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PubMed2000

Gametes, embryos and the life in being: the impact of reproductive technology on the rule against perpetuities.

As the twenty-first century begins, changing technology is testing old rules of property law. In this Article, the author discusses the effect of modern technology on the Role Against Perpetuities. This discussion includes the arguments for and against recognition of the embryo as a life in being, as well as suggestions for legislative solutions to this issue.

Cryopreservation↗
PubMed1989

The role of the new reproductive technologies including IVF and GIFT in endometriosis.

In the context of the pathophysiology of endometriosis, the technology of IVF-ET and GIFT appears to offer a promising alternative for infertility associated with endometriosis in situations refractory to conventional medical or surgical therapy. The success rate of IVF with respect to follicular response, oocyte recovery, fertilization rate, and pregnancy rate in mild-to-moderate (stages I to II) disease is comparable to patients with tubal disease. However, compromise of oocyte recovery and fertilization appears to be present in severe-extensive cases (stages III to IV) implying an impairment of reproductive potential in advanced disease. In all stages of endometriosis, prior therapy, either medical or surgical, offers the best prognosis for an IVF or GIFT attempt. Surgical therapy with operative endoscopy at the time of oocyte retrieval offers a reasonable prognosis for treatment-independent pregnancy in cases of active endometriosis. The GIFT procedure bypasses an unfavorable peritoneal environment in stages I to II endometriosis without anatomic distortion or compromise of fallopian tube function. Pretreatment with GnRH analogues prior to ovulation induction is valuable in suppression of active disease as well as in inducing improved homogeneity of follicular response in IVF or GIFT cycles.

Endometriosis↗
PubMed2006

Brown oocytes: implications for assisted reproductive technology.

Fertilization, embryo development, and successful pregnancy can be achieved after transfer of embryos derived from brown oocytes at the same rate as embryos from morphologically normal oocytes. Therefore, brown oocytes are probably normal and this morphological criterion does not seem to be indicative of any adverse outcome in IVF.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Endometrial endotoxin, assisted reproductive technology, and preterm birth.

The failure of antibiotic prophylaxis to reduce preterm birth in women at risk and the increased rate of preterm birth in singleton pregnancy after ART may have a common explanation: persistent bacterial endotoxin in the endometrium, reported by Kamiyama et al. as an explanation for reduced fertility.

Antibiotic Prophylaxis↗
PubMed2004

Role of the mitochondrial genome in assisted reproductive technologies and embryonic stem cell-based therapeutic cloning.

Mitochondria play a pivotal role in cellular metabolism and are important determinants of embryonic development. Mitochondrial function and biogenesis rely on an intricate coordination of regulation and expression of nuclear and mitochondrial genes. For example, several nucleus-derived transcription factors, such as mitochondrial transcription factor A, are required for mitochondrial DNA replication. Mitochondrial inheritance is strictly maternal while paternally-derived mitochondria are selectively eliminated during early embryonic cell divisions. However, there are reports from animals as well as human patients that paternal mitochondria can occasionally escape elimination, which in some cases has led to severe pathologies. The resulting existence of different mitochondrial genomes within the same cell has been termed mitochondrial heteroplasmy. The increasing use of invasive techniques in assisted reproduction in humans has raised concerns that one of the outcomes of such techniques is an increase in the incidence of mitochondrial heteroplasmy. Indeed, there is evidence that heteroplasmy is a direct consequence of ooplasm transfer, a technique that was used to 'rescue' oocytes from older women by injecting ooplasm from young oocytes. Mitochondria from donor and recipient were found in varying proportions in resulting children. Heteroplasmy is also a byproduct of nuclear transfer, as has been shown in studies on cloned sheep, cattle and monkeys. As therapeutic cloning will depend on nuclear transfer into oocytes and the subsequent generation of embryonic stem cells from resulting blastocysts, the prospect of mitochondrial heteroplasmy and its potential problems necessitate further studies in this area.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[The basic problems and outlook for assisted reproductive technologies].

In this article the authors discuss some problems in ART:COH, stimulation protocols, culture media, transfer of embryos, luteal phase support, ethical, financial, religious and legal problems etc. Tha main complications are discussed, toosyndrom and pseudosyndrom of the empty follicle, OHSS, multiple pregnancy. In these cases the prophylactic and therapeutical measures are pointed out. Finally the main perspectives and developments of ART in the new millennium are outlined.

Ethics, Medical↗
PubMed2006

[Transparency of results in assisted reproductive technology].

Clear results in ART need to take into account the technical performances of the centre but also patients selection, cycles cancelling and embryo transfer policies. The risk of a partial transparency is an inappropriate selection of patients. From classical criterias like pregnancies per oocytes retrievals or embryo transfers we are heading towards more global indicators like live births of singletons by initiated cycles rate.

Embryo Transfer↗
PubMed2000

Reproductive technologies and risk of ovarian cancer.

Use of artificial technologies is increasing within the United States. Unfortunately, data describing the possible effects of 'superovulation' and potential risk of subsequent ovarian carcinoma are not well defined. This discussion focuses on current data regarding the potential for increased risk for ovarian carcinoma in patients who have undergone infertility evaluation and subsequent treatments.

Female↗