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PubMed2005

Effects of mycophenolate mofetil on cardiac allograft survival and cardiac allograft vasculopathy in miniature swine.

BACKGROUND: Chronic rejection, as manifested by cardiac allograft vasculopathy, remains the leading cause of late graft failure in heart transplant recipients. Despite recent clinical trials, the efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil in preventing human cardiac allograft vasculopathy remains controversial. We investigated whether mycophenolate mofetil would prevent cardiac allograft vasculopathy and prolong cardiac allograft survival in our well-established miniature swine model of heart transplantation. METHODS: Hearts disparate at the major histocompatibility complex class I locus were heterotopically transplanted into miniature swine recipients treated with a 12-day course of mycophenolate mofetil (n = 3) or cyclosporine A (n = 3). Allograft survival, acute rejection, and chronic rejection were monitored in the two groups. RESULTS: Hearts transplanted with 12 days of cyclosporine were rejected between 46 and 61 days, whereas two of the three hearts transplanted with mycophenolate mofetil remained beating beyond 120 days (p = 0.02). At necropsy, there was a 4.9% mean prevalence of cardiac allograft vasculopathy in the mycophenolate mofetil group as compared with 16.6% in the cyclosporine group (p = 0.03). Cardiac allograft rejection and vasculopathy in the cyclosporine-treated group was associated with prominent myocardial interferon-gamma gene expression, a finding absent in two thirds of the mycophenolate mofetil-treated swine. Moreover, the mycophenolate mofetil-treated swine failed to develop IgM or IgG alloantibodies. CONCLUSIONS: A short course of mycophenolate mofetil resulted in a longer allograft survival than a similar course of cyclosporine. Moreover, mycophenolate mofetil reduced the prevalence of cardiac allograft vasculopathy as compared with cyclosporine-treated controls. The salutary effect of mycophenolate mofetil may be related to its ability to decrease interferon-gamma expression in the myocardium and prevent the generation of alloantibodies.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The marked increase of Listeria monocytogenes isolation from contents of swine cecum.

The actual prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes from contents of swine cecum was investigated. The efficiency of Listeria enrichment broth (LEB) for isolation was examined by the recovery of artificially inoculated L. monocytogenes in contents of swine cecum. The numbers of organisms did not increase after 48 h incubation, but increased when the rapid decrease in pH of the LEB was adjusted. Between 1991 and 1993, 250 contents of swine cecum were examined for the prevalence of L. monocytogenes using LEB enrichment, either with or without pH adjustment. L. monocytogenes was isolated from 74 samples in 1993 with pH adjustment, however, no organisms were isolated in 1991 and 1992. It was suggested that the marked rise of the L. monocytogenes isolation was due to the spread of the organism among swine. Furthermore, 67 out of the 74 isolates were identified as 1/2c by serotyping. The serovar 1/2c strains showed genetic diversity by random amplified polymorphic DNA.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pathogenesis of swine influenza virus subtype H1N2 infection in pigs.

The purpose of this study was to elucidate pathogenesis and viral distribution in pigs infected with swine influenza virus subtype H1N2, over a period of 10 days, by morphometric analysis and in-situ hybridization. Fifteen colostrum-deprived pigs aged 3 weeks were inoculated intranasally with virus. Pneumonia was severe at 1 day post-inoculation (dpi), moderate at 3 and 5 dpi, and mild at 7 and 10 dpi. The pulmonary lesion score was correlated with the score of cells positive by in-situ hybridization for swine influenza virus (r(s)= 0.9114, P< 0.05). The distribution of swine influenza virus varied according to the duration of infection. At 1 and 3 dpi, hybridization signals were detected mainly in the bronchial and bronchiolar epithelial cells, but they were detected mainly in the pneumocytes and macrophages (alveolar and interstitial) at 7 and 10 dpi. The results confirmed that swine influenza virus subtype H1N2, isolated in Korea, is a virulent pathogen causing severe pneumonia.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Effect of exercise on postprandial lipemia following a higher calorie meal in Yucatan miniature swine.

