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PubMed2006

District-level religious composition and adoption of sterilization in India.

This paper examined the influence of religion on the adoption of female sterilization, using data from the 1992/93 Indian National Family Health Survey. The influence of religion at both individual and district levels was examined, and a multi-level modelling methodology was used for assessing community variations in the influence of religion on the adoption of sterilization. Individual religion was a strong predictor of the decision to adopt sterilization, and residence in a district in which more than 20% of the people were Muslims significantly lowered the odds of adoption of sterilization. There was more variation in the adoption of sterilization between districts for Muslim women and women from minority religious groups. The results demonstrate the influence of community conservatism on the choice of contraceptive methods and point to the mediating effects that community characteristics can have on access to sterilization services for women from religious minority sub-groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Ozone--the latest advance in sterilization of medical devices.

How many times have procedures in your operating rooms been delayed because the instruments needed were still in the sterilizer? As Perioperative nurses you are likely to be quite familiar with the constant pressure to ensure that scarce instrumentation is available when needed. In 2003, a Canadian company developed a unique sterilization process employing ozone as the sterilizing agent. This technology is a safe, rapid and economical alternative to other low temperature sterilization modalities and may relieve some of the pressure experienced when instruments in short supply are in high demand. This article will discuss the principles of the sterilizer and the cycle and will explore the advantages of using this sterilization technology.

Canada↗
PubMed1990

American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists' 1988 membership survey on laparoscopic sterilization.

The 1988 membership survey of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists (AAGL) indicated that the membership continued to perform fewer sterilizations than previously reported. The respondents reported performing 30,480 sterilizations, 41,160 diagnostic laparoscopies and 13,920 hysteroscopies. The distribution of laparoscopic sterilizations by method of tubal occlusion did not change appreciably since 1985. Complications from diagnostic laparoscopy were consistently higher than those after sterilization; two deaths (4.8 per 100,000 procedures) were identified after diagnostic laparoscopy, and no deaths were reported after sterilization. The relative likelihood of ectopic pregnancy was substantially greater after coagulation procedures than after mechanical ones. The decrease in the membership's performance of laparoscopic sterilization was occurring during a relative increase in the performance of newer diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopic procedures.

Female↗
PubMed1989

Dynamic sterilization of titanium implants with ultraviolet light.

All implantable devices must be sterile. However, autoclaves produce poor surface properties that jeopardize the integration process. The application of a modified ultraviolet light source has proven to enhance bioreactivity by controlling surface properties, but it lacks validation of its sterilization capabilities. Forty-eight titanium implants were contaminated with spores of the biological indicator Bacillus stearothermophilus and subjected to "dynamic sterilization" by ultraviolet light. Forty-seven of the implants were successfully sterilized, as indicated by not producing turbidity in a suitable growth medium. This sterilization technique only requires a 20-second exposure to achieve sterility.

Dental Implantation, Endosseous↗
PubMed1989

[Sterilization of non-air evacuated infusion flasks containing little water].

Studies have been carried out in connection with the sterilization of glass infusion bottles from which air had not been evacuated and containing certain limited quantities of water. Bottles with a capacity of 500 and 1000 cm3 were filled with 1-3 cm3 distilled water and sterilized in an autoclave for 20 min. set at a temperature of 121 degrees C reaching up to 126 degrees C. The sterility was tested by introducing bags containing Bacillus stearothermophilus spores into the centre of the bottles. Following sterilization the bottles were examined for the growth of spores allowing an incubation period of 7 days at 37 degrees C. Based on the actual conditions of this investigation, it would appear that a bottle from which air has not been evacuated should contain at least 2% (V/V) distilled water, when sterilized in an autoclave. It is, however, strongly recommended that the present findings should be validated based on actual conditions prevailing for individual sterilization procedures.

Drug Packaging↗
PubMed1988

Method for testing the sterility of total nutrient admixtures.

A test for determining the sterility of a total nutrient admixture (TNA) containing equal quantities of 10% fat emulsion (Liposyn II), 8.5% amino acids injection, and 50% dextrose injection using the USP membrane filtration procedure was developed and evaluated. Membrane filter selection was determined by analysis of flow rates, membrane fluid compatibility, bubble point stability, and rinse fluid requirements. Microbial challenges employing five organisms (Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and both soybean casein digest and fluid thioglycollate media were used to confirm the ability of the test to detect low-level microbial contamination. A polyvinylidene fluoride membrane was determined to be the most appropriate of the membrane types studied because of its superior flow rate and membrane-fluid compatibility. Bubble point testing revealed no detrimental effects on the membrane. The potential problem of haziness caused by retention of the TNA by the membrane with subsequent release in the culture media (which could result in false-positive growth determinations) was diminished by using a sterile 0.1% peptone solution rinse and careful observation techniques. Performance of the sterility test by six hospital pharmacists required an average of 14.2 minutes. Sterility testing of alternate TNAs compounded with Intralipid and Nutralipid was not feasible because of prolonged filtration times. The basic USP membrane filtration procedure for large-volume injections can be used by hospital pharmacists for testing the sterility of TNAs. When fat emulsions are used in compounding, sterility-testing procedures specific to the emulsion product used should be developed and evaluated.

