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PubMed1980

Influenza in children. Relationship to other respiratory agents.

During the 1975-1976 respiratory disease season, influenza A/Victoria virus exceeded respiratory syncytial (RS) virus as a cause of lower respiratory tract disease (LRD) in children admitted to the hospital. This was a reversal of their usual roles in the etiology of LRD; however, the importance of influenza viruses in causing serious disease in children has been underestimated because of failure to appreciate the full spectrum of disease associated with influenza virus infections. In addition to those with LRD, several children were hospitalized with nonspecific febrile illnesses or CNS involvement. Furthermore, in the ambulatory care setting, influenza viruses were the most important cause of illness that necessitated children's being brought for medical care during a three-year period. During the peak of epidemics, influenza viruses appeared to interfere with the spread of other major respiratory viruses--particularly RS virus.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Isolation of Trichomonas vaginalis from the respiratory tract of infants with respiratory disease.

Trichomonas vaginalis was isolated from the respiratory tracts of two infants with respiratory disease. Bacterial and viral cultures of tracheal aspirates and nasopharyngeal specimens did not detect bacterial pathogens or viruses; however, T vaginalis was found to be present in inoculated cell cultures. Both infants were delivered vaginally by mothers with known previous episodes of T vaginalis infection. The possibility that this organism may, on occasion, cause respiratory tract disease needs further evaluation.

Delivery, Obstetric↗
PubMed2004

[Smoking-attributable productivity loss in Germany--a partial sickness cost study based on the human capital potential method].

PURPOSE: Costs of productivity loss for the Federal Republic of Germany attributable to smoking in 1999 was to be determined. METHODS: Mortality and morbidity attributable to smoking is determined by a 0.5 % sample of the smoking behaviour of the German population (microcensus 1999) and the relative mortality risks of smokers (US-American cancer prevention study II). Tobacco smoke-associated cancer illnesses, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory tract diseases and illnesses of children under one year are considered. Calculation of the productivity-relevant consequences of smoking due to morbidity and mortality is effected according to the so-called human potential capital method. RESULTS: In Germany total of 607,393 working years were lost because of smoking in the year 1999. The costs of productivity loss are estimated at 14,480 billion euro. From this 4,525 billion euro are allotted to premature mortality, 5.759 billion euro to permanent disablement and 4.196 billion euro to temporary incapacitation for work. If the costs of productivity loss by smoking are referred to the gross national product (BSP) in the year 1999, an economical damage at a value of 0.74 % of BSPs results. This corresponds to a productivity loss of 379 euro per present or former smoker. The sensitivity analysis manifests that the inclusion of "non-marketable production" results in an immense rise productivity losses attributable to smoking. However, it should be noted that in times of mass unemployment the human capital method which is based on full employment does not measure the actual, but only the potential productivity loss cost. CONCLUSIONS: This partial disease cost study shows that immense economic productivity losses are associated with smoking. This loss of resources can justify a purposeful promotion of studies regarding cost effectiveness of anti-smoking therapeutic measures or preventive measures against smoking. But it should be considered that the use of the human potential capital method results in an overestimation of the actual productivity losses by smoking. In future the costs of productivity losses attributable to smoking should be determined by the friction cost method. With this procedure a more realistic estimation of productivity-relevant costs of smoking is possible.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Effect of zinc salts on respiratory syncytial virus replication.