Exercise has been shown to attenuate the postprandial lipemic (PPL) response to a modest kcal high-fat meal in numerous human studies, but has not been fully examined in swine. In addition, the effects of exercise on a high-fat meal of larger magnitude have not been examined in humans or in swine. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the PPL response to a single, high-fat/cholesterol (HFC) meal (approximately 3,000 kcal, 1,300 kcal from fat) and determine if exercise attenuates the PPL response. Sedentary, female Yucatan miniature swine (n = 10) completed 3 PPL trials: (1) pre diet (PRE); (2) post HFC diet (POST); and (3) post HFC diet plus exercise (EX, 45 minutes at 75% heart rate maximum). Blood samples were collected before (0 hour) and at 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours after the single HFC meal for PPL analysis. Postheparin lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity was assessed at 8 hours. While fasting LPL activity was significantly increased with the HFC diet, the PPL response to the HFC meal did not differ depending on diet. Furthermore, the PPL response was not significantly altered with a single session of exercise, perhaps because of the severity of the HFC meal, the sedentary nature of the swine, or because LPL activity was not elevated after exercise. These findings suggest that administration of a HFC meal of this magnitude (approximately 3,000 kcal, 1,300 kcal from fat) will promote significant elevations in postprandial triglyceride (TG) concentrations, overwhelm the adaptive response to a HFC diet (elevated LPL activity), and attenuate the beneficial effects of a single exercise session on this system.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

An approach to a FMD vaccine based on genetic engineered attenuated pseudorabies virus: one experiment using VP1 gene alone generates an antibody responds on FMD and pseudorabies in swine.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and pseudorabies (PR) are two important infectious diseases in swine. An attenuated pseudorabies virus (PRV) has been successfully used as a gene delivery vector for the development of live-viral vaccines. In this study, a recombinant PRV-VP1 virus was constructed by fusioning the VP1 gene of FMD virus in frame to the N-terminal sequence of the gG gene of PRV. To test the protective immunity, 15 FMDV sero-negative white swine were divided into three groups and immunized with the recombinant PRV-VP1 virus, commercial FMD vaccine and vector virus (TK(-)/gG(-)/LacZ(+)), respectively, and challenged intramuscularly with 20 minimal infecting doses (MID) of virulent type O FMDV 4 weeks after booster immunization. Swine vaccinated with PRV-VP1 acquired antibodies against both FMDV and PRV, however, anti-FMDV antibodies were much lower than those vaccinated with the commercial FMD vaccine. Our results suggested that the recombinant PRV-VP1 virus, which only expressed FMDV VP1 gene controlled by PRV gG promoter, could not protect swine from the challenge of 20 MID type O FMDV, but could delay and reduce the clinical symptoms of FMD.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The effect of fermentable carbohydrates on experimental swine dysentery and whip worm infections in pigs.

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of diets with contrasting fermentability in the large intestine on experimental infections with Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, the causative agent of swine dysentery, and the whip worm, Trichuris suis, in pigs. Two diets with organically grown ingredients were composed. Both diets were based on triticale and barley and supplemented with either rape seed cake (Diet 1) or dried chicory root and sweet lupins (Diet 2). The study had a three-factorial design, with eight groups of pigs receiving Diet 1 or Diet 2, +/-B. hyodysenteriae, and +/-T. suis. Pigs fed Diet 2 and challenged with B. hyodysenteriae did not develop swine dysentery and B. hyodysenteriae was not demonstrated in any of the pigs during the study. In contrast, 94% of the B. hyodysenteriae challenged pigs fed Diet 1 showed clinical symptoms of swine dysentery and all the pigs were shedding B. hyodysenteriae in faeces at some points in time during the experiment. The number of T. suis was lower in pigs fed Diet 2 compared to pigs fed Diet 1, but the differences were not significant. Pigs on Diet 1 and challenged with both pathogens showed clinical symptoms of SD for a longer period than pigs inoculated with B. hyodysenteriae only. The study showed that diets supplemented with highly fermentable carbohydrates from dried chicory roots and sweet lupins can protect pigs against developing swine dysentery, but do not have any significant influence on T. suis.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2006

Comparison of sensitivity and specificity in three commercial foot-and-mouth disease virus non-structural protein ELISA kits with swine sera in Taiwan.

