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PubMed1977

Age and sex as determinants of the relative aerobic strain of nonmotorized mail delivery.

The relative aerobic strain (RAS) of nonmotorized mail delivery was assessed in 54 Finnish mail carriers who represented both sexes, the entire workage range and both downtown and suburban delivery districts. The mean RAS of the entire delivery time was 55% of the maximal oxygen uptake (ml/kg-min). It was higher for women than for men, and higher for suburban than for downtown delivery. The RAS tended to increase systematically with age after the age of 50. The work strain of mail carriers of over 50 years of age, especially of older women carriers in suburban areas, was concluded to be high enough to lead to possible excessive strain on the workers.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Suburbia: a small obstetric hospital in Brisbane.

In a small suburban obstetric hospital, during the period from July 1, 1963 to December 31, 1970, 3760 private and intermediate patients were delivered by suburban general practitioners. The number of perinatal deaths in hospital were nine deaths per 1000 births, both live and still. During the same period, 4873 private and intermediate patients were delivered by suburban general practitioners in the private/intermediate section of a large centrally sited obstetric teaching hospital. The number of perinatal deaths in hospital were 18.9 per 1000 births, live and still. The reason for, and the implications of, these results are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Chemical composition of rainwater collected at two sampling sites in the city of Rijeka.

This study compares the chemical composition of rainwater samples collected at two sampling sites, the first situated in the Rijeka city centre and the second in a suburban site 120 m above the sea level. The rainwater samples were analysed for precipitation weighted average concentrations of hydrogen, sulphate, nitrate, chloride, ammonium, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. The results suggest that the local washout of the atmosphere enhanced the rainwater acidity in the city centre which also received significant marine contributions of sulphate, calcium, magnesium, and potassium content. Rainwater in the suburban site was affected by soil dust and/or fertilizers used in the nearby gardens, resulting in partial neutralization with rising of pH value. While the content of S-SO4 was practically equal at both sites, the quantities of N-NO3 and N-NH4 nearly doubled at the suburban site.

Croatia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Adult inpatient training for a family practice residency: a university-versus community-based setting.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Some educators have expressed concern about the quality of inpatient training received by family practice residents in community-based residency programs because of insufficient patient numbers and resources in those programs. This study compared the number, diagnoses, and lengths of stay of patients seen by first-year family practice residents in a large inner-city, university-based medical center's internal medicine service versus those in a family practice teaching service in a smaller, community-based suburban regional hospital. METHODS: The adult inpatient training services of the two training sites were compared for 6 months to determine if any differences existed between the sites in patients'age, gender, primary and secondary diagnoses, average length of hospital stay, or in the number of monthly admissions. RESULTS: A total of 247 patients were admitted to the teaching service of the suburban community hospital, while 317 patients were admitted to the teaching service at the university hospital. The average length of stay for the suburban hospital was 6.1 days and 5.7 days at the university hospital. A total of 107 different diagnoses were made on admission at Kenner Regional Medical Center, while 90 were made at University Hospital. Chest pain/angina was the most frequent diagnosis encountered at admission at both hospitals. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the two inpatient services studied, a broad variety of diagnoses and patient demographics are encountered at community-based hospitals, with similar numbers of patients, lengths of stay, and variation in diagnoses in comparison to an urban-based university hospital. The results indicate that there can be adequate numbers of patients and diagnostic variability to permit effective inpatient teaching at community-based hospitals.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed2003

