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PubMed1988

Association of Treponema hyodysenteriae with porcine intestinal mucosa.

The association of Treponema hyodysenteriae with porcine caecal and colonic mucosal surfaces was studied by electron microscopy after orogastric inoculation of pigs with pure cultures. Examination of caecal and colonic mucosa from infected and control animals revealed that large numbers of the spirochaete were associated only with intestinal mucosal surfaces of infected animals. Further examination of the intestinal mucosa from infected pigs showed that T. hyodysenteriae colonized two sites preferentially: the mucus-filled crypts of Lieberkühn and the mucus gel covering the epithelium. Furthermore, no evidence of either specific or nonspecific adhesion to the epithelium proper was found, suggesting that penetration of, or trapping in the mucus gel may be the predominant mechanism of mucosal association by T. hyodysenteriae. Moreover, T. hyodysenteriae was also observed to be highly motile in intestinal mucus, moving faster than any other organism present, and this 'high speed' motility appeared to facilitate penetration into the mucosa. The pattern of motility observed was also highly suggestive of chemotaxis, and this was subsequently confirmed using an in vitro assay to porcine mucus material. It is suggested, therefore, that motility and chemotaxis are important factors/mechanisms in the association and colonization of porcine intestinal mucosa by T. hyodysenteriae.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

VDRL antibodies enhance phagocytosis of Treponema pallidum by macrophages.

Although reactivity in nontreponemal tests develops in patients with untreated syphilis, no immunologic function has been ascribed to these antibodies. This study demonstrates that rabbit antibodies induced by immunization with VDRL antigen and VDRL antibodies affinity-purified from syphilitic rabbit serum enhance phagocytosis of Treponema pallidum. The proportion of macrophages ingesting treponemes in the presence of these antisera was 45% +/- 5% and 27% +/- 4%, respectively, versus 14% +/- 3% for normal serum (P < .001 and P < .01). Both IgG and IgM fractions contained opsonic activity. Absorption of VDRL antibodies from syphilitic serum diminished but did not eliminate opsonization, suggesting at least two classes of target molecules. Despite opsonic capacity, VDRL antibodies fail to facilitate macrophage-mediated killing of T. pallidum. Nevertheless, VDRL-immunized rabbits are partially protected against T. pallidum infection, developing fewer lesions (delayed and smaller) than do unimmunized controls. These results suggest a heretofore unrecognized functional role for VDRL antibodies in syphilis infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

[Specificity and sensitivity of immunological diagnosis of congenital neonatal syphilis by the 19S(IgM)-FTA-ABS test (author's transl)].

Reports on the significance in the demonstration of IgM class antibodies in congenital syphilis are contradictory. The reason for discrepant observations are of technical or biological source. In order to explain the several uncertainties, serum samples from 1031 newborns and infants of syphilitic mothers were investigated quantitatively with the IgM-FTA-ABS, the 19S (IgM)-FTA-ABS and cardiolipin CF test. If serum specimens of the mothers were available they were investigated in the same tests for treponema-specific 19S(IgM) class and antilipoidal antibodies. In the evaluation of the results, the history of infection and treatment of the mothers as well as clinical observations in the infants were considered. In 26 children a congenital acquired syphilis was strongly indicated by demonstration of treponema-specific 19S(IgM) class antibodies by the 19S(IgM)-FTA-ABS-Test and tae good agreement with the history of untreated mothers. In another 1005 infants a congenital infection by T. pallidum could be excluded by the non-reactive 19S(IgM)-FTA-ABS as well as clinical observations. Furthermore, immunological findings of three children who had acquired syphilis after birth are demonstrated before and after specific treatment. It could be shown that the 19S(IgM)-FTA-ABS is much more infaillable than the IgM-FTA-ABS as far as technical and biological uncertainties are concerned. Considering all possible errors and the results of re-investigations of IgM non-reactive infants of syphilitic mothers (up to one year after birth) it is demonstrated that congenital syphilis can be differentiated from passively transmitted 7S(IgG) class antibodies (of the mother) or 19S(IgM) class anti-antibodies (of the child) with a significance of about 99%. It is finally concluded that serological diagnosis of congenital syphilis should be started in the pregnant women. By making the diagnosis in pregnancy followed by adequate treatment, irreversible damages as well as so-called serological scars can be avoided in the children.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1987

Enzyme-linked immunofiltration assay for rapid serodiagnosis of syphilis.