Three commercialized ELISA kits for the detection of antibodies to the non-structural proteins (NSPs) of FMD virus were compared, using sera from uninfected, vaccinated, challenged and naturally infected pigs. The kinetics of the antibody response to NSPs was compared on sequential serum samples in swine from challenge studies and outbreaks. The results showed that ELISA A (UBI) and ELISA B (CEDI) had better sensitivity than that of the 3ABC recombinant protein-based ELISA C (Chekit). The peak for detection of antibodies to NSPs in ELISA C was significantly delayed in sera from natural infection and challenged swine as compared to the ELISA A and B. The sensitivity of the three ELISAs gradually declined during the 6-month post-infection as antibodies to NSP decline. ELISA kits A and B detected NSP antibody in 50% of challenged pigs by the 9-10th-day and 7-8th-day post-challenge, respectively. ELISA B and C had better specificity than ELISA A on sequential serum samples obtained from swine immunized with a type O FMD vaccine commercially available in Taiwan. Antibody to NSPs before vaccination was not detected in swine not exposed to FMD virus, however, antibody to NSPs was found in sera of some pigs after vaccination. All assays had significantly lower specificity when testing sera from repeatedly vaccinated sows and finishers in 1997 that were tested after the 1997 FMD outbreak. However, when testing sera from repeatedly vaccinated sows or finishers in 2003-2004, the specificity for ELISAs A, B and C were significantly better than those in 1997. This effect was less marked for ELISA A. The ELISA B was the best test in terms of the highest sensitivity and specificity and the lowest reactivity with residual NSP in vaccinates.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Detection and subtyping of swine influenza H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 viruses in clinical samples using two multiplex RT-PCR assays.

A total of 360 type A swine influenza virus-positive samples including cell culture isolates, nasal swabs or lung tissues along with 30 virus-negative samples were tested for the detection and subtyping of H1N1, H1N2 or H3N2 by two multiplex reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assays. The positive samples had been collected between 1999 and 2001 from pigs with respiratory diseases, and type A influenza virus was isolated and subtyped by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test at the Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (MVDL). Two multiplex RT-PCR assays specific for H1 and H3, and N1 and N2 were developed. RT-PCR products with unique sizes characteristic of each subtype of influenza A virus were sequenced, and the sequences were demonstrated to be specific for H1N1, H1N2 or H3N2. Genomic RNAs or DNAs from 12 common swine pathogens other than type A influenza viruses were not amplified when the PCR assays were performed with these primer sets. Positive amplification reaction could be visualized with RNA extracted from up to 10(-5) dilution of each reference virus with original infectivity titer of 10(5) TCID(50)/ml. Of the 360 samples tested, swine influenza virus H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 were identified in 200, 13 and 139 samples, respectively. The remaining eight samples were positive for both H1N1 and H3N2 viruses. The results of multiplex RT-PCR were 100% in agreement with those of virus isolation. These results demonstrate the usefulness of multiplex RT-PCR for detection and identification of influenza A virus subtypes. The results also indicate an increased occurrence of H1N2 in US swine population.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Immediate protection of swine from foot-and-mouth disease: a combination of adenoviruses expressing interferon alpha and a foot-and-mouth disease virus subunit vaccine.

We have previously shown that swine inoculated with recombinant, replication-defective human adenovirus type 5 containing the porcine interferon alpha gene (Ad5-pIFNalpha) are completely protected when challenged 1 day later with virulent foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). In the current study, we examined the duration of protection afforded swine by Ad5-pIFNalpha and the ability of a combination of Ad5-pIFNalpha and a FMDV subunit vaccine delivered by Ad5-A24 (an Ad5 vector containing the capsid coding region of FMDV serotype A24 Cruzeiro and the 3C proteinase coding region of FMDV serotype A12) to induce immediate as well as long-lasting protection against homologous FMDV challenge. Groups of swine were inoculated with Ad5-pIFNalpha and challenged with virulent FMDV A24 1, 3, 5, and 7 days postinoculation (dpi) or 1 day preinoculation. All animals challenged 1 and 3dpi were completely protected from disease. The animals in the remaining groups had either no clinical signs of disease or clinical signs were delayed and less severe compared to the control group. Swine inoculated with a combination of Ad5-pIFNalpha and Ad5-A24 and challenged 5dpi were all completely protected from disease and developed a significant FMDV-specific neutralizing antibody response.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed2001

Development of an ELISA procedure to detect swine carriers of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica.

An enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) was developed to detect antibodies in pigs against the lipopolysaccharidic antigen of the three serotypes of Yersinia enterocolitica mostly associated with human infections. Recent epidemiological evidence has demonstrated that pigs and pork are important sources of yersiniosis in humans. The purpose of this study was to clarify the use of an ELISA to detect swine carriers of this enteroinvasive bacteria by examining seroconversion and tissue distribution of Y. enterocolitica following experimental infection and then screening pigs at a slaughterhouse by bacterial culture and ELISA. It was observed that seroconversion occurred in animals experimentally inoculated with Y. enterocolitica but not with other enterobacteria. It was also found that 27% of swine at a slaughterhouse carried the bacterium in their tonsils and/or intestinal tract, whereas 66% showed serological evidence of previous infection. About 6% of swine at slaughter were culture-positive, but seronegative. Although, similar numbers of swine showed serological evidence of previous infection by each of the three Y. enterocolitica serotypes tested, virtually all culture isolates belonged to serotype O:3. This ELISA appears as a valuable control tool that can be used, in conjunction with culture, to identify pigs or herds infected by strains of Y. enterocolitica associated with human infections.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2003

Pathogenicity for mice and swine of Erysipelothrix isolates from the tonsils of healthy cattle.

The pathogenicity of 79 Erysipelothrix isolates from bovine tonsils for mice and swine was determined. Five (6.3%) isolates were lethal for mice. These isolates belonged to serovars 1b (one isolate), 2 (2), 19 (1) and 21 (1). The 50% lethal dose values of the isolates ranged from 0.33 to 5x10(2) CFUs in mice. Twenty Erysipelothrix isolates (25.3%) were weakly virulent inducing only emaciation while 12 (15.2%) inducing emaciation and ruffled hair. In swine, clinical signs of varying severity were observed. Four isolates were virulent, capable of inducing localized or generalized urticarial lesions accompanied with a rise in body temperature after intradermal inoculation. One isolate each of serovars 1b, 2 and 19 was highly virulent, capable of inducing generalized urticarial lesions while another Erysipelothrix isolate of serovar 2 induced only a localized urticarial lesion at the site of inoculation. Another isolate of serovar 1b induced itching and irritation without obvious urticarial lesion at the site of inoculation. On the other hand, one isolate of serovar 21 and two other isolates of serovar 2 could not induce experimentally any clinical sign of erysipelas other than rise in body temperature. There was a rise in growth agglutination (GA) titer of serum in all the inoculated swine. These observations suggest that Erysipelothrix isolates from cattle are pathogenic for mouse and swine, and may also be pathogenic for other animals and humans.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1998

Efficacy of vaccination for Mycobacterium avium with whole cell and subunit vaccines in experimentally infected swine.

Mycobacterium avium infections are a common problem in large swine producing states and cause substantial financial losses at slaughter inspection due to carcass condemnation. Once the infection is established in a swine herd it is difficult to effectively prevent or eliminate the disease. Previous mouse studies in our laboratory suggested that Macrophage Inhibitory Factor-A3 (MIF-A3) is a virulence factor of M. avium and potential antigen for vaccine development. In this study we evaluated the efficacy of a killed 'whole cell' M. avium serovar 2 bacterin and conjugated MIF-A3 subunit vaccine in preventing infection and disease in swine challenged with virulent M. avium serovar 2. Gross and microscopic pathology, acid-fast staining, culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the M. avium specific insertion sequence IS902 were utilized in evaluation. Results indicated that neither vaccine prevented infection in challenged animals; however, a 47% reduction in severity of disease was found in swine vaccinated with the 'whole cell' M. avium serovar 2 bacterin. Reduction in severity of disease was not detected in animals vaccinated with the subunit MIF-A3 vaccine.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Serological evidence for swine hepatitis E virus infection in Australian pig herds.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an enterically transmitted human pathogen, with some similarities to caliciviruses. A variant of HEV was recently identified in pigs in the USA, infecting almost 100% of animals in commercial herds. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that this is a true 'swine HEV' distinct from the human virus, but the swine virus may also infect man. Using an in-house ELISA based on a highly conserved, recombinant HEV protein, we have examined collections of sera from Australian pigs for evidence of HEV infection in local pig herds. Sera from one research herd (n = 32) were uniformly non-reactive, and this was used to establish an assay cut-off (= mean + 3 SD of reference pig serum reactivities). Screening of sera from other herds demonstrates that swine HEV is present in Australia, with reactivity observed in 30% (12/40) of random samples from two piggeries, 92-95% of pigs by the age of 16 weeks in two other piggeries (n = 45), and 17% (15/59) of wild-caught pigs. Further studies are required to examine whether HEV causes disease in pigs and to determine the risk of swine HEV transmission to man.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1978

Serological evidence of continuing infection of swine in Great Britain with an influenza A virus (H3N2).