Prevalence of rheumatic diseases in Greece: a cross-sectional population based epidemiological study. The ESORDIG Study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of rheumatic diseases in Greek urban, suburban, and rural adult general populations. METHODS: This cross-sectional population based epidemiological study of rheumatic diseases in Greece (the ESORDIG Study) was conducted on the total adult population of 2 urban, one suburban, and 4 rural communities (8547 subjects), as well as on 2100 out of 5686 randomly selected subjects in one suburban and one rural community. The study, based on a standardized questionnaire and clinical evaluation and laboratory investigation when necessary, was carried out by rheumatologists who visited the target population at their homes. Either established classification criteria or criteria set for the purposes of the study were used for diagnosis. RESULTS: A total of 8740 subjects participated in the study (response rate 82.1%). The overall age and sex adjusted prevalence (prevalence(asa)) of rheumatic diseases in the total target adult population was 26.9% (95% CI 26.2-27.6), being significantly higher among women (33.7%) than men (19.9%) (p < 0.0005). Disease prevalence(asa) increased significantly with age (p < 0.0005). The most common disease group was low back pain, with a prevalence(asa) of 11.0%, followed by symptomatic peripheral osteoarthritis (7.9%), neck pain (4.8%), miscellaneous rheumatic disorders (4.4%), soft tissue rheumatism disorders (4.3%), and inflammatory rheumatic disease (2.1%). Logistic regression analysis showed a significant positive association of female or male sex, age >or= 50 years, high body mass index, low level of education, moderate or heavy alcohol consumption, and high socioeconomic level with particular diseases or disease groups. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate rheumatic diseases are very common in the general adult population of Greece; 26.9% of adults currently have active or chronic rheumatic disease in remission.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Play Across Boston: a community initiative to reduce disparities in access to after-school physical activity programs for inner-city youths.

BACKGROUND: In 1999, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) funded Play Across Boston to address disparities in access to physical activity facilities and programs for Boston, Mass, inner-city youths. CONTEXT: Local stakeholders worked with the Harvard School of Public Health Prevention Research Center and Northeastern University's Center for the Study of Sport in Society to improve opportunities for youth physical activity through censuses of facilities and programs and dissemination of results. METHODS: Play Across Boston staff conducted a facility census among 230 public recreational complexes and a program census of 86% of 274 physical activity programs for Boston inner-city youths aged 5 to 18 years during nonschool hours for the 1999 to 2000 school year and summer of 2000. Comparison data were collected from three suburban communities: one low income, one medium income, and one high income. CONSEQUENCES: Although Boston has a substantial sports and recreational infrastructure, the ratio of youths to facilities in inner-city Boston was twice the ratio found in the medium- and high-income suburban comparison communities. The low-income suburban comparison community had the highest number of youths per recreational facility with 137 youths per facility, followed by Boston with 117 youths per facility. The ratio of youths to facilities differed among Boston neighborhoods. Boston youths participated less in school-year physical activities than youths in medium- and high-income communities, and less advantaged Boston neighborhoods had lower levels of participation than more advantaged Boston neighborhoods. Girls participated less than boys. INTERPRETATION: Play Across Boston successfully developed and implemented a rigorous needs assessment with local relevance and important implications for public health research on physical activity and the environment. Boston Mayor Thomas M. Menino called the Play Across Boston report a "playbook" for future sports and recreation planning by the city of Boston and its community partners.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Trauma studies. II. A review of trauma in a Sydney metropolitan hospital.

Trauma is the leading cause of death for people aged under 40 years in Australia. However, data on trauma in this country have been scant and derived from teaching hospitals or "non-medical" sources such as Roads and Traffic Authority reports. To address this, a review was undertaken of trauma separations from a large suburban hospital. The Nepean Hospital is a 350-bed metropolitan hospital on the western fringe of Sydney and, since the development of "Areas" as the basic health planning units in metropolitan Sydney, it is the main hospital of the Wentworth Area Health Service. A retrospective study of trauma presentations to the hospital was undertaken to provide a "snapshot" of the hospital's trauma load. Epidemiological factors leading to this load were reviewed, together with deaths, ambulance transfers and transfers by other means. During the study period there were 2042 separations for trauma based on the International Classification of Diseases codes E800-E999. Thirty-four other patients were transferred or died without being admitted to the hospital and 72 patients were transferred after hospital admission. During this period 1236 potentially severely injured patients were seen. This study demonstrates the large trauma load presenting to a Sydney suburban hospital and shows that planning for trauma services must take account of the size and logistics of such a load. As epidemiological indices suggest that the load will increase, further accurate data on suburban trauma are needed to allow proper planning.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1987

Stability of overt type A behaviors in children: results from a two- and five-year longitudinal study.

