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PubMed2001

[Evaluation of vitamin and immune status of patients with chronic palatal tonsillitis].

Authors revealed considerable decrease substance of vitamins at patients with chronic tonsillitis in depending on degree of difficulty illness and presence of complication. Content of vitamins B1, B2 and C is decreased more than rest. Results of immune investigations register lowering phagocytic activity of leucocyte and cell immunity at patient with chronic tonsillitis in the presence of the complication.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Tonsillar and erythrocyte levels of superoxide dismutase in children with and without recurrent tonsillitis].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Oxidative stress secondary to infant tonsillar infection produces the expression of local and systemic antioxidants. Its determination seems to be useful as a marker of tonsillar suffering before tonsillectomy but is currently unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the evolution of this parameter in tonsillectomized children during a long-term follow-up. METHODS: One hundred thirty-six children underwent tonsillectomy, 46 for tonsillar hypertrophy without infection and 90 for recurrent tonsillitis. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentrations were measured before tonsillectomy and at 6, 12, 24 and 36 months post-tonsillectomy. RESULTS: Infection provoked significantly higher SOD concentrations than tonsillar hypertrophy in tonsillar tissue (223.06 30.46 vs 156.39 54.05 U/l, p < 0.001) and in blood (1124.91 141.73 vs 1007.19 97.03 U/gr Hb, p < 0.001). There was a strong correlation between tonsillar and erythrocyte concentrations. During the 3-year follow-up, SOD concentrations in blood progressively decreased until stabilizing in all patients. Stabilization was reached at 6 months post-tonsillectomy in the group with tonsillar hypertrophy and at 2 years in the group with infection. Children with recurrent tonsillitis consistently showed higher SOD concentrations in blood throughout the follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Oxidative damage in tonsillar tissue results from the incidence and severity of focal infections. Tonsillectomy reduces SOD levels but, as a consequence of oxidative stress, these do not return to normal.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

[Immunologic histochemical observation of anti-crypt keratin of cryptic epithelium of tonsilla in children with chronic tonsillitis].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate anti-crypt keratin (CK) immunologic histochemical changes in children with chronic tonsillitis. METHOD: Removed tonsilla were fixed by 10% formaldehyde. Immunologic histochemical method was used to determine the changes of anti-broad spectrum (KD 68, 56, 56, 50) CKSP. RESULT: In 230 cases, obvious keratosis was 90.9%, no keratosis was 9.1%, 3 cases were found with fungus filaments and bacteria in the bottom of crypts. Anti-broad spectrum and hypermolecule CK of tonsil cryptic epithelium were positive reaction, anti-broad spectrum CK of cryptic keratosis in all cases was positive reaction. CONCLUSION: During the period of episode, cryptic epitheliums of tonsilla was destroyed repeatly, therefore, immunoglobulin production was reduce. Because the immune function of tonsilla was reduced, bacteria and virus might be invade into organism. This reduplicative malignant circles must be interrupted or blocked only by tonsillectomy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Electropuncture diagnostics of chronic tonsillitis].

Biologically active skin point's activity in patients with chronic tonsillitis and healthy persons was analyzed. Pathomorphological changes of tonsils were tested by means of microresonance circuits and pathohistological specimen.

Acupuncture Points↗
PubMed2004

Infection of Haemophilus parainfluenzae in tonsils is associated with IgA nephropathy.

We investigated the functions of tonsillar mononuclear cells (TMC) regarding whether a Haemophilus parainfluenzae (HP) outer membranes antigen (HPOM) enhances IgA-related cytokine (IFN-gamma, IL-10. and TGF-beta) production in vitro by TMC in IgA nephropathy (IgAN) patients. In addition, we examined the effect of synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide and HPOM stimulation by TMC on IgA production, whether the constant region antisense to IgA inhibits the production of IgA in vitro by TMC. Eighteen patients with IgAN and 25 patients with chronic tonsillitis (CT) from 6 to 45 years (mean age of 20.9 years) participated in this study. TMC were obtained from resected tonsils, and total and HP-specific IgA levels, along with the concentration of TGF-beta, IL-10 and IFN-gamma in the supernatant of stimulated TMC were measured by ELISA. Isolated TMC were cultured with HPOM in the presence of 23 oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), and the induction of total IgA and HP-specific IgA in the supernatant was also measured using ELISA. To investigate the inhibition of IgA production, TMC were cultured with HPOM and antisence to IgA. We found that IgA-related cytokine (IFN-gamma, IL-10, and TGF-beta) production by unstimulated or stimulated TMC was higher in IgAN patients than CT patients. Two types of synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides produced higher HP-specific IgA than with HPOM stimulation alone. HPOM and antisence IgA inhibited the production of total IgA and HP-specific IgA in dose-depend manner. In conclusion, IFN-gamma, TGF-beta, and IL-10 influence each other in the pathogenesis of IgAN, and infection by not only HP but other bacteria or viruses which possess specific DNA sequences such as CpG motifs induce the production of HP-specific IgA by TMC.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

[Lymphocyte transformation test of peripheral and tonsillar lymphocytes in chronic tonsillitis].

