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PubMed1996

Reconstruction of anterior neck contractures with sensate expanded radial forearm free flap.

The surgical management of anterior neck contractures, related to burn injuries, is a challenging problem for reconstructive surgeons. The use of sensate expanded radial forearm fasciocutaneous free flaps in two patients suffering from anterior burn contractures of the neck is presented as an alternative method of surgical management. The advantages of employing sensate expanded radial forearm free flaps to reconstruct anterior neck contractures are also discussed in this paper.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Sensation seeking explains the relation between behavioral disinhibition and alcohol consumption.

Research using latent variable analysis revealed a strong relation between behavioral disinhibition, as measured by the MacAndrew and Socialization scales, and drinking habits (Earleywine, Finn, & Martin, 1990). Theoretical reasons for this link remain unclear. Each of these constructs could relate to a third variable that could account for the covariation between them. Sensation seeking seemed a likely third variable, given its previously established connection to alcohol consumption. Models of the potential links between these constructs were tested on self-report data provided by college men. LISREL modeling revealed that the relation between behavioral disinhibition and drinking could be accounted for by the relation of each to sensation seeking. The findings are discussed as further support for the connection between specific individual differences and alcohol consumption.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1989

Observations of visual sensations produced by Cerenkov radiation from high-energy electrons.

Ten cancer patients whose eyes were therapeutically irradiated with 6-18 MeV electrons reported visual light sensations. Nine reported seeing blue light and one reported seeing white light. Controls reported seeing no light. Additionally, tests with patients ruled out the x-ray contamination of the electron beam as being important. The photon yield due to Cerenkov radiation produced by radium and its daughters for both electrons and gamma rays was calculated; it was found to account for a turn-of-the-century human observation of the "radium" phosphene. We conclude that the dominant mechanism of this phosphene is Cerenkov radiation, primarily from betas. From our own patient data, based on the color seen and the Cerenkov production rates, we conclude that the dominant mechanism is Cerenkov radiation and that high-energy electrons are an example of particle induced visual sensations.

Electrons↗
PubMed1986

Searching for neural correlates of the hearing sensation fluctuation strength in the auditory cortex of squirrel monkeys.

Sounds with slow (less than 20 Hz) fluctuations may elicit the hearing sensation fluctuation strength. For AM tones, neural correlates of fluctuation strength were searched in the auditory cortex of unanesthetized squirrel monkeys. To enable a comparison of psychophysical and physiological data, the 'modulation' of the peristimulus time histogram was fitted by a sinusoidal function. The dependence of the amplitude of this function on modulation frequency, modulation depth and sound pressure level was often comparable to the dependence of fluctuation strength on the same stimulus parameters. In particular, as a function of modulation frequency, the neural data also show a bandpass characteristic at low modulation frequencies as was found for the hearing sensation fluctuation strength.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Lump sensation in the throat caused by tumors in the preepiglottic space.

Lump sensation in the throat is a common symptom, which accounts for 4% of first patient visits to Otorhinolaryngologic clinics. The etiology includes abnormalities of the thyroid gland, cysts, tumors and chronic infections of the pharynx, larynx, esophagus and tongue base, gastroesophageal reflux and anxiety disorders. In this article we describe two rare cases of lump sensation caused by masses in the preepiglottic space and we stress the importance of thorough investigation to exclude any possible non functional causes.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Associations between oral sensation, dietary behaviors and risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD).

We hypothesize that variation in oral sensation influences chronic disease risk by impacting dietary behaviors. Bitterness of 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) and fungiform papilla (FP) number serve as genetic taste markers. Data support that nontasters (who taste PROP as least bitter or have lowest FP number) show dietary behaviors that increase CVD risk (e.g. higher alcohol intake, greater preference for and intake of high-fat and sweet foods) and have greater measured CVD risk (e.g. higher blood pressure, less favorable serum lipids). Taste genetics interacts with environmental factors (e.g. taste-related pathologies) to affect oral sensation, dietary behaviors and disease risk. The generalizability of oral sensory and CVD risk relationships has begun to be tested on diverse samples.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed2005

Evidence that tactile stimulation inhibits nociceptive sensations produced by innocuous contact cooling.