The stability of Type A behaviors in children was evaluated in a 2- and 5-year longitudinal study. Type A behaviors were rated by the children's classroom teachers using the Matthews Youth Test for Health (MYTH). MYTH ratings were obtained annually for 3 years on children from 3 inner-city parochial schools (initial N = 317) and for 6 years on children from 3 suburban public schools (initial N = 434). Participants were predominantly Caucasian and in grades K, 2, 4, and 6 when the project began in 1979. Correlations for total Type A scores for the 2-year follow-up period were .38 and .45 in the suburban and urban samples, respectively, collapsing across grade and sex. There were no significant differences in the magnitude of correlations between the samples or between sex or grade subgroups within each sample. The correlation for total Type A score for the 5-year follow-up period was .39 in the suburban sample, and no differences in the magnitude of the correlations between sex or grade subgroups were found. The stability of children's Type A behaviors across 2 and 5 years compares favorably to the stability of other cardiovascular risk factors in children.

Child↗
PubMed1967

Observations on possible competitive displacement between populations of Aedes aegypti Linnaeus and Aedes albopictus Skuse in Calcutta.

The possibility of competitive displacement in Calcutta between Aedes aegypti, a known vector of arboviruses, and A. albopictus, a suspected vector, was explored by general collections of immature stages from all types of breeding-places and by exposing oviposition traps in tenement houses, and gardens in urban, suburban, and rural environments. A. aegypti was predominant in houses and tenements in urban areas, but A. albopictus was not excluded. Both species occurred in about equal densities in small urban gardens. In suburban and rural areas, A. albopictus was predominant, or the only one of the two species present. It readily entered houses for the purpose of oviposition, especially in the absence of A. aegypti.It is suggested that the two species are exhibiting the effect of competitive displacement, with A. aegypti being favoured in urban premises and A. albopictus in the outdoor environment of suburban and rural areas, while in small urban gardens there is a state of equilibrium in which the densities of the two populations are about equal. The possibility cannot be excluded that eradication of A. aegypti in the city might lead to an increase in the A. albopictus population in houses and tenement dwellings.

Aedes↗
PubMed1994

Aedes albopictus distribution, abundance, and colonization in Lee County, Florida, and its effect on Aedes aegypti.

In 1992 the known southern limit of Aedes albopictus in Florida was in Lee County. Through oviposition surveillance, the distribution of Ae. albopictus was determined, and its frequency relative to Aedes aegypti and colonization pattern of areas previously occupied by Ae. aegypti were examined in Lee County. The data collected in the first year of surveillance demonstrate the ability of Ae. albopictus to rapidly and preferentially colonize large expanses of rural southwest Florida. Urban and suburban areas of the county showed slower colonization rates. In suburban areas, Ae. albopictus became the dominant container-breeding mosquito species, whereas it did not become dominant in urban areas. During the study period, Ae. albopictus did not displace Ae. aegypti in urban or suburban habitats. The southern limit of Ae. albopictus moved a distance of 8.1 km (5 mi.) in 6 wk to the southern border of the county.

Aedes↗
PubMed1993

Missed opportunities for childhood vaccinations in office practices and the effect on vaccination status.

To determine the rate of childhood under-vaccination, rate and types of missed opportunities (MOs) for vaccinations, and the contribution of MOs to the undervaccination of preschool-age children, the authors conducted a retrospective medical chart review in seven primary care settings in the Rochester, NY, area: a hospital clinic, a neighborhood health center, a group-model health maintenance organization, an urban group practice, a suburban group practice, a rural health center, and a rural private practice. The random sample included 1124 children having birth dates between March 15, 1988, and September 15, 1989. The main outcome measures were cumulative undervaccination rate, defined as the proportion of patients from each practice who were ever > 60 days past-due for a vaccination by 12, 18, or 24 months of age; undervaccination time, defined as the median number of months during which children were undervaccinated; number of MOs; visit types and conditions associated with the MOs; and the duration of undervaccination time attributable to MOs. The cumulative undervaccination rate by 12 months was at least 20% in each practice except for the suburban practice, where it was 4%. The frequency of MOs varied from a high of 1.8 MO per patient per year at the rural private practice to a low of 0.3 MO per patient per year at the suburban practice. More than one quarter of MOs occurred during either health supervision or follow-up visits in all practices. In 28% of visits during which an MO occurred, patients had no fever or acute illness.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Child Health Services↗
PubMed1996

Adolescents' perceptions and experiences of death and grieving.

