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PubMed2003

Anti-endotoxic effects of syringic acid of Radix Isatidis.

The anti-endotoxic effect of syringic acid (SA) isolated from Radix Isatidis (Banlangen, BLG) was studied. SA was extracted and isolated from BLG and diluted into 1% solution. The content of SA-pretreated endotoxin (ET) was quantitatively determined using Limulus test. The ability of fever induction of ET pretreated with SA was measured using endotoxin-induced fever test in rabbits. The LPS-induced death in mice pretreated with and without SA was compared. Results showed that after pretreatment with SA, 83.16% of ET was destroyed, the ET-induced fever in rabbits relieved markedly and the LPS-induced death rate in mice dropped from 68% to 20%. It was concluded that SA isolated from BLG had anti-endotoxic effects.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Automated solid phase dynamic extraction--extraction of organics using a wall coated syringe needle.

Extractions of liquid samples were carried out using wall coated needles prepared from stainless steel capillary columns instead of syringe needles. This micro extraction technique was applied to the analysis of pesticides in water. Important parameters influencing the extraction such as sample velocity, extraction time and also the desorption parameters were investigated and optimized. Automation of this technique was realized using a conventional automatic sampler. Limits of detection were improved using the multiple extraction/desorption technique. Chromatographic data and limits of detection were compared with those obtained by solid phase micro extraction (SPME). Using a needle with a 7 microns film yielded limits of detection varying from 0.001-0.1 microgram/L and were in the same range as those resulting from the extraction using a 100 microns polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) SPME fiber. The main advantages of the needle extraction technique were the significantly higher extraction speed and the practical aspects of a stable steel needle compared to those of a fragile fiber. The extraction speed using a needle with a 7 microns film was up to five times higher than the speed of SPME using a 100 microns PDMS fiber. The steel needle could be stressed mechanically in a higher extent than a SPME fiber. Sample volumes and aliquots of liquid media could be handled and moved from one bottle to another using the automatic sampler.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Bilateral LMAN lesions cancel differences in HVC neuronal recruitment induced by unilateral syringeal denervation. Lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior neostriatum.

Twenty-six-day-old male zebra finches received (1) unilateral section of their tracheosyringeal nerve, (2) bilateral lesions of the lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior neostriatum (LMAN), and (3) both operations. All birds were kept with an adult, singing male as a tutor until day 65. Tracheo-syringeal nerve-cut birds were able to imitate this model, but LMAN-lesioned birds were not. Bromodeoxyuridine, a marker of cell division, was injected intramuscularly during post-hatching days 61-65 and all birds were killed at 91 days of age. The number of bromodeoxyuridine+ neurons in the high vocal center of the tracheosyringeal-cut birds was twice as high in the intact as in the nerve cut side. This asymmetry disappeared when nerve section was combined with bilateral LMAN lesions. The latter operation, by itself, had no effect on new neuron counts. We suggest that the single nerve cut produced a hemispheric asymmetry in learning, reflected in new neuron recruitment, which disappeared when LMAN lesions blocked learning.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Condom attitudes and behaviors among injection drug users participating in California syringe exchange programs.

This study examined condom attitudes, preferences, barriers, and use among a sample of 550 injection drug using clients of syringe exchange programs in California. In multivariate analyses, positive attitudes toward condoms were significantly associated with consistent condom use for vaginal, anal, and oral sex in the past six months, beyond the effects of confounding socio-demographic and HIV risk variables. Participants commonly cited partner-related barriers to condom use, such as reluctance to use condoms with steady partners (34%). Almost a quarter of the sample cited dislike of condoms (e.g., because of pleasure reduction). In addition, a third of respondents stated specific preferences regarding condom brands, sensitivity, sizes, and textures. Interventions that increase awareness about positive aspects of condom use and sexual risk from steady partners may be successful in increasing condom use among injection drug users.

California↗
PubMed2005

Psychosocial and behavioral differences among drug injectors who use and do not use syringe exchange programs.

