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Dissociation of the medial prefrontal, posterior parietal, and posterior temporal cortex for spatial navigation and recognition memory in the rat.

Rats with lesions of the medial prefrontal, posterior parietal, or posterior temporal cortex were tested in five spatial navigation tasks, which varied in egocentric or allocentric demands, a visual discrimination task, and two delayed nonmatching-to-sample tasks. Rats with prefrontal lesions were impaired at every spatial navigation task, whereas rats with posterior parietal lesions had selective spatial navigation impairments. Rats with prefrontal lesions were also impaired at a visual delayed nonmatching-to-sample task, as they were unable to learn the task, even with no delay. The results are consistent with the idea that the basic plan of mammalian cortex includes prefrontal, posterior parietal, and posterior temporal regions, each of which have generally similar functions across mammalian taxa. There are, however, species-typical differences that reflect specific ecological pressures on the development of the different regions.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Age and word frequency effects in continuous recognition memory.

Fifty-seven males representing groups with median ages of 20, 52, and 63 years were presented with a long sequence of words. Using a four point scale, they judged whether each word was presented for the first ("new") or second ("old") time in the sequence. High and low frequency words and separations of 0 to 64 words between the two presentations of a given word were employed. Analyses of errors confidence judgments and decision times revealed minimal or no age difference when the number of words intervening between successive presentations did not exceed the span of immediate memory. Older subjects' performance declined more rapidly than younger subjects from 3 to 12 second retention intervals, but declined at about the same rate from 12 to 192 second retention intervals. Low frequency words were better remembered by all age groups and there was no interaction between the effects of age and word frequency in any dependent measure.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Effects of semantically related and unrelated contexts on recognition memory of different-aged adults.

Two experiments were conducted to examine adult age differences in the use of context information. In Experiment 1, the encoding of contextually influenced semantic features was examined, and the encodings of target words by both young and old adults were observed to be influenced by semantic information provided by the context. Older adults did make more semantic confusion errors, however, suggesting less distinctive encoding. Verbal ability also influenced performance, with the difference between ability groups being similar to that between age groups. In Experiment 2, target words were presented in semantically unrelated contexts, and older adults were found not to encode contextual information in this situation. It is hypothesized that the older adults' context effects in Experiment 1 were due to automatic activation of nonspecific word meaning features due to the relation between target and context. When no such familiar context existed, the older adults were less likely to use context information.

Adult↗