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At least 901 records · Page 50Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

A new clothing impregnation method for personal protection against ticks and biting insects.

The efficacy and residual activity of a factory-based, permethrin-impregnated military battle dress uniform (BDU) using a new polymer-coating technique has been evaluated by laboratory and field testing during deployment to Afghanistan and compared with two commercially available, widely used dipping methods. Residual permethrin concentrations and remaining contact toxicities on treated fabrics before laundering, after up to 100 launderings as well as after being worn-out during deployment were tested against Aedes aegypti (L.) and Ixodes ricinus (L.). The residual amount of permethrin was considerably higher with the polymer-coating technique with 280mg/m(2) remaining after 100 launderings. Polymer-coated BDUs collected for disposal after being worn-out during military deployment showed equivalent or better residual knockdown efficacy against test arthropods when compared with the results obtained with the US Army IDA (Illinois Department of Agriculture)-Kit after 50 launderings, which represent the recommended baseline for re-impregantion or disposal of the impregnated fabric. BDUs impregnated by the polymer-coating method were found to be effective throughout the lifetime of the uniform, ensuring protection of soldiers in the field from arthropod vectors, while simultaneously decreasing logistical constraints and occupational health threats.

Aedes↗
PubMed2006

World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of acaricides against (mange and itch) mites on ruminants.

These guidelines have been prepared to assist in the planning, conduct and interpretation of studies for the assessment of the efficacy of acaricides against mange and itch mites on ruminants. Information is provided on the selection of animals, dose determination, dose confirmation and field studies, record keeping and result interpretation. These guidelines also are intended to assist the investigators on how to conduct specific experiments, to provide specific information for registration authorities involved in the decision-making process, to assist in the approval and registration of new ectoparasiticides, and to facilitate the worldwide adoption of standard procedures.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

An epidemic of East Coast fever on a dairy farm in eastern Tanzania.

During the period August-September 1995, an epidemic of East Coast fever occurred at a dairy farm in Morogoro region of eastern Tanzania. Due to an intensive dipping scheme since 1970, a very unstable endemic status had been established in the animals. A breakdown in the dipping scheme caused a major disease outbreak; the dip wash was not changed for 18 months prior to the outbreak and dipping continued in a dip wash of unknown strength. There was also a delay in detecting the disease at an early stage. In total, 180 out of 432 (42%) of the cattle at the farm died--resulting in a loss of Tshs. 26,330,000 (US$ 42,879). The attack risk was nearly 77%. The outbreak points to the importance of adopting integrated strategies for the control of ticks and tick-borne diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Influence of arsenic co-contamination on DDT breakdown and microbial activity.

The impacts of arsenic co-contamination on the natural breakdown of 1,1,l1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) in soil are investigated in a study of 12 former cattle dip sites located in northeastern NSW, Australia. This study examines the relationship between the intrinsic breakdown of DDT to 1,1 -dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDD) and 1,l-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE), and the impacts of arsenic co-contamination on this breakdown. Between-site analysis demonstrated that arsenic at 2000 mg/kg gave a 50% reduction in the concentration of DDD compared to background arsenic of 5 mg/kg.Within-site analysis also showed the ratio of DDT:DDD increased in soils as arsenic concentrations increased. This within-site trend was also apparent with the DDT:DDE ratio, suggesting inhibition of DDT breakdown by arsenic co-contamination. Microbial activity was inhibited as residues of total DDTs and arsenic increased. Hence arsenic co-contamination and high concentrations of DDT in soil may result in an increased persistence of DDT in the environment studied.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2002

Effects of laundry detergents on Dermatophagoides farinae, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, and Euroglyphus maynei.