Although there is a considerable body of knowledge regarding adolescent grief, little research has focused on adolescents' perceptions and experiences of death and grief from those who are not currently in the bereavement process. Thirty-two adolescents between the ages of 13 to 18 were interviewed about their experiences of death and loss. Nineteen of the subjects attended suburban public high school, while 13 resided in a facility for adjudicated urban youth. Findings indicated that subjects were aware of death by age nine. In this sample, urban adolescents' perception of death involved reference to violence (25%) or religion (16.6%) in contrast to the suburban youths who referred less frequently to violence (0%) and religion (5.3%). The most distasteful aspect of death to the suburban students was suffering (31.6%), while it was loss of loved ones to the adjudicated youths (25%). Since talking and listening as comforting strategies were used by both groups (66.7%), background environment must be considered when examining adolescents' experiences and perceptions of death.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Black and white population change in small American suburbs since World War II: regional differences.

"This study examines the relationship between black population concentration (% black), black population change and white population change for small American suburbs for the 1950-1980 period. Linear, tipping point (curvilinear) and interaction models of racial transition are evaluated for each decade by region (South and non-South), controlling for several other suburban characteristics (age, annexation and distance to the Central Business District) which may affect both black and white population change. The analyses show that racial transition in suburbs involves the parallel development of white and black populations with mainly weak and complex causal linkages which are sensitive to broader suburbanization patterns."

Black or African American↗
PubMed1992

Rurality and gender. Effects on early adolescent alcohol use.

Previous studies of adolescent alcohol use have focused almost exclusively on urban and suburban youth, although alcohol is the most important drug of abuse among rural adolescents. Young adolescents, aged 11 to 14 years (N = 1601), from urban, suburban, and two different rural areas (delta and highland), were surveyed about health-compromising behaviors, such as alcohol use. Significant differences in the number of adolescents using alcohol and the patterns of alcohol use were noted across areas by gender. Youths from the delta area, especially girls, reported drinking less frequently and in less abusive patterns than did adolescents from other areas, while youths from the highland area reported rates and patterns of drinking similar to those of urban adolescents. The reasons for intrarural variation in adolescent drinking are unknown.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

The impact of anti-drug advertising. Perceptions of middle and high school students.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the perceived impact of anti-drug advertising on the knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and behavior pertaining to youth drug use and to evaluate the influence of demographic characteristics, media exposure, and substance use on the likelihood of perceiving a deterrent effect of anti-drug advertisements. DESIGN: Anonymous, self-administered survey. SETTING: Urban and suburban public schools. PARTICIPANTS: Eight hundred thirty-seven students in middle and high school (52% suburban, 50% male, 48% white) were studied in group convenience samples. OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-report of the impact of anti-drug advertising on knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and behavior pertaining to drug use. RESULTS: Overall, 83% (95% confidence interval [CI], 80% to 86%) of the student sample was exposed to anti-drug advertising. A majority of these students reported a positive impact of anti-drug advertisements: 92% (95% CI, 89% to 95%) perceived an increase in their knowledge of drugs; 60% (95% CI, 56% to 64%) felt they gained stronger beliefs about the dangers of drugs; 52% (95% CI, 48% to 56%) felt they developed more negative attitudes toward drug users; and 75% (95% CI, 72% to 78%) reported that they had decreased, stopped, or been convinced never to initiate drug use. Multivariate analysis revealed that the non-drug-using, urban, and younger students were most likely to perceive a deterrent impact on behavior. CONCLUSION: Anti-drug advertising was perceived to have a deterrent effect on self-reported substance use among this population of adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Teacher ratings of children's problem and competence behaviors: normative and parametric characteristics.