Most research on the benefits of syringe exchange programs (SEPs) has focused on assessing program effectiveness and identifying risk profiles of SEP customers. To our knowledge, no empirical studies have considered the psychosocial characteristics of IDUs who do and do not use SEPs. To determine whether IDUs who do and do not use SEPs differ along demographic, psychosocial, and HIV risk characteristics and behaviors, we analyzed data from a three-city (Chicago, IL; Hartford, CT; Oakland, CA) observational study of how HIV prevention messages and supplies diffuse from SEPs. The study sample consisted of 350 participants with no reported history of HIV, hepatitis B or C virus infection. Self-efficacy was the only psychosocial factor to differentiate SEP customers from all non-customers groups; injecting others and pre-injection cleaning of the injection site differentiated some non-customers from customers. Implications for future interventions are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Pulpal anesthesia efficacy of four lidocaine solutions injected with an intraligamentary syringe.

Four lidocaine solutions that differed in concentration or vasoconstrictor composition were compared for efficacy of pulpal anesthesia. These drugs were injected in a double-blind manner with the use of an intraligamentary syringe to the periodontal ligament of maxillary lateral incisors. These teeth were subjected to electric pulp test stimulation that yielded absolute sensation threshold values. It was found that there was no dose response relationship between the local anesthetic concentration and the efficacy of pulpal anesthesia. Lidocaine 2% with vasopressin 25 IU% and noradrenaline bitartrate produced a noticeably shorter duration of pulpal anesthesia in comparison with the other three drugs. The results indicated that the nature of vasoconstrictors when added to the local anesthetic can affect the efficacy of pulpal anesthesia using the intraligamentary model.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Peristaltic versus syringe pumps for push-pull perfusion: tissue pathology and dopamine recovery in rat neostriatum.

The characteristics of performance were compared for two types of pump, peristaltic and infusion-withdrawal, commonly used for localized push-pull perfusion of brain tissue. Guide cannulae were stereotaxically implanted bilaterally in the caudate-putamen complex of the rat at homologous sites in the coronal plane. Consecutive 5.0 min push-pull perfusions were carried out simultaneously with one pump perfusing ipsilaterally while the other pump perfused the contralateral caudate nucleus. 3H-dopamine (DA) diluted with an artificial CSF was used as the radiotracer and was perfused at a rate of 25 microliters/min. Following the collection of 7-8 samples, the brain was fixed, removed, and histological sections taken through the sites of perfusion. Microscopic examination of the perfusion site showed that the circumscribed lesion at the tip of the cannula connected to either pump was generally indistinguishable. A comparison of the values of 3H-DA recovery in samples obtained with the peristaltic and infusion-withdrawal pumps demonstrated that: (1) the respective uptakes of the catecholamine into caudate tissue paralleled one another in most experiments, and (2) the content of 3H-DA in push-pull perfusates recovered from sample to sample varied independently of the pump used. Based on the results of histopathological examination and DA radioactivity values, it is concluded that the peristaltic pump as well as the syringe-driven push-pull pump can yield valid experimental observations which are comparable to one another.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

A syringe modification for the simple and rapid dissociation of post-natal rat cerebral tissue for preparing primary cultures of mixed glial cells.

Mechanical disruption of 2-day post-natal rat cerebral tissue without enzyme pretreatment through 21-gauge and 23-gauge hypodermic needles on a 1 ml disposable plastic syringe, gives dissociated preparations which contain between 1.7 and 2.1 X 10(7) cells/100 mg wet tissue. At a plating density of between 7.1 and 9.2 X 10(5)/cm2 in culture, between 2 X 10(5) and 2 X 10(6) cells are recovered after 7 days. Use of needles finer than 23-gauge resulted in lower cell yields and loss of galactocerebroside-positive oligodendrocytes. The method described is convenient for the routine preparation of mixed primary glial cultures on a regular basis where many cerebra need to be processed.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Evaluation of a spring-loaded syringe driver for the subcutaneous administration of narcotics.

