow can be divided into events associated with the reconfiguration of the pharynx into a swallow pathway and events associated with bolus transport from the oropharynx into the esophagus. Volume modification is achieved differently for the events of reconfiguration and propulsion. In the case of reconfiguration, a longer time is allocated to the process, as exemplified by sustained laryngeal elevation and hyoid excursion during larger volume swallows. On the other hand, in the case of bolus expulsion, volume accommodation is accomplished within the same period of time by utilizing increased vigor of expulsion. The result of deglutitive volume accommodation is a remarkably different fluoroscopic appearance of a small vs. a large volume swallow. The larger volume swallow seemingly takes longer and results in much more vigorous bolus expulsion than a small volume. However, this is more related to the bolus than the swallow.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1993

Intrathecal injection of high-dose meglumine amidotrizoate with complete recovery.

Rarely we are faced with accidental spinal injection of potentially toxic substances. We present 2 cases in which amidetrizoate, water-soluble ionic contrast medium, was accidentally injected intrathecally. Our treatment consisted of vigorous hydration and barbiturate coma. This report suggests that for water-soluble ionic contrast media increasing cerebrospinal fluid circulation by vigorous hydration may be as effective as spinal lavage in diminishing toxicity.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Changes in brain putrescine concentration associated with nonconvulsant behavioral patterns induced by systemic N-methyl-D-aspartate injection.

The relationship between the behavioral effects and motor activity induced by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) (150 mg/kg, ip) and brain polyamine concentration was studied in male Wistar rats. Motor activity was evaluated by an automated subtraction analysis system to measure the duration and vigor of any kind of movement. The behavioral modifications exhibited by the nonconvulsant NMDA-treated rats were evaluated according to the composition and sequence of behavioral components as: hypoactivity (pattern A), partially stereotyped activity (pattern B), and generalized stereotyped activity (pattern C). The concentration of polyamines in the frontal cortex and hippocampus was measured 8 and 24 h after drug injection. A relationship was found between the concentration of putrescine in both regions and the motor activity. In addition, the concentrations of putrescine also correlated with the vigor of the movements performed. Moreover, the putrescine concentration in the frontal cortex and hippocampus paralleled the behavioral patterns. The histological examination of the frontocortical and hippocampal areas did not reveal any evidence of damage. In conclusion, partially or generalized stereotyped activity elicited by systemic NMDA administration induces an increase in putrescine in the brain not linked to histological damage.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Physical activity in relation to overweight and obesity in children and adolescents.

UNLABELLED: Fitness and physical activity levels of children and adolescents are commonly addressed but data on scientific investigations are both equivocal and methodologically diverse. The intensity and type of physical activity that benefit health and development during childhood are not known. Measurement of activity in children is problematic since there is no valid method of assessing activity levels that is feasible for use in large field studies. Most studies using self-report methods, heart rate studies using low heart rate threshold and doubly labelled water studies indicate relatively high levels of activity in children. The three national surveys on large representative samples reported that 60% to 70% of all children were involved in sufficient physical activity according to various definitions. Heart rate studies demonstrate that children generally perform short bouts of moderate to vigorous activities and seldom participate in long-sustained vigorous activities. They also proved that children perform large volumes of activity in the lower heart rate zones. It is generally accepted that boys are more active than girls and physical activity declines by age (peak around 13 to 14 years of age). The difference between the physical activity of European and North American children or between children living in different European countries is difficult to judge due to the diversity of methodology and definitions. CONCLUSION: There is a need to identify more clearly the quantity and type of activity which improves the health and promotes the normal development of children and to improve the methods assessing physical activity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Pollen competition and seed-siring success in Picea abies.

The aim of the present work was to study pollen-tube competition in Picea abies. Controlled crossings were performed with pollen mixtures including pairs of pollen lots with fast and slowly elongating pollen-tubes. Paternity analysis using isozyme markers was performed on the progenies in order to study whether the in vitro pollen-germination vigour corresponds to the proportion of seeds sired by the pollen donor. Paternal success was found to be unequal, 15 out of 23 crossings producing progeny that differed significantly from the hypothetical ratio of 1:1. The paternal contribution in the majority of the crossings was as expected: the pollen parent with more-vigorous in vitro germination sired more seeds than the less-vigorous pollen. In the case of two pollen mixtures, however, the seed-siring success summed over the maternal trees was the opposite to the expected value. Despite these aberrations, the results support the hypothesis that pollen-tube competition is one of the factors contributing to male fitness in P. abies.However, when all the other factors affecting pollination and seed set under natural conditions are taken into account, it is clear that the seed-siring success of a particular paternal genotype cannot be predicted reliably by measuring only the in vitro pollen vigour.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Older women track and field athletes have enhanced calcaneal stiffness.