Transformation tests of tonsillar and blood lymphocytes with many streptococcal extracellular antigens and streptococcal membrane antigen in patients suffering from chronic tonsillitis were performed. The in-vitro cellular immunoresponse depends on the antigen, the age of the patient, and the origin of the lymphocytes: blood or tonsil. There is good evidence that there is a selective unresponsiveness of the blood lymphocytes in adult patients, stimulated with streptococcal membrane antigen.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

[Heterogeneity of agglutinability and antibiotic sensitivity of a population of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from tonsillar lacunae of patients with angina and chronic tonsillitis].

The study of the staphylococcal microflora of the tonsils in chronic tonsillitis patients revealed a high degree of variability in respect to its sensitivity to different antibiotics and the level of its agglutination by blood serum. The lesser part of the patients showed the presence of staphylococcal clones agglutinated by highly diluted serum and resistant to antibiotics suppressing the main part of the microbial population. The appearance of such clones in the microbial population is supposed to be the reason for the development of antibiotic-resistant population.

Agglutination↗
PubMed1996

Chronic tonsillitis in children: activation of polymorphonuclear cells from peripheral blood and tonsillar tissue. In vitro production of MPO, ECP and EPX.

Activation of polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs), neutrophils and eosinophils, occurs in response to infections. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is an enzyme contained in neutrophils with toxic activity for many microorganisms including bacteria. Fosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and eosinophil X protein (EPX) are released by activated eosinophils in response to different inflammatory stimuli. Determination of serum levels of MPO, ECP and EPX permits assessment of the state of activation of these cells. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the state of activation of neutrophils and eosinophils present in tonsillar tissue and peripheral blood from 30 children (18 boys and 12 girls) undergoing tonsillectomy for chronic tonsillitis. For determination of serum levels of MPO, ECP and EPX, peripheral blood samples were obtained at the time of surgery: PMNs were separated by erythrosedimentation from peripheral blood and from tonsillar tissue after surgery and cultured for 7 days. The cells were plated (10(5) well) and the plates were incubated in 5% CO(2), 7% O(2), 80% N(2). After 2, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144 h, supernatants were removed from the cultures of both tonsillar tissue and peripheral blood PMNs for determination of in vitro release of MPO, ECP and EPX. The assays were carried out using a radioimmunotechnique (RIA, Pharmacia) and the concentrations of the three proteins (mean/6 wells) for each time were expressed in mu g/l. The data suggest activation of PMNs in children with chronic tonsillitis.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Interference by aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in children with recurrent group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal tonsillitis.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the frequency of recovery of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria with interfering capability of group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS) in the tonsils of children with and without a history of recurrent GABHS pharyngotonsillitis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Tonsillar cultures were taken from a group of 20 children with and 20 without history of recurrent GABHS pharyngotonsillitis. RESULTS: Eleven aerobic and anaerobic isolates with interfering capability with GABHS were recovered from 6 (30%) of the 20 children with recurrent GABHS, and 40 such organisms were isolated from 17 (85%) of the 20 without recurrences (P<.01). The interfering organisms included aerobic (alpha-hemolytic and nonhemolytic streptococci) and anaerobic organisms (Prevotella and Peptostreptococcus species). CONCLUSIONS: The tonsils of children with a history of recurrent GABHS infection contain fewer aerobic and anaerobic bacteria with interfering capability of GABHS than those without the history of recurrent GABHS infection. The presence of these interfering bacteria may play a role in preventing GABHS infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Immunohistological expression of interleukin 16 in human tonsils.

