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PubMed1993

Evaluation of the RapID NH system for identification of Haemophilus somnus, Pasteurella multocida, Pasteurella haemolytica, and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolated from cattle and pigs with respiratory disease.

Haemophilus somnus, Pasteurella haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae from cattle and pigs with respiratory disease were used to evaluate the RapID NH system (Innovative Diagnostics, Atlanta, Ga.). Minor modifications of the RapID NH system to include animal source and growth requirements would permit the identification of all isolates tested.

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae↗
PubMed2000

Epidemiological investigation of the influence of environmental risk factors on respiratory diseases in swine--a literature review.

The influence of environmental and management factors on respiratory diseases in pigs is reviewed from an epidemiological point of view. The suitability of methods for the investigation of risk factors is discussed including aspects of study design, case definition, exposure assessment and data analysis. The results of published studies suggest a causal web of factor interaction, the analysis of which provides considerable challenges for current epidemiological techniques. New approaches to the problem should be further explored in the future in order to provide reliable advice to decision makers.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Trials of high frequency jet ventilation in preterm infants with severe respiratory disease.

Nine preterm newborn infants were maintained on conventional mechanical ventilation for respiratory diseases were given high frequency jet ventilation in the same inspired FiO2 for short periods (10-120 min). Lower mean airway pressures were used in high frequency jet ventilation (0.70 +/- 0.2 kPa versus 0.96 +/- 0.2 kPa in intermittent positive pressure ventilation), and peak inspiratory pressures were reduced from 2.06 +/- 0.4 to 1.38 +/- 0.24 kPa. Respiratory and haemodynamic data were compared with those obtained in intermittent positive pressure ventilation, PaO2 and PCO2 were similar, while an increase in pH and reduction of central venous pressure were observed during high frequency jet ventilation. This preliminary study indicates that high frequency jet ventilation provides good ventilatory support, at least for short periods, with reduced airway pressures, and could be a promising technique for prevention of acute and chronic pulmonary barotrauma.

Hemodynamics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Influence of negative factors of the living environment on respiratory diseases in children].

An epidemiological survey was made in 9 cities and towns of Russia to study the influence of negative characteristics of an inhabited place on respiratory diseases in children. About 6,000 questionnaires questioning the living conditions of young children were filled in. The questionnaire pays a particular attention to frequent leakages and mould in the flats. To study the children's health status, a number of questions of the questionnaire were devoted to the present of some respiratory and allergic diseases (symptoms) reflecting the influence of unfavorable factors within the inhabited place. The logistic regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between the characteristics of the inhabited place of schoolchildren and the presence of respiratory and allergic diseases. A significant relationship was established between the frequent leakages, the presence of mould in the rooms, and the risk for bronchial asthma, persistent productive cough, persistent stertorous respiration, respiratory infections and any manifestations of allergic reactions in children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Interferon production in children with respiratory diseases.

In 110 children aged between 6 months and 18 years the ability of leukocytes to produce the leukocyte interferon (IFN-alpha) in vitro was studied. The decrease or disappearance of IFN-alpha production was observed in some children with chronic or repeated respiratory diseases and in the majority of children who had been treated with prednisone. Increased production of IFN-alpha was found in a child with hypogammaglobulinemia and bronchopneumonia. In children affected by allergic or autoimmune diseases or bacterial infections IFN-alpha production was mostly normal. Age and sex had no influence on the production of IFN-alpha.

Autoimmune Diseases↗
PubMed1987

A review of environmental and host factors in relation to equine respiratory disease.

This paper reviews the environmental and host factors which interact to affect the incidence and severity of episodes of respiratory disease in stabled horses. The folly of accepting housing criteria and management practices for the horse, based on direct extrapolations from intensive housing of meat producing animals, is discussed. The factors which affect air hygiene and physical environment of stables are considered in terms of short-term athletic performance and long-term welfare.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2005

The global burden of non-malignant respiratory disease due to occupational airborne exposures.

BACKGROUND: Occupational non-malignant respiratory disease arises from exposure of workers to airborne agents, mostly particulate or dusts. We describe the worldwide mortality and morbidity from asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pneumoconioses arising from these occupational exposure and focus on cases reported in the year 2000. METHODS: The proportions of workers exposed to the agents, and their levels of exposure, were estimated using workforce data and the CAREX (CARcinogen EXposure) database. These were combined with relative risk measures (for asthma and COPD) or absolute risk measures (for the pneumoconioses) to develop estimates of deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and attributable fraction (for asthma and COPD). RESULTS: There were an estimated 386,000 deaths (asthma: 38,000; COPD: 318,000; pneumoconioses: 30,000) and nearly 6.6 million DALYS (asthma: 1,621,000; COPD: 3,733,000, pneumoconioses: 1,288,000) due to exposure to occupational airborne particulates. CONCLUSIONS: Occupational airborne particulates are an important cause of death and disability worldwide.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Efficiency of crude and purified fungal antigens in serodiagnosis to discriminate mycotic from other respiratory diseases.

