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PubMed1990

Three-wheeled vehicle injuries in children.

Injuries associated with nonmotorized three-wheeled vehicles were prospectively evaluated through a standard questionnaire during the summer months at the emergency department of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pa. Forty-four children, including 32 boys, with a mean age of 3.77 years, reported such injuries. Most fell (36.4%), but a second vehicle was often involved. Most children (33 of 44) were on low-slung Big Wheels. Head, neck, and dental injuries accounted for the majority. Most injuries were not serious. Two patients were admitted; both had fractures, one of them had a concussion. Data from the US Consumer Product Safety Commission corroborate the epidemiology of these injuries. Recommendations of safety precautions with non-motorized three-wheeled vehicles are reviewed.

Accidents↗
PubMed2000

Orofacial considerations for pediatric, adult, and elderly victims of abuse.

Health care providers must take the time to educate themselves about domestic violence, its signs and symptoms, and the proper care of victims of child, spouse, or elder abuse. It is not enough to treat the immediate injuries without offering necessary and appropriate intervention on behalf of the victim. No one deserves to be beaten, sexually abused, or emotionally mistreated. If abuse is suspected, report it to the proper authorities. By focusing attention on this major health problem, physicians can provide a leadership role in using health care response to reduce the incidence of abuse and, ultimately, to save lives.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Dental and maxillofacial injuries among older New Zealanders during the 1990s.

Not only is the number of older people increasing in New Zealand, but a greater number of them are keeping their own teeth, with predictable consequences for the costs of treating (and rehabilitating) dental and maxillofacial trauma in that group. The aim of the study was to describe the occurrence of dental and maxillofacial trauma involving New Zealanders aged 65 and over during the 1990s. The investigation was a secondary analysis of routinely collected, national-level compensation and hospital treatment data. The analysis showed that: (1) there was an increase in the rate and absolute number of injuries among older people; (2) the dental trauma rate was highest among males in the youngest age group, while the facial fracture rate was highest among older females; and (3) there was a general increase in the contribution of falls to the occurrence of trauma. Measures which aim to reduce the occurrence of falls among older people will also reduce the oral and maxillofacial trauma rate in that age group.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed2002

Dental injuries in ice hockey games and training.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence, cause, and nature of maxillofacial and dental injuries in ice hockey games and training and also evaluate the use and the effect of dental or facial guards. METHODS: Maxillofacial and dental ice hockey injuries in Finland were studied during years 1991 and 1992. Material was gathered from the insurance company that had practically all the ice hockey licenses in those years. The material consisted of 479 injured ice hockey players who suffered from 650 separate injuries. The most common dental injury was a noncomplicated crown fracture, which accounted for 43.5% of all maxillofacial or dental injuries. Of these noncomplicated crown fractures, almost 70% occurred in the games. RESULTS: The most common cause of accidents was a blow from the ice hockey stick. The stick as a cause of injury was approximately 3 times as common in the games than in training. Only 10% of injured players wore some kind of protective guard. CONCLUSION: A mandatory use of mouthguards and face masks or tightened rules for protection to decrease the high number of maxillofacial and dental injuries in the ice hockey games should be considered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Relation between incisal overjet and traumatic injury: a case control study.

Most previous studies have shown the prevalence of traumatic dental injuries in anterior teeth to increase with increasing overjet. This study identified 36 Singapore schoolchildren, age 7-18 years, from a clinic population of 11,179, who had suffered dental trauma while playing contact or collision sports. A case control group of 36 children, matched for age, sex, race and sporting activities, but who had not suffered dental trauma, was selected from the same clinic population. Both groups were examined and the nature of injuries received, together with overjet measured to the nearest 0.5 mm were determined. The mean overjet for the trauma group was 3.42 +/- 1.45 mm and for the injured group 3.42 +/- 1.33 mm. These means were not statistically different (p = 1.00), neither did the distribution of overjet between the groups differ. These data were not in accord with the majority of studies correlating incisal overjet and dental trauma, and they suggested that overjet was not a positive correlate with traumatic dental injury in Singapore schoolchildren.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Oro-facial and dental injuries in club rugby union players.

Oro-facial and dental injuries are of particular importance as dental tissues have a low potential for recovery when damaged and such injuries can give rise to functional, aesthetic and psychological disfigurement. Also their repair can be costly, distressing and time consuming. This study sought to clarify the nature and severity of oro-facial injuries amongst rugby players in a first division club in Scotland. A secondary aim of the study was to examine the influence of position and standard of play on injury rates. The results show that oro-facial injuries are common amongst rugby players, and that players in the first fifteen were at the greatest risk. Although injuries may still occur when mouthguards are used, their severity will be reduced by use of such protective devices.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Materials for mouth protectors].

Taking into account the number of teeth which are yearly irreversible traumatised during sport activities, the general use of mouthguards would contribute positively to the prevention of dental injuries. Custom-made mouthguards are more comfortable to wear and offer better retention and protection than stock and mouth-formed mouthguards. Different kinds of materials are available on the market for the construction of mouthguards. A polyethylene-polyvinylacetate copolymer (EVA) is the most suitable material. EVA allows the inclusion of hard or soft layers within the mouthguard. The thickness of a mouthguard is important for the reduction of applied forces to teeth: energy absorption capacity increases with material thickness. Increased thickness however, is associated with a reduction of comfort. Therefore, it is important that dentists take the patients' wishes and demands on both comfort and protection into consideration. A description of the clinical and technical method for the construction of a custom made mouthguard is given.

Absorption↗
PubMed2004

Oro-facial trauma in amateur secondary school footballers in Ibadan, Nigerian: a study of mouthguards.