A simple spring-loaded syringe driver was tested for the subcutaneous administration of narcotic analgesics and antiemetics. With concentrations of 2 to 10 mg/mL of hydromorphone and 10 to 50 mg/mL of morphine, the infusion rate during preclinical testing was 1.01 +/- 0.1 mL/hr (range 0.70-1.2 mL/hr). The rate of infusion was not modified by the concentration of narcotic in solution. Clinical trials were performed with morphine in 17 patients, and with hydromorphone in 11 patients. The duration of the infusion was 21 +/- 11 days. The most frequent reason for discontinuation was death (22 cases). The average duration of the site of infusion was 6.3 +/- 4 days. When used subcutaneously, the rate of infusion of the device was 1 +/- 0.15 mL/hr (range 0.70-1.30 mL/hr). Patients and nurses were satisfied with the simplicity and safety of the device. Cost analysis shows that this device is significantly less expensive than currently available portable infusion devices. We conclude that the Medifuse Pump is an inexpensive, safe and effective device for the subcutaneous infusion of narcotics and antiemetics.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

"It was good because they have a relationship with us": A qualitative study on low-threshold buprenorphine treatment at syringe services programs.

INTRODUCTION: Syringe service programs (SSPs) reach people who inject drugs with opioid use disorder (OUD) and are novel "low-threshold" venues to initiate buprenorphine treatment. The study investigated patients' experiences with SSP-initiated buprenorphine treatment, which could aid in improving buprenorphine treatment delivery at SSPs. METHODS: The study included 12 participants who completed qualitative exit interviews after a randomized controlled trial of buprenorphine treatment at SSPs. In the parent study, participants received buprenorphine treatment through an onsite model at an SSP or enhanced referral to a community health center based on the randomization sequence. Most participants started taking buprenorphine at home. Exit interviews included participants from both study arms, and the semi-structured interview guide focused on their experiences with clinicians, experiences initiating buprenorphine, prior experiences with OUD treatment, and perceptions about continuing buprenorphine treatment. Four researchers iteratively read, coded, and discussed each transcript, then they derived recurring themes using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Participants were mostly male, middle-aged, and 50% identified as Latino. Four main themes related to buprenorphine treatment initiation: 1) Onsite treatment facilitated buprenorphine prescription, but some participants also expressed a need for additional support; 2) Precipitated withdrawal complicated participants' buprenorphine initiation in both arms; 3) Participants largely experienced the SSPs as affirming and welcoming; and 4) Developing strong relationships with healthcare providers was critical to successful buprenorphine treatment initiation. CONCLUSIONS: The SSP-based model provided rapid access to buprenorphine prescriptions, but precipitated withdrawal was a common complication. Some participants desired additional support and guidance when they started taking buprenorphine at home. The findings point to a "low-threshold, high-touch" approach where participants receive expedited access to buprenorphine providers at SSPs but also additional support throughout the initiation process to avoid and/or manage precipitated withdrawal. Despite some challenges, SSP-based buprenorphine treatment was highly valued by study participants.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

Knowledge of hepatitis among active drug injectors at a syringe exchange program.

Injecting drug users (IDUs) are at high risk for contracting and spreading viral hepatitis through nonsterile injection practices, unprotected sexual contact, and unsanitary living conditions. We sought to characterize hepatitis knowledge, prior testing, and vaccination history among IDUs at a New York City syringe exchange program (SEP). IDU subjects generally had a poor understanding of viral hepatitis transmission and prevention. We also found low vaccination rates: only 8% reported receiving hepatitis A vaccine and 11%, hepatitis B vaccine. Educating IDUs about risky behaviors and medical preventive interventions, such as vaccines for hepatitis A and B and treatment for hepatitis C, may help prevent disease and reduce transmission. Stronger linkages between health-care centers and SEPs, drug treatment programs, and other service delivery centers where IDUs are encountered may promote hepatitis education and vaccination.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Aquagenic syringeal acrokeratoderma. Presentation of two cases].