It was recently shown that stinging, pricking or burning is reliably perceived by some individuals when the skin is cooled to temperatures as mild as 25-30 degrees C. These seemingly paradoxical sensations, which have been termed innocuous-cold nociception (ICN), were significant only when cooling was produced by a thermode resting statically on the skin (static contact); touching an already cooled thermode to the skin (dynamic contact) produced reports of only coolness and cold. The present study investigated the hypothesis that ICN is inhibited by tactile stimulation produced when a thermode contacts the skin. Experiment 1 pitted the tactile hypothesis against an alternative explanation that inhibition results from higher rates of skin cooling during dynamic contact. ICN was measured at three different cooling rates (-1.0, -2.5, -5.0 degrees C/s) when the thermode was resting on the skin or was touched to the skin at the moment cooling began. The results supported the tactile hypothesis: faster cooling rates during static contact led to stronger rather than weaker nociceptive sensations, and ICN was suppressed even when dynamic contact was coincident with the onset of cooling, and thus could not affect cooling rate. Experiment 2 confirmed the latter result and showed that suppression was greatest at 28 degrees C, less at 24 degrees C, and not significant at 18 degrees C. We conclude that dynamic tactile stimulation produced by contact with a surface inhibits the nociceptive component of innocuous but not noxious cooling. The implications of this conclusion for the role of cold perception in behavioral thermoregulation versus haptic perception, and for theories of cold perception in general, are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Effect of intravesical Resiniferatoxin (RTX) on lower urinary tract symptoms, urodynamic parameters, and quality of life of patients with urodynamic increased bladder sensation.

OBJECTIVES: Intravesical resiniferatoxin (RTX) has been used with variable efficacy in the treatment of detrusor overactivity (DO). Patients with interstitial cystitis (IC) failed to benefit from this treatment, but a single placebo-controlled study in patients with non-IC painful bladders showed that RTX was effective in the short-term. We investigated the efficacy of intravesical RTX in patients with urgency and frequency due to increased bladder sensation. METHODS: Patients with intractable urgency and frequency, with or without urgency incontinence or bladder pain/discomfort, and with no urodynamic evidence of DO were recruited. After a single intravesical instillation of 100ml 50 nM RTX solution, patients were followed at 1, 3, and 6 mo for changes in urodynamics, bladder diary, the King's Health Questionnaire (KHQ), and degree of bladder pain. RESULTS: Fifteen patients (mean age, 52.5 yr) were treated. RTX significantly improved maximum cystometric capacity, volume at first desire to void, mean micturition volume, 24-h frequency, and daytime frequency for up to 6 mo after treatment. The overall KHQ score improved at all time points, with sustained improvements in the Symptom Severity, Incontinence Impact, and Personal Relationships domains. A >50% decrease in pain was reported by five of seven patients with painful bladders at 1 mo, but only one of seven at 6 mo. CONCLUSIONS: In our small open-label study, a single administration of intravesical RTX in patients with frequency and urgency due to increased bladder sensation significantly improved lower urinary tract symptoms, urodynamic parameters, and quality of life for up to 6 mo.

Administration, Intravesical↗
PubMed2004

A structural fingertip model for simulating of the biomechanics of tactile sensation.

Tactile performance of human fingertips is associated with activity of the nerve endings and sensitivity of the soft tissue within the fingertip to the static and dynamic skin indentation. The nerve endings in the fingertips sense the stress/strain states developed within the soft tissue, which are affected by the material properties of the tissues. The vibrotactile sensation and tactile performance are thus believed to be strongly influenced by the nonlinear and time-dependent properties of the soft tissues. The purpose of the present research is to simulate the biomechanics of tactile sensation. A two-dimensional model, which incorporates the essential anatomical structures of a finger (i.e. skin, subcutaneous tissue, bone, and nail), has been used for the analysis. The skin tissue is assumed to be hyperelastic and viscoelastic. The subcutaneous tissue is considered to be a nonlinear, biphasic material composed of a hyperelastic solid and an inviscid fluid phase. The nail and bone are considered to be linearly elastic. The advantages of the proposed fingertip model over the previous "waterbed" and "continuum" fingertip models include its ability to predict the deflection profile of the fingertip surface, the stress and strain distributions within the soft tissue, and most importantly, the dynamic response of the fingertip to mechanical stimuli. The proposed model is applied to simulate the mechanical responses of a fingertip under a line load, and in one-point (1PT) and two-point (2PT) tactile discrimination tests. The model's predictions of the deflection profiles of a fingertip surface under a line load agree well with the reported experimental data. Assuming that the mechanoreceptors in the dermis sense the stimuli associated with normal strains (the vertical and horizontal strains) and strain energy density, our numerical results suggest that the threshold of 2PT discrimination may lie between 2.0 and 3.0 mm, which is consistent with the published experimental data. The present study represents an effort to develop a structural model of the fingertip that incorporates its anatomical structure, and the nonlinear and time-dependent properties of the soft tissues.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Motor-sensory recalibration leads to an illusory reversal of action and sensation.

