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PubMed2000

Development of formulations of biological agents for management of root rot of lettuce and cucumber.

The effect of various carrier formulations of Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas putida were tested on germination, growth, and yield of lettuce and cucumber crops in the presence of Pythium aphanidermatum and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cucurbitacearum, respectively. Survival of B. subtilis and P. putida in various carriers under refrigeration (about 0 degree C) and at room temperature (about 22 degrees C) was also studied. In all carrier formulations, B. subtilis strain BACT-0 survived up to 45 days. After 45 days of storage at room temperature (about 22 degrees C), populations B. subtilis strain BACT-0 were significantly higher in vermiculite, kaolin, and bacterial broth carriers compared with other carriers. Populations of P. putida were significantly higher in vermiculite, peat moss, wheat bran, and bacterial broth than in other carriers when stored either under refrigeration (about 0 degree C) or at room temperature (about 22 degrees C) for 15 or 45 days. Germination of lettuce seed was not affected in vermiculite, talc, kaolin, and peat moss carriers, but germination was significantly reduced in alginate and bacterial broth carriers of B. subtilis compared to the non-treated control. Germination of cucumber seed was not affected by any of the carriers. Significantly higher fresh lettuce and root weights were observed in vermiculite and kaolin carriers of B. subtilis compared with P. aphanidermatum-inoculated control plants. Lettuce treated with vermiculite, and kaolin carriers of B. subtilis, or non-inoculated control lettuce plants had significantly lower root rot ratings than talc, peat moss, bacterial broth, and P. aphanidermatum-inoculated control plants. Growth and yield of cucumber plants were significantly higher in vermiculite-based carrier of P. putida than the other carriers and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cucurbitacearum-inoculated plants.

Alginates↗
PubMed1989

Long-term follow-up of drug abusers with intravenous talcosis.

Six patients who injected talc containing drugs intended for oral use were assessed over a period of ten or more years from the time of initiation of this habit. Despite discontinuation of the drug abuse, all developed severe respiratory disability and three died from their disease. An evolving spectrum of roentgenographic and functional patterns is considered to be virtually diagnostic of this disorder. Roentgenographically, an initial diffuse, pin-point micronodularity subsequently becomes associated with conglomerates, usually in the upper lobes, closely resembling the progressive massive fibrosis (PMF) of the pneumoconioses. The lower lobes, on the other hand, become relatively translucent, in some instances with bulla formation and the development of pneumothorax. Pulmonary function, initially with both restrictive and obstructive features, eventually becomes markedly obstructive with hyperinflation and air trapping. At this late stage, pathologic examination reveals emphysema in addition to the granulomatous inflammation and fibrosis surrounding the talc particles in the pulmonary interstitium.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Pulmonary response to foreign body microemboli in dogs: release of neutrophil chemoattractant activity by vascular endothelial cells.

Pulmonary hypertension and foreign body granulomas are complications of the chronic intravenous injection of crushed, suspended pentazocine (Talwin) tablets. To evaluate the early cellular mechanisms underlying the response of the lung to foreign body microemboli, we examined lung histopathology and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid in dogs for accumulation of inflammatory cells shortly after the injection of crushed, suspended pentazocine tablets. We found that the injection of suspended pentazocine tablets is associated with the rapid accumulation of neutrophils around intravascular talc crystals but not within the alveolar airspaces. To determine the cause of the observed neutrophil accumulation, we assayed plasma and lavage fluid for neutrophil chemoattractant activity (NCA). NCA appeared in pulmonary arterial (PA) and left ventricular (LV) plasma within 60 s of injection of the suspended tablets. However, there was no evidence of NCA in BAL. To determine whether appearance of chemoattractant activity found in plasma was modified by inhibitors of arachidonic acid metabolism, we infused dogs with indomethacin, diethylcarbamazine (DEC), or FPL 55712 and assayed plasma for NCA after the injection of suspended pentazocine tablets. We found that the appearance of NCA is prevented by the infusion of either DEC or FPL 55712 but not by the infusion of indomethacin. We found that cultured pulmonary arterial or aortic endothelial cells also release NCA when incubated with either the suspended pentazocine tablets or talc. Extraction with acidified diethyl ether partitioned all the NCA into the organic phase. The release of NCA from cultured endothelial cells was likewise prevented by coincubation with DEC or FPL 55712 but not by coincubation with indomethacin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Inflammatory microcrystals induce murine macrophage survival and DNA synthesis.