To assess the awareness and frequency of use of mouth-guards for football among secondary school children in Ibadan, Nigeria, as well as the amount of oro-facial trauma previously associated with football game in these adolescents, a questionnaire - based cross-sectional study was conducted. Six hundred and thirty -one amateur footballers - 465 (73.7%) males and 166 (26.3%) females in the age range of 10 - 19 years (mean age, 15.01 +/- 2.86SD) completed the questionnaire giving a response rate of 90.1%. Majority (58.8%) of the subjects was within the 10-15 years age group. Awareness of mouth-guards was claimed by 69.7% of the respondents but significantly more of them who made the claim were not using the protective device for football games (p<0.05). More boys significantly claimed the usage of mouth-guards than girls (p<0.05). In all, 59.7% agreed that wearing mouth-guard was helpful in oro-facial injury prevention during sports with significantly more boys in agreement than girls (p<0.05). About 36% of the subjects sustained one form of oro-facial trauma or the other with significant sex difference (p<0.05). Secondary schools should serve as good starting points in the campaign for use of mouth-guards for contact sports before some go into professional sports.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Forensic medical examination of refugees who claim to have been tortured.

The United Nations Convention against torture prohibits repatriation of refugees if there is reason to believe they will be tortured on return to their country. A history of torture is therefore an important factor in making a case for asylum. In this study, the results of the medical examinations of 59 torture victims investigated at the Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Aarhus, Denmark, 1996-2002, are presented and discussed. Variables including age, sex, education, health, torture methods, condition of confinement, torture aftereffects, and findings at the forensic examination were registered in a database (Paradox) and analyzed. In 70%, aftereffects of torture could be documented. These included scars after fixation, burns, incisions, or flogging. Symptoms and signs from joints, muscles, and nerves were common in victims who had been suspended. Many of the victims of phalanga had painful feet and signs of walking impairment. A majority of the victims suffered from posttraumatic stress syndrome. An independent medical report offers an opportunity to evaluate and elaborate the story told by the victim and should be used in disputed cases. We have a duty to protect refugees against torture.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparing comfort and wearability between Type III single-layered and double-layered EVA mouthguards.

This study compared two Type III ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) mouthguards for wearability, comfort, fit, and patient preference. Twenty-two athletes each received two custom-fabricated athletic mouthguards, a single-layered vacuum-formed EVA mouthguard and a double-layered heat- and pressure-laminated EVA type. Athletes wore each type of mouthguard for a two-week period while playing basketball. At the end of each two-week period, the athletes completed questionnaires that evaluated 17 characteristics of each mouthguard type. Data were analyzed using the binomial test for small numbers. The double-layered heat- and pressure-laminated EVA mouthguard performed as well as or better than the single-layered vacuum-formed type in 14 of the 17 categories. There was a statistically significant patient preference for the double-layered heat- and pressure-laminated mouthguard.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMed1984

Mouth protectors and sports team dentists. Bureau of Health Education and Audiovisual Services, Council on Dental Materials, Instruments, and Equipment.

A mouth protector must be easy to fabricate, comfortable, able to accommodate the needs of an individual's dentition, durable, easily held in place, and able to provide adequate protection to the teeth, jaws, and cranial structures. The thermoplastic mouth protector is recommended if it is to be placed or formed by the athlete; however, supervision of the fitting procedure by a dentist is recommended. The most desirable protector, however, is the custom-made mouth protector fabricated by a dentist from a thermoplastic material. With the custom-made protector, the dentist can optimize fit, comfort, and speech as well as tend to any control of form to the special dental requirements of the athlete. Thousands of football players have avoided oral injuries by wearing mouth protectors and faceguards. In other sports, dental safety still needs to be improved. National athletic organizations should be urged to require players to wear adequate mouth protectors. Dentists, health and physical education professionals, and other concerned persons should tell all athletes, patients, and parents, why mouth protectors are necessary and what types of protectors effectively reduce or minimize the incidence of injury. All organized sports teams should have their own team dentists to help ensure that players maintain the best possible oral health. If these actions are taken, fewer athletes will suffer the pain, inconvenience, and expense of unnecessary and frequently disfiguring oral injuries.

American Dental Association↗
PubMed1996

Jaw fractures in Stockholm 1988-90. Changing trends in injury dynamics over a 10 year interval.

This paper presents a review of injury dynamics of jaw fractures sustained by 1374 patients in the county of Stockholm during 1978-1980 = M1 (795 patients) and 1988-1990 = M2 (579 patients). The material comprised 1620 mandibular (M1 = 904, M2 = 716) and 439 maxillary (M1 = 249, M2 = 190) fractures. Forty-three per cent of the mandibular fractures and 40% of the maxillary fractures were single fractures in M1. The corresponding figures for M2 were 35% and 43%. During both periods the anatomical region most frequently fractured was the mandibular condyle (M1 = 35%, M2 = 29%). Violence was the cause in 39% of all fractures and 42% of the mandibular fractures (M2). This compared to M1 confirms other reports of altered trends in jaw fractures related to violence during the 1980's. The proportion of jaw fractures caused by traffic increased slightly between the periods.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed1993

Singapore dentists' knowledge, advocacy and utilisation of mouthguards.

A questionnaire was distributed to Singapore Registered Dental Practitioners, seeking demographic details, knowledge of mouthguards in preventing dental injury during contact sport, current attitudes to advice and provision to at-risk patients. 636 questionnaires were posted and 226 valid replies were received. Most dentists believed that mouthguards reduced the prevalence of dental injury in contact sports. Undergraduate education was the primary source of dentists' knowledge. Seventy-four per cent of respondents actively recommended mouthguards, but only 26 per cent made one or more in 1992. Only 3 dentists made more than 10. Twenty-eight per cent were comfortable with their knowledge in this area, and 76 per cent would be willing to assist a public awareness campaign.

Athletic Injuries↗