Serum samples collected from swine and cattle in Great Britain at various times between July 1971 and July 1977 were examined by haemagglutination-inhibition or single radial haemolysis methods for evidence of infection with influenza A (H3N2) viruses. A small proportion of swine sera collected in each year reacted in the tests but there was no evidence of infection in cattle. The significance of the findings is discussed, with particular reference to the seasonal fluctuations in the prevalence of antibody in swine observed during the period of the study, and their possible relevance to influenzal events in the human population. None of the sera tested had antibody to swine influenza strains (HSw1N1).

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Quantitative and qualitative study of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect IgG against Japanese encephalitis virus in swine sera.

This study was designed to investigate the application of indirect enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) in detecting IgG against Japanese encephalitis virus in swine sera and the qualitative nature of this test. The attenuated strain SA14-14-2 of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) was inoculated into 9-day-old chicken embryos and virus was harvested, purified and suspended in 0.9% saline as JEV antigen. The control antigen was prepared by the same method as for the antigen. In the ELISA, the optimal concentrations of antigen coated and dilution factor were selected using chi2 test. Ninety-two swine sera negative to haemagglutination inhibition (HI) were tested by this assay and the positive threshold was determined. The results of this study indicate that indirect ELISA has high specificity, sensitivity and reproducability. Simultaneous testing of 74 serum samples from nine pig farms was carried out to compare the existing HI test and the indirect ELISA. The coincidence rate of the two assays was 85.1% (63/74) and no significant difference was observed between them (p > 0.05). This ELISA test can detect 46 swine serum samples qualitatively and the titre of eight swine serum samples through endpoint dilution quantitatively within one 96-well plate.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Estimating sample sizes for a two-stage sampling survey of seroprevalence of pseudorabies virus (PRV)-infected swine at a regional level in The Netherlands.

In the European Union, vaccination campaigns against Pseudorabies virus (PRV) in swine have been started to eradicate PRV. Specific sampling designs are needed to monitor PRV seroprevalence at a regional level. This paper demonstrates how sampling theory can be applied to design a disease seroprevalence survey, using PRV as an example. In the spring of 1994, the four regions in the Netherlands covered by the regional Animal Health Services were monitored with respect to PRV seroprevalence. Per region, blood samples from approximately 1400 herds, with two animals per herd, were collected. The sampling design accounted for stratification by fattening pig and sow population within each region. The regional PRV seroprevalence of swine in the Southern region was the highest (24.9%), closely followed by the PRV seroprevalence of swine in the Eastern region (20.5%). These regions have the highest density of swine in the Netherlands. The PRV seroprevalence in the Western and Central region (11.7%) was about half of the seroprevalence in the Southern and Eastern regions; the lowest regional PRV seroprevalence was observed in the Northern region (3.5%). The Northern part also has the lowest pig density. The PRV seroprevalence was approximately two times higher in sows than in fattening pigs.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Quantitation of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in swine sera by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for quantitation of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in swine sera. Because a commercial anti-swine IgG conjugate was directed also against swine IgM, the conjugate was absorbed with the IgM fraction to eliminate the interference of naturally occurring IgM antibodies that appeared consistently in sera collected from slaughtered pigs at an abattoir. The ELISA values of 0.2 or more observed in most of the sera successfully decreased to less than 0.2 by the use of absorbed conjugate. An attempt to use a protein A conjugate has failed. Evaluation of this system by comparing it with the latex agglutination test provided a high significant correlation, indicating its usefulness for serodiagnosis of swine toxoplasmosis.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Hepatitis E virus antibody prevalence among persons who work with swine.

Prevalence of antibody and risk factors to hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection were determined in a cross-sectional study of 2 group-matched populations: swine farmers (n=264) and persons without occupational exposure to swine (n=255) in Moldova, a country without reported cases of hepatitis E. The prevalence of HEV infection was higher among swine farmers than among the comparison group (51.1% vs. 24.7%; prevalence ratio, 2.07; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.62-2.64). In multivariate analysis, HEV infection was associated with an occupational history of cleaning barns or assisting sows at birth (odds ratio [OR], 2.46; 95% CI, 1.52-4.01), years of occupational exposure (OR, 1.04 per year; 95% CI, 1.01-1.07), and a history of drinking raw milk (OR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.08-2.40). HEV infection was not associated with civilian travel abroad or having piped water in the household. The increased prevalence of HEV infection among persons with occupational exposure to swine suggests animal-to-human transmission of this infection.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