Mycotic immunodiagnosis was performed in 186 hospitalized patients with different respiratory diseases, mostly considered as tuberculosis and others with a doubtful diagnosis. Crude histoplasmin, coccidioidin, paracoccidioidin, blastomycin, candidin, aspergillin, and sporotrichin, as well as purified polysaccharide-protein complexes (PPC) of Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis were used as antigens. Immune tests used included skin test (ST), gel immunodiffusion (ID), counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE), complement fixation (CF), and ELISA. A possible association with candidosis was observed in 17% of patients with tuberculosis and diabetes; one presumptive paracoccidioidomycosis, one confirmed aspergillosis, and six cases of active histoplasmosis were determined. Candidin ST showed 29% of positive reactions with an increased frequency in patients between 31 and 55 years of age. CF test showed the highest positivity percentages with crude antigens, specially for Candida antigen (26.3%) and histoplasmin (18.2%). Cross reactions were evident with crude antigens but decreased when PPC's were used in ELISA.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Serum antibody does not account for differences in the severity of chronic respiratory disease caused by Mycoplasma pulmonis in LEW and F344 rats.

Chronic respiratory disease in rats, resulting from Mycoplasma pulmonis infection, is useful in the study of the immunological mechanisms in similar inflammatory diseases and provides a unique opportunity to study the interactions between systemic and mucosal immune systems in a naturally occurring infection. The present study examined the serum antibody responses to M. pulmonis in strains of rats which differ in disease progression and severity; LEW rats developed more severe disease than did F344 rats. Serum antibody responses were evaluated as to their levels, isotypes, and antigens recognized. Infected LEW rats produced greater or equal levels of the major classes of serum antibody to M. pulmonis than did infected F344 rats, suggesting that development of serum antibody responses alone does not resolve lesions and is not responsible for the difference in disease severity found in LEW and F344 rats. Although LEW rats produced higher responses in all subclasses of immunoglobulin G (IgG), the specific IgG response of LEW rats was composed predominately of IgG1 and IgG2a subclasses, while IgG2b was the major component of the IgG response in F344 rats. Finally, LEW rats responded more quickly to M. pulmonis antigens than did F344 rats, and there was no difference in the antigens eventually recognized by each strain, confirming previous work which suggested that LEW rats do not exhibit an unresponsiveness to a specific antigen(s) of M. pulmonis.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Type-specific pneumococcal respiratory disease in the elderly and chronically III.

Type-specific pneumococcal respiratory disease was studied in a chronic-disease hospital during a 27-month period. Isolates from 50 patients with pneumonia and from 24 patients with chronic bronchitis were available for typing. Vaccine types were isolated from 74 per cent of patients with pneumonia and from 42 per cent of patients with chronic bronchitis. Pneumococcal types isolated from 5 of 8 patients with bacteremia and from 6 of 9 patients who died were also included in the vaccine. The data suggest that, theoretically, closed populations of elderly and chronically ill patients would benefit from vaccination in an attempt to control pneumococcal pneumonia. Less clear is the potential role vaccination in patients with chronic bronchitis.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1984

Fatal adenoviral (type 7) respiratory disease in neonates.

Two cases of fatal neonatal adenoviral type 7 respiratory disease are described. The clinical, laboratory, x-ray, and pathological features of these two neonates and those reported in the literature are highlighted. Suggestions are made regarding how to diagnose this disease early so that the patients can be isolated and further spread of the disease prevented.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed1990

Estimating the prevalence of chronic respiratory disease.

A method is described for estimating the prevalence of chronic respiratory disease in a middle aged and elderly general practice based population, using the prescription of drugs in order to identify the disease. The prevalence estimates ranged from 15 per 1,000 in men aged 45-50 years to 62 per 1,000 in those aged 75-80 years. For women the corresponding values were 11 to 29 per 1,000. The estimates attained displayed the age and sex patterns expected on the basis of other data sources including morbidity surveys in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. The similarity suggests that this may be a valid method for estimating quickly and cheaply the prevalence of certain diseases in the community.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

[Detection of mycoplasmas in horses with respiratory diseases and their biochemical and serologic characterization].

Tracheal swabs were taken from 25 horses with respiratory diseases and investigated for mycoplasmas using three different media. Mycoplasmas could be isolated from 5 horses. The isolates were characterized by serological and biochemical methods. Four isolates could be identified as Mycoplasma equirhinis. The fifth isolate could not be typed. It did not react with antisera against mycoplasmas found in the respiratory tract of horses and its biochemical characteristics were different from the mycoplasmas described so far. It may represent a new species.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

The UCLA population studies of chronic obstructive respiratory disease. I. Methodology and comparison of lung function in areas of high and low pollution.

