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PubMed1992

Secular changes in human fetuses normally aborted in years 1965-1985.

The authors disposed of numerous cases of fetuses normally aborted during the long period of time therefore the studies of time dependent variability of some somatotropic features in relation to the degree of development were decided. The studies on the fetal material should be always performed with great care as many errors could be introduced. Some of them are related to not enough accurate determination of the fetal age and the variability of the causes of abortion. These would result the inconsistency of stages of fetal development among the material used for the study. Therefore the research was performed using only the fetuses with accurate estimated calendar age and of similar environmental conditions for development. The causes of the abortion were related only to external factors but not to the course of pregnancy. For the analysis only the fetuses of 5th and 6th month of fetal age were used. All fetuses were aborted in the years 1965, 1970, 1975, 1980, 1985. The intersexual differences were also taken into consideration and calculated means of the features were related to identical points of the fetal age. The variations in the seating body length (v-tub), the head perimeter, the shoulder width (a-a) and the body weight were analysed in such individualised groups.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1992

[Secular trends in mortality for cerebrovascular diseases in Taiwan (1959-1989)].

Cerebrovascular disease (CVD) is predominantly a disease of the elderly, and its morbidity effects increase with advancing age. In Taiwan, the increasing proportion of the elderly, as a result of medical progress and improved health care in the past 30 years, is largely responsible for the apparent increase in the number of CVD deaths. From 1963 to 1981, CVD was the leading cause of death. The crude mortality rate (CMR) and age-specific mortality rate (ASMR) of CVD by sex were derived from vital statistical data from 1959 to 1989 in Taiwan. The age-adjusted mortality rate (AAMR) using the standard world population of WHO and the cumulative mortality rate (CUMR) from birth to less than 80 years of age were calculated. Before 1983, the total number of CVD deaths had increased steadily for 30 years. In 1989, the CMR was 76.6/100,000 in men and 67.7/100,000 in women. The highest AAMR was 158.5/100,000 in 1973 for men and 130.2/100,000 in 1972 for women, and the lowest AAMR was 91.3/100,000 in 1989 for men and 81.1/100,000 in 1972 for women. The highest CUMR was 26.3% in 1968 for men and 20.8% in 1972 for women, and the lowest CUMR was 14.5% in 1989 for men and 13.6% in 1989 for women. The AAMR and CUMR for both sexes reached a maximum in 1972 and began to decline thereafter. The declines in AAMR and CUMR were averaging 2%/yr for both sexes after 1972 and were averaging 5%/yr for men and 4%/yr for women after 1983. This declining trend in CVD deaths in Taiwan began later and has been slower than similar trends in Japan and the U.S.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

[Comparative studies on activities of antimicrobial agents against causative organisms isolated from urinary tract infections (1988). III. Secular changes in susceptibility].

Sensitivities to various antibacterial and antibiotic agents of strains of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp., Citrobacter spp., Enterobacter spp., Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs) in 9 hospitals during June to November 1988 were compared with those in the same period of previous year according to a classification, uncomplicated UTIs, complicated UTIs without indwelling catheter, and complicated UTIs with indwelling catheter. No remarkable changes were found in sensitivities of E. coli, Proteus spp., Citrobacter spp. and S. marcescens. The sensitivity of Klebsiella spp. to cephems decreased in complicated UTI without indwelling catheter and increased in complicated UTI with indwelling catheter. The sensitivity of Enterobacter spp. to third generation cephems decreased in complicated UTI with indwelling catheter. Sensitivities of P. aeruginosa to aspoxicillin and cefsulodin increased. The number of resistant strains to new quinolones increased slightly.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2003

Secular trends in physiological capital: implications for equity in health care.

Over the past three centuries, there has been a rapid accumulation of physiological capital in Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. Enhanced physiological capital is tied to long-term reduction in environmental hazards and to the conquest of chronic malnutrition, since both nutritional status and the quality of the external and intrauterine environments appear to be linked to the quality of organ development and to the onset of chronic diseases later in life. Data on heights and birth weights suggest that physiological capital has become more equally distributed, thereby reducing socioeconomic disparities in the burden of disease. These developments have a number of health care policy implications: (1) enhanced physiological capital has done more to reduce inequities in health status than has wider access to health care; (2) the main contribution of more advanced medical treatment so far has been to retard depreciation in individuals' physiological capital; (3) prenatal and early childhood care and environmental issues are key for interventions aimed at enhancing physiological capital and at affecting its rate of depreciation; (4) lifestyle change is the most important issue affecting health equity in rich countries; and (5) greater access to clinical care should be promoted through aggressive outreach, since expanded insurance coverage by itself is inadequate.

Female↗
PubMed1992

Secular changes within Arctic and Sub-Arctic populations: a study of 632 human mandibles from the Aleutian Islands, Alaska and Greenland.

A series of 632 human mandibles was used to test temporal variations in two Aleut populations and spatial variations in four homogeneous Greenlandic Eskimo populations. Sixteen metric variables and five non-metric observations were applied to generate univariate and multivariate statistics to determine variations caused by group homogeneity (Greenland), sexual dimorphism (Aleutian and Greenland), bilateral asymmetry (Aleutian and Greenland), temporal variation (Aleutians), and spatial variation (Greenland). The following results were obtained: (1) sexual dimorphism outweighed any other investigated variation, (2) no bilateral asymmetry was found in the metric variables, (3) temporal variation (Aleutian) was more significantly expressed in the male group than in the female group (patrilocal residence?), (4) spatial variation (Greenland) was more significantly expressed in the female group (matrilocal residence?), (5) the highest biological distance within the Greenlandic isolates was found between the Northeastern and Southeastern coastal areas, (6) variations in the mandible were related to metric changes rather than to changes in the morphological configuration, and (7) changes in non-metric frequencies (i.e., for mandibular tori as observed on the west coast of Greenland) were primarily induced by phenotypical variation (masticatory stress, changes in diet, ante-mortem loss of premolars and molars) caused by an inceptive increase of exogamic tendencies. The study concludes that as a single bone the human mandible yields a considerable quantity of information applicable to biological variations and reconstructions of biological and social histories, and that this information is conveniently available within the Arctic and Sub-Arctic populations.

Alaska↗