Culture Media↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Measurement of critical properties of muslin and nonwoven sterile-wraps.

Empirical evaluations closely simulating actual use conditions were employed to compare critical property levels of commonly used muslin (140-thread) and nonwoven sterile-wraps. Critical properties and experimental methods used to measure these properties are: (a) ease of steam penetration determined by time-temperature measurements in large, double-wrapped packs subjected to steam sterilization, (b) bacterial barrierness measured by microbiological assay of initially sterile double- and single-wrapped packs contents after pack storage in hospitals, (c) compatibility with ethylene oxide sterilization measured by inactivation of spore strips and by quantities of ethylene oxide residuals after aeration of packs and (d) generation of lint by counting particles generated by flexing wrap materials. It was concluded that the nonwoven steril-wrap was superior in ease of steam penetration, bacterial barrierness, and linting. No differnece was detected between materials in ethylene oxide sterilization.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed1986

Sterilization of infant formula: current practices and recommendations.

Home sterilization of infant formula became a standard of well-baby care in the 1940s. Its purpose was to eliminate bacterial pathogens that could contaminate water and bottles. Public water supplies are now rarely contaminated, and studies have confirmed that sterilization is no longer necessary. Connecticut family physicians and Connecticut mothers were polled and it was found that 48 percent of physicians recommend sterilization and that 54 percent of mothers (using public water supplies) sterilize formula. Formula sterilization recommendations by physicians and sterilization practices by mothers need to be updated.

Connecticut↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Mathematical model of the air sterilization process].

The mathematical model of the air sterilization process is proposed. The model describes nonstationary temperature fields for a sterilizing agent and objects under sterilization in devices of the chamber type. It is useful in studying the effects of control factors on the sterilization process, in calculating optimum charges for air sterilizers, and in developing automated systems to handle the operating process of the air sterilization.

Air↗
PubMed1979

Eugenic sterilization: medico-legal and sociological aspects.

The court-ordered sterilization of a normal 18-year-old black female in North Carolina focused attention on the unfortunate impact of eugenic statutes that allow sterilization as a method of social control. The existence of these laws in many states allows misapplication and abuse of authority which, not infrequently, is directed liberally to blacks and other minority groups.Eugenic sterilization is, at this time, a legally accepted form of "medical treatment." The justification of such sterilization is the vague concept that the presumed "mentally deficient" individual is probably a potential parent of socially inadequate offspring who would likewise be socially inadequate.Since there never has been factual substantiation of whether the sterilization of these individuals will diminish the incidence of mental retardation, it is necessary to focus attention on the concept of eugenic sterilization and point out its many fallacies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

[Evaluation of the use of bioindicators of spore-containing soil for the evaluation of steam sterilization in general practice conditions].

In this publication quantitative researches on the use of so-called spore-containing earth for monitoring steam-sterilization are described. The three factors necessary for medical steam-sterilization - the correct combination of saturated steam, temperature and time - cannot kill all the spores in their original earth. The surviving of single spores in native earth after steam-sterilization is of use to the calculation of the resistance of spore-containing earth by saturated steam at 121 degrees C (250 degrees F). Besides the resistance depends on the conditions under which the earth was tested for surviving germs. The relative frequency of sterile samples after steam-penetration (Po) was utilized for the calculations of characteristic lines according to the transformation in y = lg ( - ln Po) The quantity of the germs killed (G) was exactly computed by the integration of steam-temperature and the time of penetration according to the equation G = fk X dt The quantities of k were calculated and they are discovered in Table 1. A charge of spore-containing earth only then will be suitable for monitoring steam-sterilization if its characteristic line fulfils the requirements of DIN 58946, part 4, October 1978. The evaluations demonstrate that it is necessary to adapt the samples of spore-containing earth to specific conditions of incubation. The tests carried out show that native earth as bioindicator is well suited for monitoring steam-sterilization by a bacteriological laboratory (Fig. 1).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Female sterilization in small camp settings in rural India.

