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PubMed2000

[Treatment of posttraumatic dystrophy].

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy, posttraumatic dystrophy or complex regional pain syndrome is a particular type of chronic pain. Although the origin is unknown, some believe that wide-dynamic range neurons located in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord play an essential role. Others consider the role of psychogenic factors underestimated. Until now, controlled clinical trials mainly directed at modulation of the sympathetic system have not revealed clearly effective therapies. Tests with guanethidine, phenylephrine, phentolamine or lidocaine have essentially been negative. Use of low dose glucocorticoids, dimethylsulphoxide, biphosphonates and epidurally applied clonidine require confirmation in studies of larger size. There are indications that invasive electrical spinal cord stimulation may have some effect; randomized studies in patients with posttraumatic dystrophy are needed. So far, only application of physical therapy at an early stage has clearly shown effective pain relief and would also lead to cost reduction.

Humans↗
PubMed1997

Complex regional pain syndrome.

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a progressive, chronic illness that is enigmatic because the mechanisms for its pathogenesis have yet to be determined. Syndromes synonymous with CRPS are reflex sympathetic dystrophy, reflex neurovascular dystrophy, causalgia, algoneurodystrophy, sympathetically maintained pain, clenched fist syndrome, and Sudek's syndrome. The diagnosis of CRPS is categorized into three stages: acute, dystrophic, and atrophic. CRPS is most often precipitated by peripheral trauma (crushing injuries, lacerations, fractures, sprains, burns, or surgery) to soft tissue or nerve complexes. The pathogenesis for CRPS has been speculated as being either a disease process of the peripheral nerves, a disease process of peripheral soft tissue, or a disease process of the spinal cord. Patients suffering from CRPS may be limited in their ability to function in a self-directed, independent fashion. A longitudinal study of CRPS on 1,348 patients revealed that 96% of the study subjects still suffer some pain and disability regardless of the duration of the disease or course of treatment. Although the primary etiology for CRPS is not clearly understood, key progress has been made in terms of establishing a psychological as well as therapeutic treatment plan once the diagnosis has been made.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1990

[Sudeck's disease--its clinical picture and therapy].

Early diagnosis and medical as well as physical therapy are necessary to successfully treat reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Psychological support and guidance of the patient are also a must. Due to wide individual differences it is not possible to recommend any single therapy as the sole treatment. The choice of treatment must be selected not only according to disease stages but also taking the individual factors of each patient inter account. Therefore, therapy must often be modified during the course of treatment. As a result a favorable out-course can be expected in most cases. Today severe physical disabilities secondary to sympathetic reflex dystrophy is quite rarely encountered.

Combined Modality Therapy↗
PubMed1996

A standardized bedside test for assessment of peripheral sympathetic nervous function using laser Doppler flowmetry.

In spite of increasing knowledge about the role of the sympathetic nervous system in autonomic disturbances like reflex sympathetic dystrophy, no functional test for the peripheral sympathetic system has been introduced into the clinical routine so far. In the development of a standardized bedside test, effects of arousal stimuli [inspiratory gasp (IG) and contralateral cooling (CC)] on blood flow in the fingertips (FTBF) were studied, using laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF). Fifty-two healthy subjects (ages 17 to 75) and 15 patients with sympathetic reflex dystrophy (SRD) underwent the diagnostic procedure. FTBF of healthy subjects during arousal maneuvers showed a reproducible decrease, which is related to a sympathetic vasoconstrictor response. The standardized test procedure with external body heating made interindividual test results comparable. Examination trials with 4 healthy subjects on 10 subsequent days showed good reproducibility. Mathematical analysis of the LDF curves was performed to calculate the degree of FTBF decrease (SRF = (Fmean - Fmin)/Fmean, QI = integral pre/integral post). In contrast to absolute flow values like Fmean and Fmin or time-related parameters like tdecrease and tregeneration, SRF and QI values presented small coefficients of variation (IG test, SRF 25.7, QI 21.7; CC test, SRF 20.0, QI 15.3). The typical decrease of the LDF signal after sympathetic stimulation was absent or diminished in patients with SRD. SRF and QI values showed statistically highly significant differences (P < 0.001) compared to healthy subjects. The presented test appears reliable for the assessment of peripheral sympathetic nervous function. The narrow physiological range of SRF and QI values enabled the differentiation of pathological sympathetic reactions. The test procedure is easy to perform, noninvasive, and practical even in patients with injuries of the upper limbs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

[Femoral neck fracture complicating algodystrophy in pregnancy].