BACKGROUND: Interleukin 16 (IL-16) acts highly chemotactic on CD4-bearing cells. Besides chemotaxis, IL-16 has numerous immunomodulatory effects, and not only on T cells. OBJECTIVE: To determine IL-16 expression in human tonsils. METHODS: Tonsillar follicles were immunohistologically characterized to elicit a possible cellular source of IL-16 expression. RESULTS: The mantle zone of immature and mature B cells was CD22 immunoreactive (ir), whereas the germinal center of activated B cells was CD23-ir. Plasma cells that were CD38-ir were observed extrafollicularly beneath the epithelium and within the germinal center. T cells were found most frequently in the extrafollicular space, with a majority of CD4 cells. CD68-ir macrophages were predominantly found within the germinal center. Immunostaining of anti-IL-16 revealed strong cytoplasmatic reactivity of extrafollicular cells and of cells at the outer rim of the mantle zone. Numerous cells adherent to the stratified squamous epithelium were IL-16-ir as well. Double immunostaining identified CD4(+) T cells as the major cellular source of IL-16 expression. Furthermore, a population of CD22(+) B cells at the outer rim of the mantle zone expressed IL-16 as well. CONCLUSIONS: Interleukin 16 was mainly expressed in a typical CD4-like pattern in human tonsils. Our data strongly suggest that CD4(+) lymphocytes constitute the major cellular source for IL-16. We hypothesize that the double-immunostained CD4-ir and IL-16-ir cells represent activated T cells. Because CD22(+) B cells at the outer rim of the mantle zone expressed IL-16 as well, we conclude that this area might constitute the locus of IL-16-mediated B-cell differentiation.

Child↗
PubMed2003

Detection of Helicobacter pylori and its CagA gene in tonsil and adenoid tissues by PCR.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the presence of Helicobacter pylori and, if detected, the prevalence of the CagA gene in adenotonsillectomy specimens by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). DESIGN: A prospective clinical trial. SETTING: Tertiary referral center. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study population comprised 23 patients who had undergone adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy, or adenotonsillectomy under local or general anesthesia. Helicobacter pylori DNA was extracted from 3-mm-diameter tissue samples obtained from each tonsil and adenoid tissue specimens. The amplifications were performed for the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and CagA genes of H pylori in the samples of which H pylori DNA was detected. RESULTS: In examining all the samples, 7 (30%) of 23 patients were shown to be positive for H pylori DNA, 5 (71%) of whom also possessed the CagA gene. CONCLUSIONS: Tonsil and adenoid tissues may be an ecological niche of the mouth without regard to transient or permanent colonization. Oral-oral transmission may be a possible mode of spread of H pylori.

Adenoids↗
PubMed1997

Expression of Fas ligand mRNA in germinal centres of the human tonsil.

Fas ligand (FasL), a cell surface molecule belonging to the tumour necrosis family, induces apoptosis through its receptor, Fas antigen (Fas). Germinal centre B cells strongly express Fas, but the role of the Fas-FasL system in B-cell selection in the germinal centre remains unclear. In the present study, FasL mRNA in the tonsils was examined by RNA in situ hybridization. FasL mRNA was detected in the lymphocytes of both germinal centres and interfollicular areas, but much more intensively in the former. The distribution of cells strongly expressing FasL mRNA in the germinal centres was quite similar to that of CD45RO-positive T cells. Immunohistochemically, however, most of the germinal centre cells were positive for FasL. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that FasL-positive cells of the tonsils included not only CD3-positive/CD45RO-positive T cells, but also CD19-positive B cells. This finding therefore suggests either that germinal centre B cells can produce FasL, although the level of mRNA was equivocal, or that the soluble form of FasL may be released from FasL-positive T cells in the germinal centres and then bind to Fas-positive germinal centre B cells. Thus, the Fas-FasL system may participate in the positive selection of B cells.

Antigens, Surface↗
PubMed1998

Responses to human rhinovirus in CD45 T cell subsets isolated from tonsil.

Isotypes of CD45 have been used extensively as markers of memory and naive populations of T cells in peripheral blood. In this study, T cells were isolated from human tonsil and their proliferative response against human rhinovirus was measured. Unexpectedly, equivalent responses were found among the CD4+CD45RA+ and CD4+CD45RO+ populations of T cells. This response requires MHC class II-positive antigen-presenting cells. The time course of the T cell response in vitro was that of a classical recall response, and no proliferative response to the virus could be detected in human cord blood. These results suggest that tonsils contain a significant population of CD45RA+ memory cells. The presence of this population may reflect ongoing stimulation with this common infectious agent, and the anatomical location of the T cells within the major lymphoid organ draining the naso-pharyngeal epithelial surface.

Antigen Presentation↗
PubMed2004

HPLC identification of oversulphated chondroitin as the major glycosaminoglycan of human tonsils.

The glycosaminoglycans of human nasopharyngeal and palatine tonsils, obtained after surgical dissection due to tonsillitis, were isolated and characterized by means of enzyme susceptibility and HPLC. Chondroitin/dermatan sulphate were the major glycosaminoglycans identified. A large proportion of this glycosaminoglycan was made up of oversulphated structures, namely DeltaDi-di(4,6)S, which were found mainly in invertebrate tissues and in mast cells.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Membrane Ig on human lymphocytes: rate of turnover of IgD and IgM on the surface of human tonsil cells.