BACKGROUND: House-dust mites in clothing and bedding are the source of major allergens. Based on studies of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus only, weekly washing in hot water is recommended to kill dust mites and remove allergens from clothing and bedding. However, in the United States, washing is most often done in warm or cold water, and other mite species are involved. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the lethal effects of various temperatures of hot water alone and hot, warm, and cold water containing detergents and chlorine bleach on Dermatophagoidesfarinae, D. pteronyssinus, and Euroglyphus maynei. METHODS: Mites were soaked in test solutions at various temperatures and for various lengths of time, allowed time to recover, and then analyzed for survival. RESULTS: D. farinae was the most temperature-sensitive and chlorine bleach-sensitive of the three species. In 50 degrees C water alone, 100% mortality for D. farinae was obtained in 10 minutes, whereas most D. pteronyssinus and E. maynei survived. However, 53 degrees C-soaks for 12 and 5 minutes were needed to kill all D. pteronyssinus and E. maynei, respectively. Laundry detergents at their recommended and doubled concentrations and chlorine bleach generally increased mite mortalities over water alone for the three species. Soaking for 4 hours in warm water containing various detergents alone induced mortalities of 19 to 50%, 2 to 35%, and 14 to 46% for D. farinae, D. pteronyssinus, and E. maynei, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Washing bed linens weekly in warm water with a 4-hour presoak containing most detergents and bleach will kill most D. farinae and, depending on the detergent brand, moderate numbers of D. pteronyssinus. Four-hour soaks in warm water containing the recommended concentrations of various detergents alone also kills moderate numbers of D. farinae, D. pteronyssinus, and E. maynei. Therefore, the cumulative effect of weekly washing with long presoaks should significantly reduce mite levels over time in bed linens, particularly when mattresses and pillows are encased to prevent reinfestation.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Commercialisation of a recombinant vaccine against Boophilus microplus.

Increasingly, there is need for methods to control cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) infestations by the use of non-chemical technology. This need is brought about by a mixture of market forces and the failure or inadequacy of existing technology. A recombinant vaccine has now been developed against the tick. This vaccine relies on the uptake with the blood meal of antibody directed against a critical protein in the tick gut. The isolation of the vaccine antigen, Bm86, and its production as a recombinant protein is briefly described. The vaccine has been tested in the field, has been taken through the full registration process and is now in commercial use in Australia. A related development has occurred in Cuba. The potential for improvement of the current vaccine and for the development of similar vaccines against other haematophagous parasites is discussed.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2002

Effects of triflumuron on the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranichydae).

The effects of triflumuron on the mortality, fecundity, and fertility of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, were evaluated in the laboratory. No differences in toxicity for larvae, protonymphs and deutonymphs were observed, but immature stages were 3.8-times more susceptible than adults at the LC50. The compound exhibited a direct contact ovicidal activity influenced by eggs age. 48-72 h old eggs were significantly more sensitive than eggs of the other age classes. No hatch inhibition was observed in eggs laid by treated adult females using a sublethal dose at two physiological times (<12 and 48-72 h old). However. fecundity decreased in younger treated females, but it increased in the older-ones. The toxicity for immatures and eggs, and the sublethal effects described suggest that triflumuron could be an interesting incorporation in integrated pest programs of T. urticae.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Experimental immunisation of crossbred cattle with glycoproteins isolated from the larvae of Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and Boophilus microplus.

In India, control of tick infestations is a major problem facing the owners of highly productive crossbred cattle. To develop suitable immunoprotective measures against the multitick infestations, specific problem encountered by the Indian farmers, an attempt has been made to identify candidate protein molecules in the larvae of Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and Boophilus microplus. Employing two steps affinity chromatography method, glycoproteins of 34 and 29 kDa were isolated from H. a. anatolicum and B. microplus, respectively. The additive effect of the isolated glycoproteins was tested by the immunisation of crossbred male calves at a dose of 200 microg/animal of each glycoprotein, three divided dosages. Following challenge infestations by the stages of two species of ticks, a significant rejection of (73.6%; P < 0.01) of larvae and adults (75.0%; P < 0.01) of H. a. anatolicum and adults (89.8%; P < 0.01) of B. microplus were noted. The direct effect of immunisation on the stages of the challenged ticks (%DT) was calculated as 69%, 52% against larvae and adults of H. a. anatolicum and 60% against adults of B. microplus. A direct corelation between protection and anti-glycoprotein antibody titre was detected. The effect of the isolated glycoproteins on limiting the tick infestation is discussed in detail.

Animals↗