The interaction of particulates with resident macrophages is a consistent feature in certain forms of crystal-induced inflammation, for example, in synovial tissues, lung, and the peritoneum. The mitogenic activity of basic calcium phosphate (BCP) crystals and calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystals on synovial fibroblasts has been considered relevant to the synovial hyperplasia observed in crystal-induced arthritis. The aim of the study was to determine whether microcrystals such as these could enhance macrophage survival and induce DNA synthesis, thus indicating that they may contribute to the tissue hyperplasia. Murine bone-marrow-derived macrophages were treated in vitro with microcrystals, the cell numbers were monitored over time, and DNA synthesis was measured as the incorporation of [methyl-(3)H]thymidine (TdR). We report here that BCP, monosodium urate, talc, and, to a lesser extent, CPPD crystals promote macrophage survival and DNA synthesis; the latter response is particularly striking in the presence of low concentrations of macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF, CSF-1). Enhanced macrophage survival or proliferation may contribute to the synovial hyperplasia noted in crystal-associated arthropathies, as well as to talc-induced inflammation and granuloma formation. The crystals studied join the list of particulates having these effects on macrophages, indicating the generality of this type of response.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Thoracoscopic management of malignant pleural effusions.

Malignant pleural effusion is a common condition and often presents a challenge for treatment. We report our experience from a single institution with the use of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) in the management of malignant effusions. From September 1992 to April 1995, 69 patients (31 men, 38 women; age range, 38 to 76 years) underwent diagnosis and/or treatment of malignant effusions; these included 46 pleural biopsies, 34 talc insufflations, and 16 limited decortications. There was no mortality and there were no intraoperative complications. Postoperative complications occurred in seven patients (10%). Specific histologic diagnoses were obtained in all but 6 patients (87%). Malignant effusion was confirmed in 25 of 46 cases (54%). Thoracoscopic talc insufflation with or without additional decortication was successful in 32 of 34 cases (94%) in controlling recurrence of effusion after a mean follow-up of 6 months among the survivors (22 patients died during the follow-up period without effusion reaccumulation). We conclude that VATS not only provides an accurate diagnosis but also allows effective therapeutic procedures to be performed for malignant effusions that are associated with an acceptable morbidity.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The clinician's perspective on pneumothorax management.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the current practice habits among clinicians treating spontaneous pneumothorax and bronchopleural fistula. METHODS: Practice habits were determined by a randomized postal survey of 3,000 American College of Chest Physicians members. Group comparisons are performed by chi2 analysis with p<0.05 being significant. RESULTS: Four hundred nine respondents (13.6%) included 176 practicing pulmonologists (43.0%), 67 academic pulmonologists (16.4%), 102 thoracic surgeons (25.0%), and 64 others (15.6%). More than 50% of respondents treat a first small primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) by simple observation, a first small secondary spontaneous pneumothorax (SSP) by chest tube, persistent air leak in both PSP and SSP with chest tube+video-assisted thoracoscopy, and use a 20 to 24F chest tube in mechanically ventilated ARDS-related tension pneumothorax. First recurrences of PSP and SSP were treated by a variety of interventions that included simple observation (PSP=14%, SSP=4%), chest tube (22%/17%), chest tube+sclerosis (20%/16%), chest tube+video-assisted thoracoscopy (36%/48%), and chest tube+thoracotomy (5%/12%). The most popular sclerosing agents are doxycycline (48%), talc slurry (24%), and talc poudrage (19%). More than 75% of physicians intervened in a persistent air leak between 5 and 10 days. Chest tubes are initially placed to suction by 48% of respondents in PSP and removed >24 h after air leak ceases in 79%. Chest tube clamping prior to removal is employed by 67% of respondents. Significant differences exist between thoracic surgeons and pulmonologists with surgeons placing more chest tubes for first-time PSP and performing chest tube+video-assisted thoracoscopy for first recurrences of PSP more often than pulmonologists. Thoracic surgeons seldom use sclerosis in spontaneous pneumothorax compared to pulmonologists. CONCLUSIONS: Marked practice variation exists in clinicians' approaches to the management of spontaneous pneumothorax and bronchopleural fistulas that is partially explained by differences between pulmonologists and thoracic surgeons. A national consensus statement is needed to guide randomized studies in pneumothorax management.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1975

The effect of an insoluble foreign body in the pathogenesis of early periodontal disease in the Syrian hamster.