The turnover of IgM and IgD molecules present on the membrane of human tonsil cells has been studied using immunofluorescence and peroxidase-catalyzed membrane radioiodination. With the first of the two techniques cells were treated with pronase to remove membrane immunoglobulin (mIg), placed in culture and stained at intervals to check the reappearance of membrane IgD and IgM on the cell membrane. These experiments showed that membrane IgD (in contrast to membrane IgM) are extremely susceptible to proteolysis. Furthermore, cells treated with a concentration of pronase found to be optimal to remove membrane IgM failed to re-express membrane IgD in vitro. The large majority of tonsil lymphocytes has both membrane IgM and IgD. Due to the different behavior of reappearance of the two membrane molecules after treatment with pronase, it was not possible to obtain the simultaneous re-expression of membrane IgM and IgD by the cells "stripped" with pronase. However, the two molecules were re-expressed in vitro by the cells treated with different pronase concentrations with a similar timing, i.e. 50% or more of the cells re-expressed membrane IgD and IgM after 8 h in culture. 131I-radioiodinated membrane IgD and IgM were also released from the cell surface with a similar timing, the half-life of permanence on the cell membrane being about 4 h for both molecules. These findings thus indicate that IgM and IgD molecules have a similar turnover and that a cell is capable of placing two different Ig molecules at a time on its surface.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMed1976

A study of immunoglobulin classes present on the membrane and in the cytoplasm of human tonsil plasma cells.

The problem of whether immunoglobulin (Ig)-containing plasma cells expressed membrane Ig has been investigated using cells from human tonsils. In tonsils, IgG-containing cells are predominant, but a certain number of IgM, IgA and IgD-containing cells are also present. By using a double staining immunofluorescent technique for the simultaneous detection of membrane and intracytoplasmic Ig, it has been possible to ascertain that the large majority of IgA, IgM and IgD-containing cells had membrane immunoglobulin (mIg) of a class coincident with that of intracytoplasmic Ig. In addition a noticeable proportion of IgM-containing cells expressed membrane IgD, thus indicating that a certain number of these cells bore both membrane IgM and IgD. About 60% of IgG-containing cells had membrane IgG, while the remaining cells did not express mIg. Furthermore the surface staining of these cells was generally fainter than that of the cells containing other Ig classes. Experiments on the surface light chain type expressed by the single Ig-containing cells (IgCC) as compared to that found in the cytoplasm have shown that in the large majority of IgCC the light chain type of mIg coincided with that of intracytoplasmic Ig. Discordant light chain types of membrane and cytoplasmic Ig were found on about 12% of IgCC only. These values can be taken as a measure of how many IgCC had passively acquired mIg.

Cytoplasm↗
PubMed1989

Localization of interleukin 6 mRNA in human tonsils by in situ hybridization.

We have investigated which areas produce interleukin 6 (IL 6) in human tonsils. This growth factor is required for the terminal differentiation of B lymphocytes into plasmocytes. Using 35S-labeled IL 6 cDNA we demonstrated IL 6 gene expression over various areas of the tonsils, with consistent exception of the follicles, by in situ hybridization. It is, therefore, proposed that B cells are stimulated during their migration out of the follicles.

B-Lymphocytes↗
PubMed1996

Identification of a tonsil IgD+ B cell subset with phenotypical and functional characteristics of germinal center B cells.

We have identified and isolated a subpopulation of IgD+ B cells (IgD+CD38+ B cells) from human tonsils which expresses the germinal center (GC)-associated surface markers CD10, CD38, CD75, CD77 and Cd95/Fas. The heterogeneity of expression of several markers on IgD+ CD38+ B cells suggests that this population can be further subdivided into two discrete subtypes. On a functional basis, IgD+ CD38+ B cells behave as GC B cells as they rapidly and spontaneously undergo apoptosis in vitro and cannot be stimulated to synthesize DNA upon cross-linking of the antigen receptor. However, in contrast with most GC B cells, IgD+ CD38+ B cells have not completed Ig class switching since they predominantly secrete IgM following stimulation in vitro and lack surface expression of secondary isotypes. Immunoenzymatic staining performed on tonsil tissue sections revealed that IgD+ CD38+ B cells are located in two distinct histological structures: within the GC of a few classical secondary follicles, in which they appear as scattered cells, and within rare atypical GC, homogeneously constituted of IgD+ B cells. Taken together, our findings indicate that IgD+ CD38+ B cells constitute a novel subset of GC B cells. The possibility that these cells could represent an early stage of the follicular reaction or be generated in response to certain bacterial carbohydrate antigens is discussed.

ADP-ribosyl Cyclase↗