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PubMed2000

Psychological aspects of chronic tonic and clonic stuttering: suggested therapeutic approaches.

A comparison of the personality profiles and intellectual functioning of 12 tonic and 18 clonic stutterers indicated that the groups could be discriminated on measures of verbal IQ, object relations, social isolation, somatization, and cognitive processing. Findings are examined in terms of the impact of type of functioning on maintenance of stuttering, and implications for treatment are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2007

The prevalence of stuttering, voice, and speech-sound disorders in primary school students in Australia.

PURPOSE: The aims of this study were threefold: to report teachers' estimates of the prevalence of speech disorders (specifically, stuttering, voice, and speech-sound disorders); to consider correspondence between the prevalence of speech disorders and gender, grade level, and socioeconomic status; and to describe the level of support provided to schoolchildren with speech disorders. METHOD: Students with speech disorders were identified from 10,425 students in Australia using a 4-stage process: training in the data collection process, teacher identification, confirmation by a speech-language pathologist, and consultation with district special needs advisors. RESULTS: The prevalence of students with speech disorders was estimated; specifically, 0.33% of students were identified as stuttering, 0.12% as having a voice disorder, and 1.06% as having a speech-sound disorder. There was a higher prevalence of speech disorders in males than in females. As grade level increased, the prevalence of speech disorders decreased. There was no significant difference in the pattern of prevalence across the three speech disorders and four socioeconomic groups; however, students who were identified with a speech disorder were more likely to be in the higher socioeconomic groups. Finally, there was a difference between the perceived and actual level of support that was provided to these students. CONCLUSION: These prevalence figures are lower than those using initial identification by speech-language pathologists and similar to those using parent report.

Articulation Disorders↗
PubMed2003

A thematic analysis of late recovery from stuttering.

This study used thematic analysis to gain a better understanding of the experiences of individuals who reported late recovery from stuttering. Using a semistructured interview, 6 adults who reported recovering from stuttering after the age of 10 were asked to relate their recovery stories, with particular emphasis on their perceptions of factors responsible for the recovery process. The interviews were parsed into information-rich quotations that were ultimately placed into thematic categories. Three thematic categories appeared to capture the majority of the recovery attributions: (a) increased confidence; (b) increased motivation, expressed as a desire to make positive changes in speech; and (c) direct speech changes. Narrative case studies were subsequently developed to illustrate the 3 different "pathways to recovery" that were described by our participants.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Self-rating of stuttering severity as a clinical tool.

Scaling is a convenient and equipment-free means for speech-language pathologists (SLPs) and clients to evaluate stuttering severity in everyday situations. This study investigated the extent to which the severity ratings of 10 adult stuttering speakers, made immediately after speaking and again from recordings 6 months later, agreed with ratings made by an SLP. For 9 of the 10 speakers, there was good agreement between their initial ratings and those of the SLP. For 8 of the 10 speakers, there was also good agreement between their initial ratings and those made from recordings 6 months later, indicating that the severity ratings made at the time of speaking were reliable. These findings support the use of the 9-point scale as a clinical measurement procedure.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Coarticulation and formant transition rate in young children who stutter.

