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PubMedDate not supplied

Sentinel node biopsy in cutaneous melanoma patients: technical and clinical aspects.

The role of the patent blue dye (PBD) technique and intraoperative probe-guided lymphoscintigraphy (LS) in detecting the sentinel node (SN) was investigated in a group of 130 consecutive stage I cutaneous melanoma patients. The preoperative workup included high-resolution US scanning and LS performed 15-18 hours before surgery. On the basis of preoperative LS, in the group of examined patients a total of 143 lymphatic drainage basins were identified and surgically explored: 41.6% in the axilla, 52.8% in the groin, and 5.6% in the head/neck. A total of 228 SNs were intraoperatively detected and removed; 110 lymphatic basins contained histologically negative SNs, while 33 basins had metastatic SNs. The sensitivity for SN detection using PBD alone was 93%, while it was 100% when PBD was combined with intraoperative LS. Preoperative and intraoperative LS appears to be a highly sensitive technique for SN detection in cutaneous melanoma patients. Furthermore, in view of the limited skin incision when radioguided surgery is performed, SN biopsy could be feasible under local anesthesia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Sentinel nodes are identifiable in formalin-fixed specimens after surgeon-performed ex vivo sentinel lymph node mapping in colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, the technique of sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping has been applied to colorectal cancer. One aim was to ultrastage patients who were deemed node negative by routine pathologic processing but who went on to develop systemic disease. Such a group may benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy. METHODS: With fully informed consent and ethical approval, 37 patients with primary colorectal cancer and 3 patients with large adenomas were prospectively mapped. Isosulfan blue dye (1 to 2 mL) was injected around tumors within 5 to 10 minutes of resection. After gentle massage to recreate in vivo lymph flow, specimens were placed directly into formalin. During routine pathologic analysis, all nodes were bivalved, and blue-staining nodes were noted. These later underwent multilevel step sectioning with hematoxylin and eosin and cytokeratin staining. RESULTS: SLNs were found in 39 of 40 patients (98% sensitivity), with an average of 4.1 SLNs per patient (range, 1-8). In 14 of 16 (88% specificity) patients with nodal metastases on routine reporting, SLN status was in accordance. Focused examination of SLNs identified occult tumor deposits in 6 (29%) of 21 node-negative patients. No metastatic cells were found in SLNs draining the three adenomas. CONCLUSIONS: The ability to identify SLNs after formalin fixation increases the ease and applicability of SLN mapping in colorectal cancer. Furthermore, the sensitivity and specificity of this simple ex vivo method for establishing regional lymph node status were directly comparable to those in previously published reports.

Adenoma↗
PubMed2004

Sentinel lymph node biopsy using periareolar injection of radiocolloid for patients with neoadjuvant chemotherapy-treated breast carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The feasibility and accuracy of sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) for patients with breast carcinoma have been investigated primarily for the situation in which the radiocolloid imaging agent is injected peritumorally. No such study has involved periareolar injection of radiocolloid, although the usefulness of this injection technique has been demonstrated in patients with early-stage breast carcinoma who have not been treated with NAC. The objective of the current study was to determine the feasibility and accuracy of SLN biopsy using periareolar injection of radiocolloid for patients with breast carcinoma who were treated with NAC. METHODS: Forty-seven patients with AJCC Stage II or III breast carcinoma who were treated with NAC were enrolled in the study. All patients underwent SLN biopsy, which involved a combination of periareolar injection of radiocolloid (technetium 99m tin colloid) and peritumoral injection of isosulfan blue dye, followed by backup axillary lymph node dissection. SLN metastases were examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemical analysis using an anticytokeratin antibody. RESULTS: An SLN was identified successfully in 44 patients (94%). Twenty-nine patients (66%) had positive SLNs. Fifteen patients had negative SLNs, and 4 patients had positive non-SLNs. Thus, the false-negative rate was 12.1% (4 of 33 patients). The false-negative rate tended to be higher, although not statistically significantly so, among patients who had clinically positive axillary lymph nodes before and/or after NAC (15.8%; 3 of 19 patients) compared with patients who had clinically negative axillary lymph nodes both before and after NAC (7.1%; 1 of 14 patients). CONCLUSIONS: SLN biopsy using periareolar injection of radiocolloid is feasible after NAC. In patients with clinically negative axillary lymph nodes both before and after NAC, SLN biopsy was capable of predicting axillary lymph node status with an accuracy comparable to the accuracy associated with SLN biopsy for patients with early-stage carcinoma who have not been treated with NAC.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Inhibition of human plasma cholinesterase by malachite green and related triarylmethane dyes: mechanistic implications.