The effect of adding 15% talc to either a standard periodontal disease-producing diet (Diet 2000) or a laboratory chow (Purina) was studied in the Syrian golden hamster. The additive was found to reduce the amount of periodontal disease with Diet 2000 and also change the characteristics of the plaque. The addition of talc to laboratory chow increased the severity of normally occurring periodontal disease, although not to the level of Diet 2000.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

In vitro binding of zearalenone to different adsorbents.

Zearalenone (ZEA) is a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Fusarium species. No treatment has been successfully employed to get rid of the ZEA contained in foods. This study was conducted to evaluate the ability (adsorptive power) of five adsorbents--activated carbon, bentonite, talc, sandstone, and calcium sulfate--to trap ZEA in vitro. Activated carbon was the best adsorbent, binding 100% ZEA (pH 3 and 7.3) at 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, and 1% dose levels. Bentonite, talc,and calcium sulfate were less efficient than activated carbon but still could bind ZEA to some extent. On the other hand, sandstone was inactive in the experimental conditions employed. Our results indicate that activated carbon could be a good candidate for detoxification of ZEA present in foods.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1999

[The comminution of fibrous and prismatic tremolites: the effect on the diffractometric response].

The aim of the present work is to study the comminution of tremolite contained in an acid-washed dolomite sample and in a New York talc sample using a gentle, wet, comminution technique. Tremolite in acid-washed dolomite shows a fibrous habit of a length/diameter ratio greater than 10/1; on the contrary, tremolite particles in the New York talc have a quite acicular or prismatic habit of a length/diameter ratio in general less than 3/1. For both tremolite types, the diffractometric responses follow trends similar and are well correlated to the comminution degree. Results confirm that the comminution of amphibolic asbestos is a crucial step for the quantitative determination of this substance by electronic or light microscopy and X-ray diffractometry.

Asbestos, Amphibole↗
PubMed2002

Treatment of primary spontaneous pneumothorax by simple talcage under medical thoracoscopy.

Medical thoracoscopy under local anesthesia with simple talc poudrage is a safe and cost-effective technique to prevent recurrences in the case of primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Pathogenesis of primary spontaneous pneumothorax, i.e. a pneumothorax occurring without any underlying lung disease, remains unclear; there is no proof that the air leak leading to air escape into the visceral pleura is located in blebs or bullae visualized during the procedure. Therefore we do not have any evidence that blebs or small bullae cauterization or resection adds any further benefit to pleurodesis. Pulmonologists doing thoracoscopic talc pleurodesis should learn to better control pain due to thoracoscopic talcage as it has been shown that thoracoscopic talcage is not more painful than a chest tube drainage in patients providing they receive at least some opioids. There is also a debate on the best surgical approach to treat pneumothorax but minithoracotomy with pleurectomy remains the gold standard although more expensive and associated with some morbidity or mortality.

Humans↗
PubMed1975

[Damage and regeneration of the skeletal muscles in the presence of foreign bodies].

Studies of experimental muscle regeneration revealed that certain constituents of talc are actively damaging the regeneration of muscle tissue and produce characteristic reaction of the tuberculoid type. Bio-SorbR which contains starch and has been marketed for a similar use affects regeneration only as a foreign body. The elimination of talc from surgical practice and its substitution by some neutral material is recommended.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Granulometry and fractal dimensions].

The fractal character of exponential particle size distribution makes it possible to use fractal dimension for the evaluation of the results of granulometric analysis. The conditions of sedimentation analysis of talc in aqueous solution were optimized by adding nonionogenic tenside and deflocculation electrolyte. Dispersion analysis demonstrated the suitability of minimally 0.2 g/l of polysorbate 80 for talc soaking. In the evaluation of pharmaceutical granulometry, it is advisable to supplement the usually reported specific surface area with fractal dimension, which primarily contributes to a more general interpretation of variability of particle size.

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical↗
PubMed1990

Pneumoconiosis (silicosis) in the confectionery industry.

Pneumoconiosis is not reported in food industry workers, and more specifically in the confectionery industry. We diagnosed diffuse pulmonary interstitial nodular fibrosis due to inhalation of powder containing quartz in a 54 year-old asymptomatic woman. Silicosis was due to a 5-year period of talc dust exposure 35 years earlier in the confectionery industry. The diagnosis was supported by a history of exposure, transbronchial lung biopsy specimen, 67Gallium scan, and CT scan. Our patient had an unusual history of exposure, which was not readily disclosed until the patient's memories, and after consultation with an expert in confectionery techniques, indicated she had been exposed to talc powder during her employment in the confectionery industry.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Talcosis as an occupational disease. Case histories].