The purpose of this study was to assess anticipatory coarticulation and second formant (F2) transition rate (FTR) of speech production in young children who stutter (CWS) and who do not stutter (CWNS). Fourteen CWS and 14 age- and gender-matched CWNS in three age groups (3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds) participated in a picture-naming task that elicited single-word utterances. The initial consonant-vowel (CV) syllables of these utterances, comprising either bilabial [b m] or alveolar [d n s z] consonants and a number of vowels [i I e epsilon ae u o c aI av],were used for acoustic analysis. To assess coarticulation and speech movement velocity, the F2 onset frequency and F2 vowel target frequency (for coarticulation) and FTR (for speech movement velocity) were computed for each CV syllable and for each participant. Based on these measures, locus equation statistics of slope, y-intercept, and standard error of estimate as well as the FTR were analyzed. Findings revealed a significant main effect for place of articulation and a significantly larger difference in FTR between the two places of articulation for CWNS than for CWS. Findings suggest that the organization of the FTR production for place of articulation may not be as contrastive or refined in CWS as in CWNS, a subtle difficulty in the speed of speech-language production, which may contribute to the disruption of their speech fluency.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Guidelines for statistical analysis of percentage of syllables stuttered data.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop guidelines for the statistical analysis of percentage of syllables stuttered (%SS) data in stuttering research. METHOD: Data on %SS from various independent sources were used to develop a statistical model to describe this type of data. On the basis of this model, %SS data were simulated with varying means, standard deviations, and sample sizes. Four methods for analyzing %SS were compared. RESULTS: Results suggested that %SS data can be adequately modeled with a gamma distribution. Simulations based on a gamma distribution showed that all 4 analysis techniques performed favorably with respect to Type I error except for F. E. Satterthwaite's (1946) t test, which had increased Type I error on two occasions. Power was generally lower for the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test compared with the other methods. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) performed on square-root-transformed data performed adequately under all scenarios, but ANOVA performed on nontransformed data and Satterthwaite's t test performed poorly when sample sizes were small or when sample sizes and variances of the groups were markedly different. CONCLUSIONS: Standard techniques such as t test and ANOVA are appropriate for most analysis scenarios with %SS data. Two occasions when this is not the case are when sample size is small, with fewer than 20 in each group, or when sample sizes and variances of the groups are markedly different. Under these circumstances, analyses should be based on standard methods, with a suitable transformation performed prior to analysis.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1981

Short- and long-term outcome in an intensive treatment program for adult stutterers.

A three week intensive treatment program for adult stutterers is described. This treatment has evolved from an original program developed by Ingham and Andrews (1973) using speech prolongation techniques, gradual shaping of speech rate to normal, and systematic transfer of skills acquired in the clinic to real life situations. Immediately after intensive treatment, stuttering was virtually eliminated and speech rate and attitudes toward communication were normalized. There was no substantial deterioration in these treatment effects when clients were evaluated in the clinic after two months in the Maintenance Phase of treatment. Speech and attitude measures collected outside the clinic 12--18 months after intensive treatment showed lasting overall improvement in most clients, although some deterioration in fluency from immediate post-intensive treatment levels had occurred in 40% of clients. Covertly collected data supported this finding. Possible causes of relapse and likely solutions are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Stuttering: overt and covert measurement of the speech of treated subjects.

Fifty-six stutterers, four to 34 months after treatment, received an unexpected telephone call from the clinic announcing that their speech was being assessed. At random times before or after that call, they received an unexpected telephone call from a stranger and, unknown to them, stating their speech was recorded and assessed. Two months after these calls, a subgroup (N = 20) was included in an apparent telephone public opinion survey during which their speech was recorded and assessed. There were no significant differences between the mean frequency of stuttering across the three measurement occasions. Covert assessment of speech appears to offer no methodological advantages when assessing the progress of groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

The effects of self-evaluation training on maintenance and generalization during stuttering treatment.

Training in self-evaluation of speech performance was combined with a self-managed, performance-contingent maintenance schedule during the treatment of two young adult stutterers. A multiple baseline design was used to investigate the effect of introducing this procedure to a variety of speaking situations. Covert and overt assessment indicated that whenever the self-evaluation training procedure was introduced to the maintenance schedule, it was associated with substantially reduced stuttering which was sustained over a period of at least six months across speaking situations. Some implications of these findings for treatment and self-management research are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Evaluation of regulated-breathing method and awareness training in the treatment of stuttering.

Twelve subjects participated in this study. One group was treated by means of the regulated-breathing technique (Azrin & Nunn, 1974). Three other groups were treated similarly after receiving additional types of awareness training. Measures of stuttering were obtained obtrusively and unobtrusively during telephone and laboratory interviews before, during, at termination, and two months after the end of treatment. It was hypothesized that increasing a subject's awareness of his stuttering before treatment would lead to better maintenance of therapeutic gains. Results partially support this hypothesis, but the clinical effectiveness of the regulated-breathing method is questioned.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Observer agreement for marking moments of stuttering.

Observers were asked to mark moments of stuttering on transcripts of tape-recorded speaking performances. Instructions to observers were varied in an attempt to maximize agreement. An index of agreement was developed to reflect word-by-word agreement for more than two observers. Results showed less word-by-word agreement than might have been expected, although intercorrelations among observers for total number of words marked as stuttering was high, as is usually found.