The inhibitory effects of the cationic triarylmethane (TAM+) dyes, pararosaniline (PR+), malachite green (MG+), and methyl green (MeG+) on human plasma cholinesterase (BChE) were studied at 25 degrees C in 100 mM Mops, pH 8.0, with butyrylthiocholine as substrate. PR+ and MG+ caused linear mixed inhibition of enzyme activity. The respective inhibitory parameters were K(i) = 1.9 +/- 0.23 microM, alpha = 13 +/- 48, beta = 0 and K(i) = 0.28 +/- 0.037 microM, alpha = 23 +/- 7.4, beta = 0. MeG+ acted as a competitive inhibitor with K(i) = 0.12 +/- 0.017 microM (alpha, infinity, beta, not applicable). The K(i) values were within the same range reported for a number of ChE inhibitors including propidium ion, donepezil, and the phenothiazines, suggesting that TAM+s are active site ligands. On the other hand, the alpha values failed to correlate with values previously reported for a number of ChE inhibitors. It appears that mixed inhibition is the combined result of more than one type of binding and S-I interference. The impact of ligands at the choline-specific and peripheral anionic sites (or, possibly, accessory structural domains) on BChE activity needs to be studied in further detail.

Binding Sites↗
PubMed2006

Cuspal movement and microleakage in premolar teeth restored with resin-based filling materials cured using a 'soft-start' polymerisation protocol.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of polymerisation shrinkage strain of four posterior filling materials on cuspal movement, degree of conversion (DC) and cervical gingival microleakage of mesio-occlusal-distal (MOD) restorations placed incrementally in maxillary premolar teeth using a 'soft-start' polymerisation protocol. METHODS: Forty sound extracted upper premolar teeth were subjected to standardised preparation of a large MOD cavity before restoration. A 'soft-start' polymerisation curing regimen was used and each posterior filling material was placed in eight increments with the appropriate bonding system. A twin channel deflection measuring gauge allowed a measurement of individual cusp deflections at each stage of polymerisation. Restored teeth were thermocycled before immersion in a 0.2% basic fuchsin dye for 24h. After sagittal sectioning of the restored teeth in a mesio-distal plane, the sectioned restorations were examined to assess cervical microleakage. The DC was also assessed using a diffuse-reflectance accessory on a Fourier transform infra-red spectrophotometer. RESULTS: A significant increase in cuspal movement recorded for Z100 (20.06+/-4.71) compared with Filtek Z250 (16.52+/-3.26), P60 (14.23+/-3.71) and Admira (11.11+/-2.47). No significant reduction in cuspal movement was identified when compared with a previous study [6] where a full-intensity standard polymerisation protocol was employed. No significant differences were also identified between the materials when the cervical gingival microleakage scores or DC were examined for the 'soft-start' compared with the standard polymerisation protocol. CONCLUSIONS: Although material type remained a significant factor, the use of a 'soft-start' polymerization compared with a standard curing regime did not offer any significant reduction in associated cuspal movement, DC or gingival microleakage at the cervical dentine cavosurface margin of the cavities restored with the resin-based filling materials.

Bicuspid↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hexazonium pararosaniline as a fixative for animal tissues.