To judge causality, organisms must determine the temporal order of their actions and sensations. However, this judgment may be confounded by changing delays in sensory pathways, suggesting the need for dynamic temporal recalibration. To test for such a mechanism, we artificially injected a fixed delay between participants' actions (keypresses) and subsequent sensations (flashes). After participants adapted to this delay, flashes at unexpectedly short delays after the keypress were often perceived as occurring before the keypress, demonstrating a recalibration of motor-sensory temporal order judgments. When participants experienced illusory reversals, fMRI BOLD signals increased in anterior cingulate cortex/medial frontal cortex (ACC/MFC), a brain region previously implicated in conflict monitoring. This illusion-specific activation suggests that the brain maintains not only a recalibrated representation of timing, but also a less-plastic representation against which to compare it.

Brain↗
PubMed2006

Persistent pain and uncomfortable sensations in persons with multiple sclerosis.

The experience of pain has been documented in small studies of individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). The present study examines the prevalence of persistent pain and uncomfortable sensations among participants in the large North American Research Committee on MS (NARCOMS) Patient Registry. Registrants (10,176) responded to a questionnaire on pain and 7579 reported experiencing some level of pain during the month prior to the survey. Among the respondents 49% reported mild to severe pain and 49% of those indicated severe pain. Increased pain intensity was positively associated with gender (more women), multiple pain sites (51% of the severe pain group reported four or more pain sites), and constancy of pain (44% among the group with severe pain). There was also a positive association with increased MS-related disability, relapsing-worsening type of MS, and depression. Respondents with severe pain made greater use of the healthcare system and of prescribed analgesics, but were less likely to be satisfied with their doctors' efforts to manage their pain. About one-third of the patients with moderate pain and 18% of those with severe pain reported no consultations for their pain. The effects of pain severity were fully evident in the respondents' daily life, their work, mood, recreational activities and enjoyment of life. Our results indicate that the high prevalence of MS-related severe pain, low satisfaction with management of intense pain, and the perceived interference with quality of life indicators necessitate greater attention by healthcare providers to the management of pain and uncomfortable sensations in the MS population.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2005

Chemesthesis and taste: evidence of independent processing of sensation intensity.

The ability to perceive taste from temperature alone ("thermal taste") was recently shown to predict higher perceptual responsiveness to gustatory and olfactory stimuli. This relationship was hypothesized to be due in part to individual differences in CNS processes involved in flavor perception. Here we report three experiments that tested whether subjects who differ in responsiveness to thermal taste and/or chemical taste also differ in responsiveness to oral chemesthesis. In experiment 1, subjects identified as 'thermal tasters' (TTs) or 'thermal non-tasters' (TnTs) used the general Labeled Magnitude Scale to rate the intensity of sensations produced on the tongue tip by capsaicin, menthol, sucrose, NaCl, citric acid, and QSO4. TTs rated all four taste stimuli higher than did TnTs, whereas sensations of burning/stinging/pricking and temperature from capsaicin and menthol did not differ significantly between groups. In experiment 2, testing with capsaicin on both the front and back of the tongue confirmed there was no difference in ratings of burning/stinging/pricking when subjects were grouped according to the ability to perceive thermal taste. In experiment 3, subjects were classified as high- or low-tasters according to their ratings of sucrose sweetness rather than thermal taste. No group difference was found for perception of capsaicin even when presented in mixture with sucrose or NaCl. The results are discussed in the context of previous evidence of an association between chemesthesis and sensitivity to the bitter tastant PROP, and in terms of the various peripheral and central neural processes that may underlie intensity perception in taste and chemesthesis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The role of activin in neuropeptide induction and pain sensation.

Signals from target tissues play critical roles in the functional differentiation of neuronal cells, and in their subsequent adaptations to peripheral changes in the adult. Sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) provide an excellent model system for the study of signals that regulate the development of neuronal diversity. DRG have been well characterized and contain both neurons that convey information from muscles about limb position, as well as other neurons that provide sensations from skin about pain information. Sensory neurons involved in pain sensation can be distinguished physiologically and antigenically, and one hallmark characteristic is that these neurons contain neuropeptides important for their functions. The transforming growth factor (TGF) beta family member activin A has recently been implicated in neural development and response to injury. During sensory neuron development, peripheral target tissues containing activin or activin itself can regulate pain neuropeptide expression. Long after development has ceased, skin target tissues retain the capacity to signal neurons about changes or injury, to functionally refine synapses. This review focuses on the role of activin as a target-derived differentiative factor in neural development that has additional roles in response to cutaneous injuries in the adult.

Activins↗
PubMed2002

Sensation seeking and detection of risky road signals: a developmental perspective.