Auditory Perception↗
PubMed1977

Criteria for stuttering.

Judges are able to differentiate stuttered from nonstuttered speech samples using written transcriptions. These decisions clearly are associated with the presence of certain types of disfluency which have been identified previously as the essential features of stuttering.

Humans↗
PubMed1980

Principal and differential effects of haoperidol and placebo treatments upon speech disfuluencies in stutterers.

Fourteen stutterers completed a double-blind crossover study of the effects of Haloperidol and Placebo treatments upon their speech disfluencies. Although clearly not clinically effective, Haloperidol had a statistically significant effect upon reducing disfluency frequency and increasing speaking rate. For most subjects, drug-related reductions in disfluency severity resulted from a decrement in whole-word and phrase repetition, interjection, and revision-type disfluencies rather than from fewer part-word (elemental) repetitions and prolongations of sound or of silence. Neurotic personality profile correlated positively with an overall placebo effect, and there was a positive correlation between abnormal EEG and the drug effect. These findings are discussed in light of the nature of speech disfluency and stuttering and Haloperidol's biochemical and behavioral actions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Spectrographic study of vowels in stutterers' fluent speech.

Measurements were made of the formant frequencies and formant transitions associated with the vowels /i/, /ae/ and /u/ produced by seven moderate-to-severe stutterers when they read fluently in a control (normal) condition and under four experimental condition: masking noise, delayed auditory feedback, rhythmic pacing, and whispering. The first and second formant frequencies in an isolated /hVd/ context were more centralized than those reported for nonstutterers. The formant frequencies were centralized even more in reading, but varied little across conditions despite changes in fluency, speaking rates, and vowel duration. Duration and rate of formant transitions also were essentially the same across conditions. These findings and those reported in other studies indicate that stutterers' vowel production is more restricted, spatially and temporally, than nonstutterers'.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

A cinefluorographic investigation of repeated fluent productions of stutterers in an adaptation procedure.

Cinefluorography was used to study three stutterers and two nonstutterers repeating a passage made up of monosyllables. CVC target words of the form/caet/ were embedded in the passage and were analyzed to determine the effects of repeating the passage on velocities, displacements, and durations of movements of the tongue, jaw, and lower lip. Coordination among the articulators was also assessed. The investigation was undertaken to test the hypothesis that decreases in velocities and displacements, increased movement durations, and decreased latency between the onsets of jaw movements and of tongue tip movements would be associated with the repeated readings. The hypothesis was not supported by the results. A post hoc analysis showed that a decrease in the variability of instantaneous velocities (and by inference a decrease in variation in muscle stiffness) was associated with practice for the three stutterers but not for the nonstutterers. Inferences about the adaptation effect are made related (a) to the stabilization of tonic muscle activity which may be associated with a decrease in arousal, and (b) to the effects of practice.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1983

Phonatory and manual reaction times of stuttering and nonstuttering children.

This investigation compared the simple reaction times of 13 stuttering and 13 nonstuttering children matched individually for age, sex, and handedness. The reaction time stimulus in all response conditions was the offset of a 1000-Hz pure tone. Two of the experimental conditions required button-pressing responses, one using the left forefinger and the other the right. The remaining four experimental conditions required phonatory responses. The nonspeech phonatory responses consisted of inspiratory phonation and expiratory throat clearing; the speech-like phonatory responses required abrupt initiation of the isolated vowel and the word upper. The stuttering children were slower and more variable than the normal children only during phonatory initiation of throat clearing and. The results are compared to previous reaction time investigations with both children and adults and related to certain factors which potentially can influence sensorimotor pathways prior to and during speech.

Child↗
PubMed1983

Linguistic processing and reaction time differences in stutterers and nonstutterers.

Linguistic processing by the left and right cerebral hemispheres was investigated in 10 adult male stutters and 10 matched nonstutterers. Subjects performed a lexical decision task in which nonword and real-word stimuli were presented tachistoscopically to the right and left visual hemifields. Vocal and manual reaction times to real words were measured to assess hemispheric participation in processing linguistic information and to determine differences between response modes. The stuttering group exhibited a left visual field efficiency or right hemisphere preference for this task and were slower in both vocal and manual reaction times. Ramifications for hemispheric processing theories and laryngeal dysfunction hypotheses are discussed.

Adolescent↗