Hexazonium pararosaniline is a valuable reagent that has been used in enzyme activity histochemistry for 50 years. It is an aqueous solution containing the tris-diazonium ion derived from pararosaniline, an aminotriarylmethane dye, and it contains an excess of nitrous acid that was not consumed in the diazotization reaction. Other investigators have found that immersion for 2 min in an acidic (pH 3.5) 0.0015 M hexazonium pararosaniline solution can protect cryostat sections of unfixed animal tissues from the deleterious effects of aqueous reagents such as buffered solutions used in immunohistochemistry, while preserving specific affinities for antibodies. In the present investigation hexazonium pararosaniline protected lymphoid tissue and striated muscle against the damaging effects of water or saline. The same protection was conferred on unfixed sections treated with dilute nitrous or hydrochloric acid in concentrations similar to those in hexazonium pararosaniline solutions. Model tissues (solutions, gels or films containing gelatin and/or bovine albumin) responded predictably to well known cross-linking (formaldehyde) or coagulant (mercuric chloride) fixatives. Hexazonium pararosaniline solutions prevented the dissolution of protein gels in water only after 9 or more days of contact, during which time considerable swelling occurred. It is concluded that there is no evidence for a "fixative" action of hexazonium pararosaniline. The protective effect on frozen sections of unfixed tissue is attributable probably to the low pH of the solution.

Albumins↗
PubMed2003

Effect of massage technique on sentinel lymph node mapping for cancer of the breast.

Sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping has substantially changed the nature of surgery for cancer of the breast. Variables such as tracer type, volume, injection site, timing, and surgical experience have all been extensively evaluated. However, little attention has been paid to the technique of massage for SLN procedures. We sought to evaluate the effects of three different massage techniques on mapping success or accuracy of SLN mapping for breast cancer. All lymphatic mapping procedures for breast cancer at our tertiary-care center were performed by three experienced surgeons using both colloid and dye followed by a 5-minute massage. All data pertaining to SLN identification, histopathology, tumor characteristics, and patient demographics were entered into the Breast Care Center database. Consistent and uniquely differing massage techniques classified as resuscitative, buffer, or knead-like were each used by a specific surgeon. The last 25 consecutive cases performed by two surgeons and the last 24 by one surgeon were evaluated. The overall rate of SLN identification was 97 per cent, and the overall accuracy was 98.7 per cent. There was no statistically significant difference in the rate of SLN identification or accuracy between techniques. The proportions of blue-stained SLNs were similar, but the resuscitative technique yielded fewer hot SLNs (Fisher's exact test, P = 0.02). This method also yielded one false negative case. The three different massage techniques yielded a similar number of blue-stained SLNs. The resuscitative technique yielded fewer hot SLNs than the kneading and buffer methods. Our results failed to demonstrate a superior breast massage technique for identifying sentinel nodes. A larger randomized trial is needed to confirm these findings.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Some practical considerations in quantitative absorbance microspectrophotometry. Preparation techniques in DNA cytophotometry.