Aquagenic syringeal acrokeratoderma is an infrequently described acquired, transitory keratoderma that is exacerbated when the palms and/or soles are immersed in water. It manifests as whitish or yellowish flattened, translucent papules and plaques, located in areas of pressure or trauma on the palms and/or soles. Involvement is usually bilateral. The histologic features are non-specific, showing a slight dilation of the intraepidermal portion of the eccrine sweat duct. The process tends to remit spontaneously. We present the case of two women, aged 20 and 21.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Porosities and voids in Class I restorations placed by six operators using a packable or syringable composite.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of two resin composites with different handling properties and application techniques on the homogeneity of a restoration placed in small and large cavities. Furthermore, the operator-effect on the restorative procedure was studied. METHODS: Standardized Class I cavities of two sizes were prepared in artificial lower first molars. The cavities were restored with two resin composites (Surefil and Ecusit) using either a packing or an injection technique. Six operators were involved in the study, five general practitioners and one final-year dental student. Each operator restored 40 preparations, ten in each group. After finishing, the restorations were sectioned and inspected for the presence of voids and porosities. RESULTS: 240 restorations were placed and 480 sections were available for evaluation. Only 143 sections were totally free of porosities. For both the small and large preparation design the Ecusit composite used with the injection technique resulted in significantly less porosities in the restoration. Differences between operators were evident, but none of the operators achieved significantly better results with the packing technique than with the injection technique. SIGNIFICANCE: The use of a syringable resin composite results in a better adaptation of the restoration compared to a packable resin composite.

Composite Resins↗
PubMed2000

Evaluating effectiveness of syringe exchange programmes: current issues and future prospects.

Although a large body of international literature has found syringe exchange programmes (SEPs) to be associated with reduced incidence of blood borne pathogens among injection drug users, recent studies have fuelled controversy surrounding SEP effectiveness. Existing studies are observational in nature and have seldom considered ecologic aspects affecting SEP functioning and evaluation. The authors apply concepts from infectious disease epidemiology to discuss the direct and indirect effects of SEP upon the spread of blood borne pathogens in drug users, their social networks and the broader community. Further, the authors discuss social policies, particularly drug control policies, which have directly and/or indirectly limited SEP functioning at local and national levels. A critical review of the literature suggests that biases common to observational studies can account for higher HIV incidence among SEP attenders relative to non-attenders. Strong selection factors often lead high-risk drug users to be over-represented among SEP attenders. Failure to account for these factors and the indirect effects of SEPs can bias interpretations of programme effectiveness. Future SEP evaluations should consider behavioural data, the local ethnographic context, the prevalence of infectious disease in the groups under study and the structural components of SEP that are most and least effective at reducing incidence of blood borne pathogens. Hierarchical models that take into account the ecological dimensions of SEP are recommended as an approach for future studies. Beyond methodologic concerns, the authors discuss social, legal and programmatic obstacles that must be overcome in order to maximise SEP effectiveness.

Blood-Borne Pathogens↗
PubMed2000

[Accidental HIV exposure of children through injury with discarded syringes].

Potential HIV exposure through injury with discarded syringes is a frequent event among children. Although no case of HIV infection has been reported so far in this context, an antiretroviral prophylaxis is generally proposed. Such treatment is extrapolated from consensus for management of exposed health care workers. Extremely low-risk and difficult administration of available drugs allows a case-by-case analysis and generally a less aggressive treatment.

Anti-HIV Agents↗
PubMed1990

Another hazard of ear syringing: malignant external otitis.

A case of malignant external otitis is presented. This occurred in a healthy 72-year-old non-diabetic, non-immuno-compromised man after ear syringing. The infection was treated with oral ciprofloxacin for eight weeks with complete resolution.

Aged↗
PubMed1984

Cardiac depression on syringing the ear. A case report.

While syringing of the ear was being done to clean the ear canal, the heart stopped beating suddenly. This was presumed to be due to stimulation of the vagus nerve, which supplies both the external auditory meatus plus the tympanic membrane and the cardiac muscle. There were also other signs of cholingergic nerve stimulation. The patient recovered in less than a minute, after external cardiac massage.

Adult↗