The case are examined of 49 people (45 males, 4 females), mean age 60 exposed to the risk of talc inhalation in a talc processing and packing factory who were granted disability pensions by the Turin I.N.A.I.L. on the grounds of silicosis in 1975-86. Radiologically the cases presented small round patches in 28 subjects small irregular ones in 15 and large patches in 6. In functional terms, examination revealed ventilatory insufficiency that was primarily restrictive in 17 cases, obstructive in 11 and mixed in 21.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Refinement of the methods of diffractometric analysis in relation to the preparation surface exposed to X rays].

The aim of the study was to assess the degree of X-ray diffractometric response using preparations having a surface exposed to X-rays other than 2 cm2, which is standard for sample-holders supplied with a goniometer, coupled to a commercially available analytic apparatus. Two samples of commercial talc were examined with dust size below 30 microns (and having different content of "respirable" or "alveolar" dust classes), as regards chlorate, talc and asbestos constituents and quartz. Twelve different experimental conditions of the preparations permitted X-ray exposure of surfaces between 6.25 and 500 mm2. For the low angle positions it was possible to obtain a substantial improvement in the overall diffractometric response by increasing the surface of the preparations; however, in each case, a reduction in the surface produced, in addition to a better definition of the peaks, an increase in the diffracted intensities per unit of surface of the preparation; this is clearly related to the collection spectrum of the radiant energy of the incident beam in space, and leads to the possibility of reducing to an order of magnitude of milligrams the mass of samples that can still be submitted to qualitative and quantitative diffractometric analysis.

Asbestos↗
PubMed1979

Pulmonary 'mainline' granulomatosis: talcosis of intravenous methadone abuse.

Seventeen intravenous abusers of methadone underwent clinical, roentgenologic and physiologic assessment. Two complained of dyspnea on exertion and two had cor pulmonale. Of 15 patients whose fundi were examined, nine had talc particles in their retinal vessels. The chest roentgenograms of seven showed a diffuse pin-point micronodular pattern and two of the seven also manifested volume loss, one with coalescence of opacities simulating progressive massive fibrosis. Twelve patients had some degree of pulmonary dysfunction, 10 with lowered steady state diffusing capacity and 11 with decreased flow rates (FEV1 and MMF). There was no hyperinflation, but two showed an increase in residual volume. Corticosteroid therapy was attempted on two and was ineffective. Necropsy on the one patient who died revealed severe pulmonary fibrosis and talc granulomas in lungs, liver, kidneys and lymph nodes.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Ocular findings in the intravenous drug abuser.

Two patients with talc emboli of the retinal vasculature, both of them intravenous drug abusers, are described. One underwent a pars plana vitrectomy for removal of the vascularized vitreous mass that obscured the retina. The vitreous mass was presumably a result of retinal neovascularization secondary to the talc embolic. Other ocular findings that may be observed in the intravenous drug abuser are described.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

[Value of thoracoscopy].

Formerly used in active tuberculosis to divide pleuro-pulmonary adhesions and to complete therapeutic pneumothorax, thoracoscopy has now become the object of renewed interest. By introducing, after pneumoserosa and usually through the axilla, a fine trocar into the chest, the whole thoracic cavity, including parietal pleura, diaphragm, lung and lung fissures, mediastinum and pericardium, can be explored. This technique, performed under local rather than general anaesthesia or under neuroleptanalgesia, is innocuous, fairly cheap and effective. In addition, the patient is immobilized for only 4 or 5 days on average and surgery, which is much heavier, can be avoided in many cases. Thoracoscopy nowadays is mostly used: (1) to determine the cause of a chronic pleurisy unexplained after 3-4 weeks (positive results: 95-97% for cancer, 92% for tuberculosis); (2) to dry up pleural effusions by talc and drainage (satisfactory results in 90% of the cases); (3) to establish the pathophysiological diagnosis of spontaneous pneumothorax (bullae, blebs, adhesions, fistulae), to treat it with talc and with coagulation of small "bullae", or to decide in favour of surgery; (4) to perform lung biopsies which clinch the diagnosis in 95-97% of cases of diffuse interstitial pneumonia. The same technique is also used methodically and efficiently for optic and electronic microscopy, bacteriological or mycological examination, immunofluorescence, hormone receptor detection and study of organic particles or minerals. Thoracoscopy lies half-way between pure medical practice and surgery and deserves to be widely used again by pneumologists, provided they learn to master its technique by regular, assiduous and sufficient practice. Pneumologists do not become thoracoscopists at a moment's notice; it is a skill which must be included in their training.

Anesthesia↗