An experimental review of the Feulgen and gallocyanine-chrome-alum stains for quantitative cytophotometry of DNA in tissue sections yielded information on the preparation and staining of tissue for quantitative absorbance microspectrophotometry. (1) Tissues routinely fixed in formalin are suitable for either stain. Specimens fixed with glutaraldehyde-containing fixatives are not satisfactory for Feulgen staining, nor are ethanol-fixed specimens, unless they are post-fixed in formalin. (2) The pararosaniline dyes, used in the Feulgen stain, are sufficiently pure to use if a solution of the dye in ethanol shows an absorbance peak at 543 to 546 nm. (3) The Feulgen stain provides good reproducibility when the staining solution is adjusted to pH 1.5. (4) Gallocyanine is the best stain to use on Bouin-fixed or glutaraldehyde-fixed tissues. (5) Where fixation is an option, Carnoy and methanol-formalin-glacial acetic acid are excellent fixatives that can be followed by either stain. (6) Selection of the thickness of a tissue section involves a compromise. Requirements of minimum nuclear overlap and sharp focusing favor a section thickness of 4 micron to 6 micron. On the other hand, the requirement for full nuclear thickness, as judged by absorbance equivalent to that of a touch preparation, demands sections as thick as 8 micron in the case of mouse liver. Within this range, the optimum thickness, therefore, is determined by the particular tissue, the range of its nuclear sizes and its packing density. (7) The refractive index of the mounting medium should be closely matched to that of the background structure of the tissue sections. For animal tissues, we found that media with refractive indices of 1.54 to 1.56 are suitable.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Further data on the usefulness of sentinel lymph node identification and ultrastaging in vulvar squamous cell carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: The aim was to determine the feasibility of surgical identification and pathological ultrastaging of sentinel nodes (SNs) in vulvar carcinoma and to evaluate whether SN negativity rules out the possibility of metastasis in other nodes and can therefore avoid conventional lymphadenectomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In 26 patients with vulvar squamous cell carcinoma the SNs were detected using both peritumoral injection of (99m)Tc and blue dye (isosulfan or methylene) before the surgical procedure. Dissection of the SNs was followed by standard lymphadenectomy and vulvar exeresis. For pathological ultrastaging at least eight histological sections of every node separated 400 microm were evaluated using hematoxylin & eosin and immunostaining against cytokeratin. RESULTS: We identified the SNs in 25/26 patients (96%). In 19 patients (76%) the SN was unilateral and in 6 (24%) it was bilateral. A total of 46 SNs were isolated. Metastatic carcinoma was identified in 9 SNs from 8 patients (30.8%). Thirty-eight percent (3 of 8) patients with metastatic SNs presented micrometastasis detected only in ultrastaging. Seven (3.3%) of 239 nonsentinel nodes (non-SNs) showed metastasis. No metastatic implant was detected in non-SNs when SNs were negative in patients without clinical suspicious adenopathy (100% negative predictive value). CONCLUSION: Inguinofemoral lymph nodes can be confidently avoided when sentinel node metastases are excluded by histological ultrastaging. This may reduce the surgical morbidity of conventional inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy, without worsening vulvar cancer prognosis.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Ex vivo lymphatic mapping: a technique to improve pathologic staging in colorectal cancer.

Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is widely used for solid tumors and has been proposed for use in staging colorectal cancer (CRC). Few studies have examined the ex vivo lymphatic mapping (EVLM) technique for staging CRC. We hypothesized that EVLM is technically feasible, sensitive, accurate, and improves the staging of CRC. After standard resection for colorectal cancer, 1 mL of isosulfan blue dye was injected circumferentially around the tumor. Blue-stained nodes were dissected separately and examined by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemical (IHC) stains. Routine pathologic evaluation was performed on all other harvested lymph nodes. Forty patients underwent 43 cancer resections with EVLM from July 2000 to December 2003. SLN were identified in 39 of 43 (91%) specimens. The mean number of SLN obtained was 1.9 (range, 0-5). Pathologic evaluation demonstrated nodal metastasis in 16 of 39 (39%) specimens. The SLN was tumor-positive in 9 of these 16 (56%) patients. The overall accuracy of EVLM was 82%. Two patients (9%) with H&E node negative disease were upstaged when found to have micrometastases by IHC staining. In conclusion, EVLM is technically possible in 90 per cent of patients with CRC. Although overall accuracy was high, the SLN status correlated poorly with the true nodal status of the CRC. However, EVLM improves pathologic staging in 9 per cent of patients and therefore may be of value in CRC.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2003

Investigation of sentinel lymph nodes of the axillary and cubital regions in upper-extremity malignant skin tumors: a series of 15 patients.