The relevance of the construct of sensation seeking, particularly the motivation to seek thrill and adventure and to avoid boredom, to detection of danger on the road, in particular choices made in conditions of road dilemmas (e.g. road-crossing and amber-light), was examined. 412 participants, males and females, from three age groups--7, 13 and 22--completed Zuckerman's test of sensation seeking and were exposed to the following experiments: Virtual driving, road crossing and go-carting. In each experiment, participants were exposed individually to a series of road dilemmas, constructed according to the paradigm of signal detection. In each dilemma, a dichotomous choice was made: To do or not to do. Age- and gender-dependent responses and connections were obtained. Most noticeable is a risky shift in males' detection responses and an inverse trend in females.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

["Irritative" pathology of the external auditory canal and decreased sound sensation].

We have not found in the literature an explanation for the intermittent and transient decreased lesser hearing sensation in patients with dysesthesia of the external auditory canal (EAC). In this paper we offer a possible explanation for it. Our hypothesis is that the stimulation of the sensory fibers of the trigeminal and facial nerves in the EAC is able to increase the stiffness of the ossicular chain by means of a reflex stimulation of malleus and stapes muscles. This intermittent and transient increase of the ossicular stiffness could explain the intermittent and transient decrease of hearing sensation in these patients.

Ear Canal↗
PubMed2000

Sensations and trigeminal somatosensory-evoked potentials elicited by electrical stimulation of endosseous oral implants in humans.

The perception of bipolar electrical stimuli through implants was studied. The stimuli were delivered to permucosal oral endosseous implants in 15 individuals, who then reported tapping to beating sensations. In 10 out of the 15, these stimuli evoked clearly distinguishable potentials in the averaged electroencephalograms. The most prominent scalp potential was a positive wave with a latency between 18 and 25 ms, often preceded by a negative wave with a latency around 12-17 ms. In contrast, when a motor response was elicited by stimulation of the lip, a shorter latency wave around 8-11 ms was found additionally, indicating that the former-mentioned waves represent a true sensory response and not an artefact of myogenous origin. Furthermore, topical anaesthesia of the gingiva surrounding the implants in six individuals had little effect on the sensory responses. This evidence excluded peri-implant mucosal innervation as the origin of the perception and of the somatosensory-evoked waves elicited by the electrical stimulation of the oral implants. To the best of our knowledge, for the first time a sensation (osseoperception) has been elicited by electrical stimulation of endosseous oral implants and correlated with simultaneously recorded trigeminal somatosensory-evoked potentials (TSEPs).

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Motion processing for saccadic eye movements during the visually induced sensation of ego-motion in humans.

During ego-motion an observer is often faced with the task of controlling his heading direction while simultaneously registering the movement of objects in order to avoid possible obstacles. Psychophysical experiments have shown that the detection of moving objects is impaired by concurrent ego-motion. We investigated the interaction between ego-motion and object-motion by examining the latencies of saccades executed to moving targets under a visually induced sensation of ego-motion. Saccadic latencies increased during this sensation, with a global or non-retinotopic effect of optic flow on motion detection. Furthermore, separating stereoscopically the moving target and the optic flow into foreground and background, respectively, still resulted in increased latencies. We propose that an inhibitory influence of the perception of self-motion exists on the perception of object-motion. These results support a model of space constancy which strives to create a stable world during locomotion.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Serotonin transporter polymorphisms and measures of impulsivity, aggression, and sensation seeking among African-American cocaine-dependent individuals.

Considerable evidence indicates that serotonergic mechanisms, particularly the serotonin transporter (5HTT), may mediate central effects of cocaine and may also be involved in impulsive and aggressive behavior. We investigated whether polymorphisms in the 5HTT gene were related to traits of impulsivity, sensation seeking, and aggression among cocaine abusers. Standardized measures of these personality traits were obtained in a sample of 105 severely affected cocaine-dependent African-American subjects and 44 African-American controls. Two polymorphisms of the 5HTT gene were examined involving the 5' promoter (5HTTLPR) region and a 17 base pair variable-number-tandem-repeat (VNTR) marker among cocaine patients. No significant relationships were observed between polymorphic variants of the 5HTTLPR and VNTR regions and scores on any of the trait measures. Similarly, demographic variables and measures of severity of substance use and depression were unrelated to allele frequencies or genotype distributions of the variants among cocaine patients. As expected, cocaine patients scored significantly higher on total scores of impulsivity, aggression, and sensation seeking compared to controls. The findings do not seem to support an association between these polymorphisms in the 5HTT gene and impulsive-aggressive traits among cocaine-dependent African-American individuals.

Adolescent↗