The prevalence of symptoms of chronic obstructive respiratory disease and of functional respiratory impairment was determined in 3465 residents (70 per cent of enumerated) of an area historically exposed to photochemical/oxidant pollutants and 4509 residents (79 per cent of enumerated) of an area exposed to low levels of chemical pollutants. Tests administered included the NHLI questionnaire, electronic volume spirometry, whole body plethysmography, and the single-breath nitrogen test (deltaN2750-1250 and closing volume). Cough and cough with sputum were more frequently reported in the low-pollution area. Lung function was better among residents of the low-pollution area according to FEV1, FVC, maximal expiratory flow rates, closing volume fraction, thoracic gas volume, and airway resistance. Maximal mid-expiratory flow rate, considered to be a sensitive spirometric test for detection of small airways disease, was similar in residents of both areas. Mean deltaN2750-1250 was slightly worse among residents of the low-pollution area. Findings suggest that adverse effects of long-term exposure to photochemical/oxidant pollutants may occur primarily in the larger airways both among smokers and never smokers. The greatest differences between areas were observed in residents 18-59 years of age, suggesting that long-term exposure may be required to cause measurable impairment and that these differnces may be obliterated by such factors as smoking, differential out-migration and differential survival.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Perception of breathlessness during exercise in patients with respiratory disease.

The perception of breathlessness during physical activities is a frequent and disturbing complaint for patients with chronic respiratory disease. Psychophysical principles can be applied to quantitate the severity of dyspnea during cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Power production (or work) appears to be the most appropriate stimulus for measuring the dyspnea response. The 0-10 category-ratio (CR-10) scale and the visual analog scale (VAS) are two instruments for measuring the intensity of breathlessness. Studies demonstrate that the slope and/or intercept of the power production-breathlessness relationship provide a valid, reliable, and responsive approach for measurement. Ratings of dyspnea during exercise are useful to determine the severity of breathing difficulty and to assess the efficacy of therapy.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed2006

Associations of the IGF/IGFBP axis and respiratory diseases in neonatal patients during the first 6 months of life.

OBJECTIVES: To analyse IGFs in respect to somatic growth and neonatal diseases during the first 6 months of life. METHODS: IGF-I, IGF-II and IGF binding proteins (IGFBP-1, -2, -3) were determined by immunoassays in neonatal patients after birth (n = 67) and at 3 (3 mo; n = 75) and 6 months (6 mo; n = 47) of corrected postnatal age. Data on growth were tested for associations to the gestational age, birth weight (bw) SDS (/-2 SDS), neonatal morbidity and therapeutic strategies. RESULTS: All IGFs and IGFBPs changed significantly between birth and 3 mo of corrected age (p < 0.05). Perinatal respiratory diseases influenced IGF-II at 3 mo, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia IGF-II at 3 and 6 mo (all p < 0.05). IGF-I differed between the subgroups bw /-2 SDS (p < 0.05). At 3 mo, IGFBP-1 was significantly increased in infants with glucocorticoid administration during the first four weeks of life. CONCLUSION: The first months of life are characterised by a pole reversal of the somatotropic axis: IGFBP-1 and -2 decrease and IGFBP-3 increases. Respiratory diseases with an origin in the neonatal period, glucocorticoid therapy and low birth weight have an impact on the IGF pattern up to 6 mo. Prospective studies are necessary to investigate, whether the described link between the IGF/IGFBP axis and respiratory morbidity in neonatal patients has an impact on development in later infancy.

Body Weights and Measures↗
PubMed2004

Characteristics of heart period variability in intubated very low birth weight infants with respiratory disease.

BACKGROUND: Heart period variability provides a measure of balance between the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and parasympathetic nervous system (PNS). Since the PNS develops during the final weeks of gestation, premature infants have an overriding SNS. Spectral power analysis of heart period variability reveals two main frequency regions, the low frequency region (LF) representing primarily SNS activity and the high frequency region (HF) representing PNS activity. OBJECTIVES: To identify the characteristics of heart period power in the LF and HF regions in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants in the neonatal intensive care unit across gestational age groups and between sleep and awake states. METHODS: Data were collected from 16 intubated and mechanically ventilated VLBW infants with respiratory disease. Using spectral analysis techniques, heart period power in the two main frequency regions was extracted. RESULTS: HF power did not improve with gestational age as expected. LF power did increase with age, albeit nonsignificantly. LF and HF power were not significantly different between awake and sleep states. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this preliminary study suggest that PNS tone does not improve with gestational age in VLBW infants with respiratory disease. The intensive care environment may stimulate a sympathetic response in these infants and disrupt normal PNS development.

Gestational Age↗