BACKGROUND: Few articles have reported the location of sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) in relation to skin-tumor location. We examined the location of SLNs in relation to skin-tumor location in the axillary and cubital regions. METHODS: We attempted to detect SLNs of the axillary and cubital regions using 1% sulfan blue dye in 15 patients with melanoma and other skin cancers. RESULTS: SLNs were detected in 12 patients: in 10 patients, one SLN was detected; in 2 patients, two SLNs were detected. In 4 patients, tumor metastasis in SLNs was positive. In 69 samples, 16 metastatic lymph nodes were detected: tumor metastasis was recognized in 4 SLNs and in 12 other lymph nodes. In 8 patients, the SLNs were negative for tumor metastasis. Ten SLNs were found in 45 other samples; all lymph nodes were negative for tumor metastasis (false-negative rate, 0%). The SLNs were located in the following regions: central axillary nodes, 6 cases; lateral axillary nodes, 4 cases; subscapular nodes, 1 case; cubital node, 2 cases. CONCLUSIONS: Because the lateral and central lymph nodes drain the lymph channels of the upper extremity, the SLNs were mainly located in the central and lateral lymph nodes in the axillary region. However, the ulnar dorsal hand tumors and the dorsal little-finger skin tumors were connected to the cubital lymph node. It is necessary to check both the cubital and axillary regions when dyed lymph vessels are going toward the cubital region.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Clinical relevance of multiple sentinel nodes in patients with breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Indiscriminate removal of axillary nodes may not be justified as it may potentially worsen the morbidity of the sentinel lymph node biopsy (SNB) procedure. This study examined the factors associated with removal of multiple sentinel lymph nodes and determined whether there was an upper threshold for the number of sentinel nodes that should be removed. METHODS: A total of 803 patients with breast cancer underwent successful SNB using peritumoral injection of (99m)Tc-labelled albumin colloid and Patent Blue V dye. SNB was followed by standard axillary treatment at the same operation in all patients. RESULTS: The mean number of sentinel nodes removed per procedure was 2.2 (range 1-9). Multiple sentinel nodes (mean 2.9, range 2-9) were found in 501 patients (62.4 per cent). The false-negative rate in patients who had one sentinel node harvested was 10 per cent, compared with 1 per cent in patients who had three or more nodes removed (P = 0.010). Factors associated with finding multiple sentinel nodes were age less than 50 years (P = 0.004), low body mass index (P < 0.001), tumour in the outer half of the breast (P = 0.013), sentinel node visualization on lymphoscintigraphy (P < 0.001) and an interval of 12 h or less between radioisotope injection and SNB (P = 0.014). For 99.6 per cent of node-positive tumours, metastasis was detected within the first four sentinel nodes removed. CONCLUSION: The identification of multiple sentinel nodes, when present, reduced the false-negative rate. These data suggested that removal of more than four nodes was unnecessary.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

On structural formulas of basic fuchsin and aldehyde-Schiff reaction products.

A variety of structural formulas has been suggested for the basic fuchsin moiety of aldehyde-Schiff reaction products. It was therefore deemed of interest to review the development of these different concepts of dye structure. Formulation of basic fuchsin as an ammonium salt preceded the quinonoid theory; however, chemists could not find such salts. The quinoid theory also could not be reconciled with chemical observations and spectroscopic data. In the 1920's the quinonoid formulas were superseded by benzenoid formulas with a positive charge at the central carbon atom. Using the resonance theory, basic fuchsin is often written with an apparently pentavalent nitrogen atom at a quinonoid ring. But such limiting structures do not exist in reality; the structure of the resonance hybrid is intermediate between the various contributing structures. The carbonium formula appears preferable to other limiting structures because it would remove temptations to endow basic fuchsin with a quinonoid ring, an imino or an ammonium group. Some formulas of aldehyde-Schiff reaction products carry two positive charges. But divalent basic fuchsin is very unstable. The divalent form of its derivatives formaldehyde- Schiff's reagent, aldehyde-fuchsin, and Crystal Violet is deep green; with decreasing H-ion concentration the divalent green compounds revert to the red or violet monovalent substance. It appears therefore highly unlikely that divalent basic fuchsin exists in PAS reaction products in washed and dehydrated sections.