Zinc supplementation decreases the morbidity of lower respiratory tract infection in pediatric patients in the developing world. We sought to determine if zinc mediates a specific inhibitory effect against the major cause of pediatric lower respiratory tract disease, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). We determined the in vitro inhibitory effect of three zinc salts (zinc acetate, lactate, and sulfate) on the replication of RSV at various concentrations of 10 and 1 mM and 100 and 10 microM. The degree of inhibition of RSV replication was examined in the presence of zinc during preincubation, adsorption, or penetration and was compared with that caused by salts of other divalent cations. Complete inhibition of RSV plaque formation was observed at 1 and 10 mM, representing reductions that were >or=10(6)-fold. At the lowest concentration tested, 10 microM, we observed >or=1000-fold reductions in RSV yield when zinc was present during preincubation, adsorption, penetration, or egress of virus. The therapeutic indices, determined as ratios of 50% toxicity concentration to 50% inhibitory concentration, were 100, 150, and 120 for zinc acetate, zinc lactate, and zinc sulfate, respectively. The inhibitory effect of zinc salts on RSV was concentration dependent and was not observed with other salts containing divalent cations such as calcium, magnesium, and manganese. RSV plaque formation was prevented by pretreatment of HEp-2 cell monolayer cultures with zinc or by addition of zinc to methylcellulose overlay media after infection. The results of this study suggest that zinc mediates antiviral activity on RSV by altering the ability of the cell to support RSV replication.

Adsorption↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Incidence and precipitating factors of morbidity among Israeli travelers abroad.

BACKGROUND: During recent years international travel, including visits to the developing world, has become increasingly popular. Many of these travelers suffer from some sort of health problem during their trip or after their return. Travelers clinics that give pretravel immunization and counseling have emerged. This study analyzes the incidence and risk factors for health problems among Israelis traveling abroad. METHODS: The study surveyed by telephone 200 people who visited the traveler's clinic at Soroka Medical Center in Beer-Sheva during the years 1998 to 1999. The travelers were questioned after returning from their journey about the type and duration of the trip, compliance with medical advice given in the travel clinic, and health problems during the trip. RESULTS: The mean age was 26.4 +/- 9.4 years, 7% went on an organized tour, 23% traveled alone, and 77% traveled with a friend. The mean duration of the trip was 14.7 +/- 13.4 weeks. Of the travelers, 70% reported some health impairment. Problems reported most frequently were gastrointestinal tract diseases (43%), respiratory tract diseases (25%), and injuries (10%). Only 4% were admitted to a hospital during their trip. After their return, 19.5% consulted a physician. Comparing the group of travelers who were sick with the rest, a correlation between noncompliance with the keeping of food hygiene and illness was found (p =.008). Additional risk factors for illness were long duration (p <.001), solitary trip (p =.04), and young age (p <.001). Of the people who were advised to take antimalaria chemoprophylaxis, 55% reported regular use of these drugs. Compliance with treatment correlated with older age (p <.001), short duration of stay (p =.01), previous experience, and travel to Africa (p <.001). CONCLUSIONS: Most of the travelers to developing countries are young, travel for long periods, and live in basic conditions during their stay abroad. For these reasons travelers are at increased risk for morbidity. High risk travelers should be identified and counseled in order to increase their compliance with the medical advice and immunizations. A screening program for returning travelers should be considered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

[Longterm virological studies in chronic diseases of the respiratory tract I (author's transl)].

A longitudinal study on the occurrence of acute viral infection of the respiratory tract in chronic respiratory diseases was carried out from the middle of July 1973 to the middle of July 1975 in a special clinic for respiratory organs. In the present publication, the general plan of the study, aspects of the selection of the "index" patients, the collection andprocessing of the materail for investigation and the documentation of the clinical symptoms of intercurrent infections of the respiratory tract on schematized diagnostic report forms are described.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2000

Diseases of the respiratory tract of chelonians.

Diseases of the respiratory tract commonly occur in captive chelonians, and several diseases also have occurred in wild chelonians. Infectious causes include viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Herpesviruses have surfaced as important pathogens of the oral cavity and respiratory tract in Hermann's tortoise (Testudo hermanii), spur-thighed tortoise (Testudo graeca), and other tortoises in Europe and the United States. Herpesvirus-associated respiratory diseases also have been reported in the green turtle, Chelonia mydas, in mariculture in the Cayman Islands. Of diseases caused by bacteria, an upper respiratory tract disease caused by Mycoplasma sp has been reported in free-hanging and captive gopher tortoises in the southeastern United States and in desert tortoises in the Mojave Desert of the southwestern United States. Mycotic pulmonary disease is commonly reported in captive chelonians, especially in those maintained at suboptimal temperatures. An intranuclear coccidia has been seen in several species of captive tortoises in the United States, and, in one case, a severe proliferative pneumonia was associated with organisms in the lung. The most common noninfectious cause of respiratory disease in chelonians results from trauma to the carapace. Although pulmonary fibromas commonly occur in green turtles with fibropapillomatosis, for the most part, tumors of the respiratory tract are uncommon in chelonians.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

[Effect of meteorologic and atmospheric health factors on acute diseases of the respiratory tract in children--as exemplified by the Biel region].