BACKGROUND: Sympathetic reflex dystrophy is an uncommon cause of pelvic pain not to be overlooked in pregnant women. CASE REPORT: At 8 months pregnancy, a 27-year-old woman complained of invalidating pain of the left hip. Magnetic resonance imaging of the pelvis performed the day after delivery evidenced a non-displaced fracture of the femoral neck and a typical aspect of sympathetic reflex dystrophy. DISCUSSION: The true frequency of sympathetic reflex dystrophy during pregnancy is probably underestimated. Approximately one hundred cases have been reported. The hip joint is involved in 9 out of 10 cases. Such localizations are uncommon outside pregnancy, accounting for 14 to 17% of all cases.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Cutaneous pain threshold changes after sympathetic block in reflex dystrophies.

In a group of 30 subjects suffering from sympathetic reflex dystrophies of the limbs, the sympathetic ganglia of the affected side were blocked with a local anesthetic. Using an original method, we measured the cutaneous pain threshold before the block and at prefixed intervals after the block during a period of 2 days. In all subjects the cutaneous pain threshold showed damped oscillations both in the limb ipsilateral to the block and in the contralateral one. The analysis of these oscillations showed: (a) that the sympathetic control of the cutaneous pain threshold may be exerted through a negative feedback loop (skin-afferent input-CNS-sympathetic output-skin); (b) that the afferent discharge of a limb controls the contralateral sympathetic output through central mechanisms.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Recurrent sympathetic dystrophy: successful treatment by contralateral sympathectomy.

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy comprises a group of disorders characterized by disabling pain and vasomotor disturbances. Sympathectomy has become a mainstay of therapy. Recurrent symptoms following sympathectomy have been attributed to incorrect diagnosis, delayed treatment, or secondary gains. This report concerns a case of lower-extremity reflex sympathetic dystrophy that recurred following an initially curative sympathectomy and that responded to treatment with contralateral sympathectomy. We suggest that these recurrent symptoms may be due to reinnervation from the contralateral lumbar sympathetic chain.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Complications in the hemiplegic patient in the first year after the stroke].

INTRODUCTION: After a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) a hemiplegic patient is at risk from numerous complications after leaving hospital. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the frequency of occurrence of the commonest complications characteristic of the hemiplegic syndrome, during the first year after the stroke. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We evaluated 73 hemiplegic patients admitted to the rehabilitation department for treatment after a stroke. At each medical consultation, on admission and three, six and twelve months after the CVA, the complications 'belonging' to the hemiplegic syndrome were evaluated. These included contractures, painful shoulder, sympathetic-reflex dystrophy, fractures and thalamic pain. RESULTS: During the first year of the illness 81% of the patients had some type of complication. A painful shoulder was the commonest complication, seen in 40% of the patients, followed by contractures (23%). Sympathetic-reflex dystrophy of the paretic arm occurred in 11 patients (15%). CONCLUSION: The commonest complication in patients during the first year after their stroke are painful shoulder and contractures.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

[The shoulder-hand syndrome after stroke: clinical factors of severity and value of prognostic score of Perrigot].

PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were to evaluate the prognostical factors of reflex sympathetic dystrophy in stroke patients in attempt to improve the Perrigot prognostical score. MATERIAL AND METHOD: This prospective study included 28 stroke patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy. An initial clinical assessment including Perrigot score was made at the time of admission (before the end of the first month) and a second evaluation of reflex sympathetic dystrophy at the end of the third month. Patients were assessed using Motricity Index, Ashworth scale, de Bats grading (for glenohumeral alignment), Labrousse criteria (for reflex sympathetic dystrophy severity), and MADRS depression scale. Sensory deficit and unilateral neglect were noted. RESULTS: The length of stay in acute ward was 16 days. The Perrigot score was correlated with the reflex sympathetic dystrophy severity (r = 0.7, p < 0.0001). It predicted the result of therapy. A significant correlation was found between reflex sympathetic dystrophy severity and motor deficit (r = -0.591, p = 0.0007) and spasticity (p < 0.05). No relation was found with stroke side, unilateral neglect, depression or shoulder subluxation. It wasn't possible to improve the Perrigot prognostical score. CONCLUSION: Perrigot score predict reflex sympathetic dystrophy severity and the result of therapy. The shoulder subluxation which is not included in this score appears to be not predictive. Shoulder subluxation is simply a marker of a severe paresis.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

[Reflex dystrophy after reconstruction of the axillary artery].

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) is a complex syndrome of pain, trophic changes and vasomotor instability affecting the limbs. Numerous theories have been suggested to explain the pathophysiology. None is universely accepted. In most of the patients reported, an antecedant event such as trauma or surgery is implicated in the initiation of symptoms. We describe a case of reflex sympathetic dystrophy developing after reconstruction of a. axillaris. To our knowledge there have only been a few previous descriptions of reflex dystrophy following vascular surgery. The mechanism of reflex sympathetic dystrophy secondary to vascular trauma is discussed. Presumely, damage to the arterial wall by trauma may initiate abnormal reflex activity and lead to RSD. We suggest that vascular surgery should be considered as a potential risk factor for the development of RSD.

Arterial Occlusive Diseases↗
PubMed1994

[Sudeck's disease in osteoblastoma of the right talus and depression in a 12-year-old boy. Case report].

This is a case report of a 12-year-old boy with reflex sympathetic dystrophy who had surgery for two benign tumors of the right talus. The reflex sympathetic dystrophy began before the first tumor was diagnosed and at a time when the boy was under emotional stress because of conflicts relating to his parents' divorce. The case is typical of reflex sympathetic dystrophy in children, which is only rarely reported. Associated with the syndrome are anxiety, depressive symptoms, emotional instability and acute stressful life events, which makes an interdisciplinary approach imperative.

Bone Neoplasms↗
PubMed1993

[Personality markers in patients with Sudeck's disease. A psychoanalytic study].

We examined 22 patients suffering from reflex sympathetic dystrophy with psychoanalytic interviews. In all 22 patients we found a common psychological structure corresponding to Balint's basic fault (Balint, 1970). For people with this structure the accident that preceded the reflex sympathetic dystrophy and the following pain, immobilisation and need to help are promoting the patient's regression in a specific way ending in the developing of reflex sympathetic dystrophy. The dispair of the patients about their reflex sympathetic dystrophy expresses unsolved fears of early childhood.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[What is the place of diphosphonates in the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome I?].

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of biphosphonates (BPs) in complex regional pain syndrome I or reflex sympathetic dystrophy and to specify their place in this chronic painful syndrome. METHODS: A literature review of Medline and Embase with use of a combination of 3 key words: biphosphonates therapy, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, complex regional pain syndrome I, controlled study. Each article was classified by 2 independent reviewers according to Aguilar's method into high, middle or low quality. RESULTS: Three second-generation BPs were tested in the treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy: pamidronate, alendronate and clodronate. Many open studies investigated pamidronate, but only 2 were randomised and controlled: a low-quality trial comparing pamidronate with placebo and a middle-quality trial comparing pamidronate with calcitonine. Two high-quality trials were performed, 1 with alendronate and 1 with clodronate. Middle-quality trial and high-quality trials reported positive effects on pain with BPs in recent reflex sympathetic dystrophy (disease duration less than eight months). Side effects (fever, asymptomatic hypocalcemia) were observed frequently but disappeared quickly. CONCLUSION: BPs can be used in recent reflex sympathetic dystrophy when calcitonin is inefficient or when calcitonin injections are not well tolerated.

Complex Regional Pain Syndromes↗