Aldehydes↗
PubMed2004

Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy and internal mammary sentinel lymph node biopsy do not enhance the accuracy of lymphatic mapping for breast cancer.

Lymphoscintigraphy (LS) may identify sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) outside the axilla. Biopsy of these nodes could improve the accuracy of lymphatic mapping (LM) for breast cancer (BC) if a significant number of tumor-positive extra-axillary sentinel nodes are identified. To address this, we evaluated the impact of the use of preoperative LS and biopsy of axillary and internal mammary SLNs in women with BC. From October 1997 to July 2003, 175 women with breast cancer received technetium sulfur colloid, and images were obtained. Isosulfan blue dye was injected intraoperatively, and LM of the axillary and internal mammary lymph node basins was performed with a hand-held gamma probe. The anatomic location and histologic status of all SLNs identified with LS and LM was recorded, and the impact of the findings on LS and internal mammary LM were evaluated. LS showed SLN in 127/175 (73%) women and "hot spots" were found with the gamma probe in 142/175 (81%). At least one SLN was identified by LM in 168/175 (96%) patients, and 48/168 (29%) had metastases. One hundred sixty-two of 168 (96%) patients had SLN exclusively in the axilla. Only 10 of 175 (6%) women had internal mammary (IM) SLNs seen on LS. LM identified IM sentinel nodes in 6 of these 10 patients, but none were involved with tumor. Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy and biopsy of internal mammary sentinel nodes do not enhance the accuracy of lymphatic mapping for breast cancer. Omitting lymphoscintigraphy reduces the complexity and cost of lymphatic mapping without compromising the identification of tumor-positive sentinel nodes.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Total protein determination in urine: elimination of a differential response between the coomassie blue and pyrogallol red protein dye-binding assays.

BACKGROUND: The total protein content of urine is a good index of renal function, but its determination is unreliable. Protein dye-binding assays are simple, but they characteristically lack a uniform response to different proteins. METHODS: We investigated a differential response of the Sigma Microprotein Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) and Pyrogallol Red-molybdate (PRM) protein dye-binding assays to urine, using human albumin, albumin/globulin, or urinary protein as calibrator. RESULTS: The urine protein values (n = 60) obtained with the CBB assay were 110-13 500 mg/L (mean, 2390 mg/L) compared with 160-18 300 mg/L (mean, 3470 mg/L) obtained with the PRM assay (CBB:PRM protein concentration ratio, 0.46-0.88, mean, 0. 69 +/- 0.10). The differential response was highly reproducible as indicated by Sigma urine control Level 1 (within-day CBB:PRM ratio, 0.68 +/- 0.02; between-day CBB:PRM ratio, 0.67 +/- 0.04) and Sigma urine control Level 2 (within-day CBB:PRM ratio, 0.60 +/- 0.01; between-day CBB:PRM ratio, 0.59 +/- 0.02). The use of urinary protein as a calibrator (rather than human albumin) greatly improved the agreement between the assays when applied to urine (y(CBB) = 0. 972x(PRM) - 16 vs y(CBB) = 0.685x(PRM) + 17). In studies using urine controls, this calibrator also improved agreement between the CBB, PRM, trichloroacetic acid (TCA), and benzethonium chloride protein methods and, to a lesser extent, agreement with the TCA-Ponceau S method. CONCLUSION: The use of a urinary protein calibrator improves the agreement between different methods used to determine total protein in urine.

Albumins↗
PubMed1995

Inhibition of DNA synthesis in primary rat hepatocyte cultures by malachite green: a new liver tumor promoter.