Teacher-rated adjustment differences among young elementary school children from (a) a recent sample and a 1974 cohort, and (b) urban/suburban, male/female, and grade-level subgroups were examined. A problem behavior checklist (Classroom Adjustment Rating Scale) and a school competence measure (Health Resources Inventory) for 974 children from 5 urban and 5 suburban schools were completed by 101 first- to fourth-grade teachers. Children from the more current cohort were rated as significantly more maladjusted than those from the earlier sample on 8 of 10 adjustment variables. In the recent sample, girls and suburban children evidenced a greater number of school competencies and fewer problem behaviors than boys and urban children, respectively. The implications of these findings for the future use of the teacher rating scales are discussed.

Achievement↗
PubMed2000

Dual diagnosis in the suburbs: prevalence, need, and in-patient service use.

BACKGROUND: Previous research has found comorbid severe mental illness and substance misuse (dual diagnosis) to be highly prevalent and to be associated with serious clinical and social problems, and increased service use in inner-city populations. The present study measures the prevalence of dual diagnosis, patterns of substance misuse, and associated in-patient use in a more demographically representative population in a suburban area of South London. METHOD: We identified representative prevalent cases with psychotic illnesses who had been in contact with services in a geographically defined catchment area in Croydon over the previous 6 months. Cases of alcohol or substance misuse and dependence were identified through standardised interviews with patients and keyworkers, and sociodemographic and in-patient psychiatric service use data were also recorded. RESULTS: Sixty-one of the 124 cases identified were randomly selected for interview, of whom 66% responded (N = 40). The prevalence rates of dual diagnosis (DD) observed were 33% (95% CI 18-47%) for any substance misuse, 20% (95% CI 8-32%) for alcohol misuse only, 5% (95% CI-16 to 26%) for drug misuse only, and 8% (95% CI -0.7 to 16%) for both drug and alcohol misuse. A lifetime history of any illicit drug use was observed in 35% of the sample (95% CI 20-50%). Patients who misuse alcohol and drugs were not found to be more likely to have been admitted to hospital in the previous 2 years, with little difference being observed between DD and psychosis-only patients in the mean number of in-patient admissions in this period (mean difference 0.25, 95% CI for difference -1.5 to 2.0). However, the DD patients were found to have spent on average over twice as long in hospital as other psychotic in-patients over the previous 2 years (mean difference 67.3 days, 95% CI for difference -205.9 to 71.2 days). DD patients were also found to have a greater number of unmet areas of need than the psychosis-only patients, which included accommodation, daytime activity, and social life, as well as substance misuse. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of substance misuse in patients with severe mental disorders in a suburban area is about as high as that for similar patients in inner-city London. While DD patients are not admitted more often than patients with psychosis alone, they have double the length of in-patient stay, which may be attributable to higher levels of unmet need.

Catchment Area, Health↗
PubMed2004

Evaluation of the impacts of dock structures and land use on tidal creek ecosystems in South Carolina estuarine environments.

Tidal creeks and their associated salt marshes are the primary link between uplands and estuaries in the southeastern region. They are also critical nursery and feeding grounds. In addition, the uplands surrounding creeks are preferred sites for homebuilding because of their natural beauty and the ability to access the estuary from a personal dock structure. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cumulative impacts of docks on tidal creek nursery habitats for both small and large tidal creeks. The number of docks was associated with the amount of impervious cover in both small and large creeks. The presence of docks had little measurable effect on sediment metal concentrations at the scale of small and large creeks. In small and large creeks, sediment polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations were related to the human activity in the upland that includes the presence of docks at the scale of small and large creeks. Some impacts on the benthic community were associated with docks and human activity in small creeks but not in large creeks. Suburban development may reduce fish and crustacean abundances, but the dock may potentially mediate the development effect. Individually, the harm to the marine environment resulting from dock shading, chrominated copper arsenate leachates, and PAH contamination was small at the scale of tidal creeks. However, impacts from dock structures could not be separated from anthropogenic watershed-scale effects. These results demonstrate that suburban development with its accompanying dock construction does represent a major source of environmental degradation to tidal creeks and associated salt marsh habitats.

Agriculture↗