In the region of the small town of Biel, cases of various acute respiratory illnesses among children were recorded and correlated with measured parameters of meteorology and air pollution (sulfur dioxide, dust) during a period of one and a half years. An increase of cases was noted during the fall and winter months, by low temperatures, high humidity and meteorological conditions with northerly synoptic winds. Also the correlation of the cases to SO2 deposition values revealed a significant connection that may possibly be simulated by identical seasonal changes. No significant connection could be found between concentrations of SO2 respectively dust values and frequency of illness.

Air Pollution↗
PubMed2002

Fungal diseases of the respiratory tract.

The proportion of Candida and non-Candida species in the clinical material from patients with respiratory-tract diseases was determined. C. albicans was isolated in 102 cases. An additional 89 strains of yeasts, isolated in association with respiratory diseases, belonged to 10 non-albicans Candida spp. and Cryptococcus spp. The prevailing species, which occurred in 47 cases, was C. parapsilosis. C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, and C. guilliermondii were isolated in 12, 10, and 9 cases, respectively. Four strains of C. krusei and three strains of C. lusitaniae and one strain each of C. freyschussii, C. robusta, C. zeylanoides, and Cryptococcus neoformans were also isolated.

Candida↗
PubMed1997

Parainfluenza virus type 4 infections in pediatric patients.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics and epidemiology of parainfluenza virus type 4 infections in pediatric patients. METHODS: Hospital records of 13 patients from whom parainfluenza virus type 4 was isolated were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Parainfluenza virus type 4 infection was associated with upper respiratory tract disease, severe lower respiratory tract disease requiring hospitalization in 10 of 13 patients and aseptic meningitis. Nine of the 10 hospitalized patients were < 24 months old (mean age, 8.3 months) and required hospitalization for 4 to 25 days (mean, 5.5 days). CONCLUSIONS: Serious illnesses associated with parainfluenza virus type 4 infections are more common than previously recognized.

Child↗
PubMed2000

Conglutinin and immunoconglutinin titers in stressed calves in a feedlot.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether increased conglutinin titers are evident in stressed calves that do not develop respiratory tract disease in feedlots, compared with respiratory tract disease, and to determine the increase in immunoconglutinin titers. ANIMALS: 101 mixed-breed beef calves. PROCEDURE: Calves were processed at 4 farms of origin and allowed to remain with their dams for another 100 days. Calves from each farm were brought to a centrally located order-buyer barn. In a feedlot, 101 calves were assigned to pens and observed daily for clinical signs of acute respiratory tract disease. When sick calves were detected, they were treated with antibiotics and isolated in a pen for 4 days. Conglutinin and immunoconglutinin titers were determined for all calves. RESULTS: During the 28-day study, 73 calves developed respiratory tract disease, whereas 28 calves remained healthy. Mean conglutinin titers differed significantly among calves from the 4 farms. Significant differences were not detected in conglutinin titers among calves on the basis of sex, morbidity, or vaccination status against Mannheimia haemolytica at each farm, the order-buyer barn, or the feedlot on days 8, 15, and 28 after arrival. Immunoconglutinin titers in calves differed significantly among farms and morbidity status. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Mean conglutinin titers in calves do not appear to be associated with the incidence of acute respiratory tract disease; however, increased immunoconglutinin titers appear to be associated with recovery of stressed calves from respiratory tract disease during the first 15 days after arrival in a feedlot.

Animals↗