A new rapid technique for detection of serum treponemal antibodies is described which is based on an enzyme-linked immunoassay using nitrocellulose as solid phase. With this technique antigen-antibody binding is accelerated by the filtration of the antibody solution through the antigen-coated nitrocellulose filter instead of its remaining over the solid phase for incubation. Test results are available in less than 15 min. Serum specimens from 255 syphilitics and 829 non-infected subjects were investigated. The sensitivity and specificity of the Treponema pallidum enzyme-linked immunofiltration assay were comparable to those of the Treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay and the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Epidemiology of sexually transmitted diseases in rape victims.

Rape is a violent crime that is increasing rapidly in incidence. Victims can include male and female adults and children. These victims may be at risk for the acquisition of many sexually transmitted conditions. The risk will vary with the sex and socioeconomic status of the assailant as well as with the nature of the sexual contact. Infections with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, herpes simplex virus, human papillomavirus, and Treponema pallidum have all been found to occur following sexual assault of female adults or children. Although data are lacking, male victims of homosexual rape are presumably at risk for the acquisition of the above infections as well as hepatitis B, the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and other infections prevalent among homosexual men. All victims of sexual assault should undergo a comprehensive physical examination with a complete history. Baseline and follow-up laboratory tests should be performed. In some instances, prophylactic administration of antimicrobial agents may be warranted.

Female↗
PubMed1977

The FTA-ABS test: a diagnostic help or hindrance?

The fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test, an excellent confirmatory treponemal test, has been used increasingly for syphilis screening and case detection. To evaluate its performance as an initial test, we did Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) slide and FTA-ABS tests on 1,043 patients suspected of having syphilis. When retested in both a local and a reference laboratory, sera from 226 patients with borderline or reactive results demonstrated interlaboratory consistency for the VDRL but not the FTA-ABS. Borderline FTA-ABS results correlated poorly with the diagnosis of syphilis in both laboratories; a reactive FTA-ABS test correlated well only in the reference laboratory. Performance of the test appeared to be diminished by its use in a low-prevalence population and by seemingly minor alterations in the test procedure at the local laboratory.

Absorption↗
PubMed1985

Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis immunoblotting as a serological tool in the diagnosis of syphilitic infections.

The utility of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis immunoblotting as a serological tool in the diagnosis of human syphilitic infections was examined. In model experiments, rabbits were immunized with Treponema pallidum or T phagedenis, and the antisera were tested for cross-reactivities with both sets of antigens. A major T. pallidum antigen with a molecular weight of ca. 17,000 appeared to be the most reliable specific antigenic marker as assessed by the immunoblotting technique with peroxidase-labeled second antibodies. Antibodies to this antigen were never detected in hyperimmune rabbit anti-T. phagedenis sera or in the sera of nonsyphilitic humans. In contrast, reactive antibodies were found in all syphilitic human sera and also in liquor samples that were positive in the passive hemagglutination test. Differentiation between immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G antibodies was directly possible by applying the respective specific second antibodies. Immunoblotting tests were performed with sera exhibiting low passive hemagglutination test titers and equivocal fluorescent treponemal antibody and rapid plasma reagin card reactions. In more than 60% of these cases, immunoblot positivity with respect to the 17,000-molecular-weight antigen was found. The same results were obtained with partially purified 17,000-molecular-weight antigen. The immunoblot technique should be useful as an additional diagnostic tool for differentiating between true and false-positive serological reactions.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Treatment of latent and tertiary syphilis.