Vigorous weight-bearing exercise is recommended to women as a method of osteoporosis prevention. This study examined older women athletes to see if they indeed were less likely to develop osteoporosis than those in the general population, and to investigate which factors could have contributed to these results. One hundred and thirty-nine women 40-88 years old, all competitors in a USA National Masters Track and Field Championships, volunteered for the study. Masters refers to competitors > or =40 years old. Their calcaneal stiffness (SI) was measured by a Lunar Achilles+ ultrasonometer. Subjects were also measured for height and weight, and completed a questionnaire on exercise history, diet, lifestyle factors, medical and menopausal issues, and use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). The women, mean age 57.3 years, had an overall average SI of 99.5 (T-score = 0.04) which is equivalent to that of a 20-year-old woman and 20.8% higher than expected for women of their age. Their median SI remained not different from expected peak bone SI until the age of 70. For analysis, this cohort of women was divided into two groups: premenopausal and postmenopausal athletes. The SI of both groups was correlated with the earliest age at which they had first participated in sports or exercises that impart moderate to high strain rates to the lower limbs and with current participation in high impact track and field events. Variables correlated with SI in the general population, such as weight, HRT, previous fracture, hysterectomy, and current menopausal status, did not predict SI in this cohort. In conclusion, women competing in Masters track and field at the national level had calcaneal stiffness substantially higher than expected for women of their age in the general population, and their participation in vigorous sports and activities, either currently or at a younger age, was predictive of this association.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The influence of placebo awareness on stimulant drug response in a double-blind trial.

RATIONALE: Critics have called into question findings from double-blind placebo-controlled studies because subjects are given drug administration instructions informing them of a placebo condition. The assertion that these drug administration instructions bias estimates of effectiveness has undergone surprisingly little empirical investigation. OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of this study was to determine whether drug administration instructions informing subjects of a placebo condition affect the drug response and affect the saliva concentration of the stimulant. METHODS: We assessed caffeine responses and levels of saliva concentration of caffeine in 52 subjects who were randomly assigned to receive one of two drug administration instructions: (a) placebo-informed instructions (i.e., individuals informed of the placebo) analogous to those used in double-blind studies and (b) placebo-uninformed instructions (i.e., individuals informed they are taking an active stimulant). RESULTS: On most measures (systolic blood pressure, heart rate, hand steadiness, reaction time, fatigue, and tension), drug administration instructions did not significantly influence caffeine response. Instructions also had no significant effect on saliva concentration of caffeine. However, only individuals who were uninformed of the placebo condition showed significant diastolic blood pressure and vigor increases with 125 mg caffeine, and significant hand steadiness impairment and vigor increases with 325 mg caffeine compared to placebo. CONCLUSIONS: These overall findings suggest that a limited bias is introduced by drug administration instructions. The results do not support any suggestion that information about the existence of a placebo condition dramatically influences conclusions drawn about drug responses in placebo-controlled trials.

Affect↗
PubMed2003

Effect of modafinil on fatigue, mood, and health-related quality of life in patients with narcolepsy.

INTRODUCTION: In addition to excessive sleepiness, patients with narcolepsy often have significant fatigue, depressed mood, and decreased quality of life. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether treatment with modafinil for excessive sleepiness improves fatigue, mood, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with narcolepsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Outpatients with narcolepsy underwent a 14-day washout of psychostimulants and then were enrolled in this 6-week, open-label, multicenter study. Patients received modafinil starting at 200 mg once daily for week 1, and then 200 or 400 mg daily for weeks 2 through 6. Efficacy was evaluated using the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) and the Profile of Mood States (POMS). Safety was assessed by monitoring adverse events (AE). RESULTS: At baseline, 151 patients had moderate to severe excessive sleepiness (mean Epworth Sleepiness Scale score=17.8+/-4.4). Most patients (> or =70% of 123 who completed the study) received 400 mg modafinil once daily during weeks 2 through 6. Modafinil significantly improved HRQOL, based on SF-36 measures of mental and physical component summary scores and subdomain scores of role-physical, social functioning, and vitality (each P<0.001). Modafinil treatment was also associated with significantly reduced fatigue and significantly improved vigor and cognition as assessed by the POMS (each P<0.001) from weeks 1 through 6. The most frequent AE with modafinil treatment were headache, nausea, and insomnia; most AE were mild or moderate in nature. Only seven patients (5%) withdrew from the study because of AE. CONCLUSION: In narcolepsy patients who were switched from psychostimulants, modafinil therapy improved HRQOL and subjective feelings of vigor and cognitive functioning and reduced fatigue.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Optimizing biodegradation of phenanthrene dissolved in nonaqueous-phase liquids.

A study was conducted to optimize the biodegradation in soil slurries of phenanthrene initially dissolved in nonaqueous-phase liquids (NAPLs). The slow rate of degradation of phenanthrene in dibutyl phthalate was increased by addition of phenanthrene-degrading microorganisms to soil slurries containing the NAPL. The rate was further increased and the acclimation phase was shortened if the inoculum was grown in a medium containing the hydrocarbon and the phthalate before addition to the slurries. Composition of the growth medium only shortened the acclimation but had no effect on the rate. Vigorous agitation increased the rate and extent of mineralization of phenanthrene in dibutyl phthalate. The effect of temperature was affected by the presence and identity of the inoculum. Rapid and extensive mineralization of phenanthrene initially present in hexadecane and diesel oil were attained by use of intense agitation of the NAPL/soil slurry and inoculation with microorganisms grown in the presence of the NAPLs, but the influence of these variables was less with other NAPLs. Vigorous agitation and addition of an inoculum 24 h after introduction of a nonionic surfactant enhanced biodegradation of phenanthrene initially in 150 Bright stock oil and dibutyl phthalate. The results suggest improved means for the bioremediation of sites contaminated with NAPLs.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