In an effort to provide female sterilization services in areas that lack modern surgical facilities and highly trained personnel, while avoiding the high complication rates associated with mass sterilization programs, small sterilization camps were held at six rural primary health centers (PHCs) in the Baroda District, Gujarat, India, beginning in 1972. Data collected for 2,009 women undergoing sterilization by the Pomeroy technique at these camps showed an operative and immediate postoperative complication rate of 2.1% and an early postoperative complication rate of 6.7%. These rates compare well with those found in sterilization series performed in modern, well equipped urban settings, further demonstrating that the small camp is an appropriate facility for female sterilization in rural India.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

[Sterilization of packages using radiation. I. Microbiological studies].

Utilization of ionizing radiation for the sterilization purposes enables the sterilization of dressing materials in packed form together with the protecting packages. This procedure secures advantageous conditions for prolongation of storage time of manufactured articles in the sterile state. In this work the results of six years investigations dealing with the sterility of dressings sterilized by 60Co gamma-irradiation and packed in one--and multilayer packaging materials were shown. After sterilization those materials were storaged in various temperature conditions.

Aluminum↗
PubMed1978

Sterilization--the vaginal route revisited.

With the use of strict selection criteria it was found that 86 of 161 women who required interval sterilization could be sterilized vaginally. The superiority of vaginal sterilization was demonstrated by the reduction in postoperative hospital stay (from an average of 5,5 days for abdominal sterilization to 1,8 days for vaginal sterilization). Febrile responses to sterilization were reduced from 53,5% to 18,6%, and major complications fell from 17,3% to 1,2%.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Preconditioning for moisture control in ethylene oxide sterilization.

The moisture condition of a product must be controlled to obtain sterility and maintain product viability during ethylene oxide sterilization. A sterilization process in which prehumidification of product is used to provide moisture condition control was shown to be effective in 2 years of production sterilization experience. On-stream process analysis with a gas chromatograph showed that addition of steam to the chamber was unnecessary when properly preconditioned medical devices packaged in corrugated paper-board were sterilized. Reproducible gas-chamber moisture control and microbial sterility assurance were obtained.

Catheters, Indwelling↗
PubMed1982

Risk of ectopic pregnancy following tubal sterilization.

To determine the impact of tubal sterilization on the overall incidence of ectopic pregnancy, the authors compared reported incidence rates of ectopic pregnancy after tubal sterilization with the rates associated with other contraceptive methods or no contraception. For each contraceptive method they then calculated the cumulative lifetime risk of ectopic pregnancy from the age at which a final contraceptive choice was made. Tubal sterilization was found to be associated with a lower cumulative lifetime risk of ectopic pregnancy than no contraception or use of an intrauterine contraceptive device. Tubal sterilization carries a somewhat higher risk of ectopic pregnancy than do barrier methods of contraception. Oral contraceptives are associated with a much lower ectopic pregnancy for most than any other contraceptive method or no contraception. Overall, however, the risk of an ectopic pregnancy for most women undergoing tubal sterilization in the United States is estimated to be lower than if they had not been sterilized and had continued their previous contraceptive practices.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Complications in sterilized women in Ljubljana].

From October 1977 to April 1980, 51 women were sterilized. Transabdominal access was most frequent, while the sterilization itself was mostly performed according to the Madlener method. Postoperative complications occurred in 3 women. In all of them the sterilization was performed by colpotomy posterior according to the Madlener method. In two women it was combined with additional gynaecological intervention. This confirms the already known fact that there are much more complications if sterilization is performed transvaginal by or combined with other operative interventions. After the performed sterilization the majority of women did not notice any changes in their menstrual cycles or in their general state of health. It is also positive that more than a half of women were more satisfied with their sexual life after than before sterilization.

Female↗
PubMed1981

Luteal function after tubal sterilization.

The luteal function in women after tubal sterilization was evaluated and compared with a control group of women of a similar average age. Progesterone measurements and endometrial biopsies were obtained in the midluteal phase (5 to 10 days before the next menstrual period). The group of women who had been sterilized by tubal ligation or electrocoagulation had a significantly lower (P less than or equal to .001) mean midluteal progesterone level (8.5 +/- 6.0 ng/ml) than the group of women who had been sterilized by Hulka-Clemens clips (15.4 +/0 6.3 ng/ml) and the control group (17.2 +/- 4.8 ng/ml). The comparison between these 3 groups on days 19 and 20 and on days 21 and 22 gave the same statistical results. Progesterone levels were lower than 10 ng/ml in 54% of women after tubal ligation or electrocoagulation, whereas such low values were found in only 20% of women after sterilization by Hulka-Clemens clips and in 12% of the women in the control group. A retarded endometrium was observed more frequently in the women who underwent tubal ligation or electrocoagulation than in those who were sterilized by Hulka-Clemens clips. The most likely hypothesis to explain these differences is that sterilization using Hulda-Clemens clips preserves the continuity of the uteroovarian artery.

Body Temperature↗