Although the efficacy of penicillin treatment for syphilis has been amply demonstrated, the optimal, curative dosage is still undefined. Some patients experience a third stage of the disease long after secondary-stage symptoms have resolved. Treatment differs in early and late latency and with the specific manifestations of tertiary-stage disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Sexually transmitted infections].

Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) are quite common and observed more frequently in teens. The adolescents represent a group at particular risk for STD due to biological, sociocultural and psychological factors. Undectected infections may lead to unwanted sequelae, including pelvic inflammatory disease, chronic abdominal pain, tubal scarring and increased risk of ectopic pregnancy. This paper deals with infections by Candida albicans, Chlamidia tracomatis, Neisseria gonorrheae, Gardnerella vaginalis, Treponema pallidum, Tricomonas vaginalis, Herpes simplex, Papilloma virus. In regard to gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis and papilloma virus, the expectation is that improved detection will decrease sequelae by early diagnosis and treatment. Prevention programs (information, use of hormonal contraception associated with condom use) and improved access to STD diagnosis and treatment services are useful to reduce the incidence of STD among young people.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Brief report. separation of pathogenic Treponema pallidum from host rabbit tissue to obtain virulent and viable microorganisms.

T. pallida extracted from infected rabbit testes were purified from different tissue particles by equilibrium density centrifugation at 25 degrees C after layering on a column of Ficoll-sodium metrizoate solution. After centrifugation, 32 per cent of the treponemes were present in a visible band and about 57 per cent were concentrated in the three ml suspension just above the interface between the Ficoll-Na metrizoate cushion and treponeme-containing medium. The treponemes were viable, virulent and retained their morphological integrity, infectivity, and antigenicity. Purity of the different fractions was studied by immunodiffusion experiments. The purified preparations of virulent, viable treponemes will provide a better antigen in the FTA-ABS tests and possibly in the TPI and TPHA tests; in cellular immunity studies, electron microscopic investigations of the ultrastructure of treponemes, vaccination studies and in tissue culture investigations.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Novel method for measuring growth of Treponema hyodysenteriae and its application for monitoring susceptibility of clinical isolates to antimicrobial agents.

A microdilution assay method was developed to determine MICs of antibiotics for Treponema hyodysenteriae and to estimate the bacterial burden of mice colonized by this swine pathogen. Hemolysis of bovine erythrocytes in broth was correlated with growth of the spirochete, and growth inhibition by drugs could be determined by measuring hemolysis. MICs of 10 antibiotics for eight clinical isolates of T. hyodysenteriae measured by this method were similar to values obtained by an agar dilution method and to values reported in the literature. This method was also used to demonstrate the elimination of T. hyodysenteriae from the ceca of infected mice following oral treatment with carbadox. The procedure described in this paper provides a rapid and simple method for determining MICs of antibiotics for T. hyodysenteriae and may be adapted for the purpose of determining the presence of this veterinary pathogen in cecal contents of experimentally infected mice.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed1999

An increasing incidence of VDRL serononreactors in an eldery, T. pallidum infected population.

Changes in the proportion of VDRL nonreactors among the people who had come into contact with Treponema pallidum in the course of their lifetime were assessed within the frame of the Diagnostic Proficiency Program covering serologic laboratories for the detection of syphilis in Croatia. Based on the analysis of the CNIPH serologic laboratory records the paper shows a clear increase in the above share over the past 22 years. Data on 491 infected persons (those reactive to the reference TPHA test), mean age 52.87 years, were analyzed. During 22 years of observation (1976-1998), this proportion rose from 21.92% (1976-1979) through 51.79% (1980-1989) to 64.86% (1990-1998). At the same time, this tendency reveals a considerable decrease in the number of infected persons exhibiting VDRL reaction (i.e. with potentially active late syphilis), which could be ascribed to the ever more effective detection of the infected and to their ever earlier and more efficient treatment.

Adult↗