Malachite green (MG), a triarylmethane dye is highly cytotoxic to mammalian cells and also acts as a liver tumour-enhancing agent. In view of its industrial importance and possible exposure to individuals, MG may pose a potential environmental health hazard. The mechanism(s) by which MG enhances DEN-induced liver carcinogenesis is still unknown even though growth modulatory effects appear to be important in its action. Therefore, we have studied the effect of MG on DNA synthesis in primary cultures of normal adult rat hepatocytes maintained under fully defined conditions. The rate of DNA synthesis in both untreated and hepatocytes treated with epidermal growth factor (10 ng/ml) were inhibited by MG at concentrations of 0.025-0.4 micrograms/ml. These inhibitory effects were concomitant with an extensive release of lactate dehydrogenase which began after 24 h. MG inhibited DNA synthesis when added after only 16 h in hepatocytes either primed or not primed with EGF, suggesting that the target site may be other than the EGF-receptor or EGF-mediated early events involving signal transduction. The present study indicates that cytotoxic and mitoinhibitory properties of MG possibly play an important role during tumour promotion.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Automated determination of urine and cerebrospinal fluid proteins with Coomassie Brilliant Blue and the Abbott ABA-100.

We have evaluated the use of Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) dye to measure the protein of urine and cerebral spinal fluid. The method was automated and compared with the turbidimetric method and with Ponceau S dye. With both the manual and automated procedures the CBB method could be used to protein concentrations of 160 mg/dl. Comparing this method to the method measuring the turbidity produced by trichloracetic acid (TCA) we found a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.96. The regression line was CBB = 0.84 TCA + 4.97. A similar comparison to the method using Ponceau S (PS) produced an r = 0.98 and the regression line, CBB = 0.91 P-S + 3.2. The CBB method was not as affected by turbidity in the samples or by xanthochromia as was the TCA Method. It is simpler to perform than the P-S method, since it does not require decantation. With the manual method, the coefficient of variation (CV) at 40 mg/dl for within-day determinations was less than 2% and, for between-day determinations, less than 4%. While the CV was somewhat higher with the ABA than with the manual method at 40 mg/dl, it was below 5% for both within-day and between-day determinations at the concentrations between 70 and 170 mg/dl. The method using CBB is useful as both a manual and automated procedure to measure protein in urine and cerebral spinal fluid.

Autoanalysis↗
PubMed2001

Microleakage of self-etching primers after thermal and flexural load cycling.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the adhesive properties of a one-bottle self-etching primer system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 150 wedge-shaped cervical cavities on bovine teeth were restored with Clearfil Liner Bond 2 (LB), Clearfil Liner Bond 2V (LV) or Clearfil SE Bond (SE), according to the manufacturer's instructions. Twenty specimens of each adhesive system were finished 15 mins after light curing and 30 specimens were finished after a 24-hr storage period in water. From each group, 10 restorations were immediately immersed in 0.5% basic fuchsin solution and kept there for 24 hrs to examine microleakage. The other 10 restorations were thermocycled (5-60 degrees C, 15 s dwell time, 5,000 cycles), and then immersed in the dye solution. The remaining 10 specimens of the 24-hr storage group were subjected to flexural load cycling (0.5 mm labio-lingual displacement at the incisal edge, 10,000 cycles, 1 cps) prior to immersion in the dye solution. The data was analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U-test and the Kruskal-Wallis test. The tensile bond strengths of the adhesive systems to bovine enamel and dentin were also determined. The data was analyzed using the Student's t-test and ANOVA. In addition, SEM examinations were made to evaluate the effects of self-etching primers on enamel and dentin surfaces. RESULTS: LV and SE showed significantly better marginal sealing than LB (P<0.05). The marginal integrity of SE did not deteriorate even after immediate finishing, thermal stresses or flexural loads. There were no significant differences in bond strengths among the adhesive systems tested. All adhesive systems showed similar bond strengths to enamel and dentin. The enamel etching patterns using LV and SE systems were obscure and difficult to assess. Although the smear plugs were not fully removed, no smear layer was observed on the treated dentin surfaces, regardless of the self-etching primer system used. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Clearfil SE bond could possibly improve the clinical performance of cervical cavities.

Acid Etching, Dental↗