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PubMed1986

Factors affecting decisions on practice locations.

Questionnaires designed to determine the major factors affecting the choice of practice were mailed to 305 graduates of the University of Oklahoma Tulsa Medical College and their spouses. Sixty-eight percent of the physicians responded. The results showed that graduates reared in large communities chose similar-sized communities as practice sites and placed high priority on their spouses' desires. The lack of career opportunities for spouses, especially those with high levels of education, was a critical factor in not selecting small communities as practice sites.

Career Choice↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sibling response to childhood cancer: a new approach.

It is well recognized that serious illness in children can have important consequences for siblings who may manifest their concerns as behavioural difficulty. The aim of the present study was to explore sibling psychological response to childhood cancer and to observe the effects that sibling knowledge had on their response. Siblings and parents of patients at the Children's Hospital, Birmingham, were interviewed using the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist and semi-structured 'Illness Knowledge' questionnaires designed by the first author. Siblings were not experiencing significant behaviour problems. The level of sibling knowledge about cancer was related to the level of sibling social competence but not to the prevalence of behaviour problems. One-third of the siblings were talking to no one at all about their feelings, and sibling feedback yielded some important sibling needs. It was concluded that sibling response to childhood cancer may not necessarily be pathological and may also be mediated by the level of sibling social competence as well as sibling knowledge.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

Prevalence, disclosure and interpretations of sexual activities in a sample of Canadian college-aged blood donors.

This study assessed the prevalence, level of disclosure, and interpretations of sexual activities in a sample of 123 college-aged blood donors in Montreal, Quebec. Within six months of their donation, participants completed an anonymous questionnaire designed to assess sexual definitions, levels of disclosure to sexual partners, as well as prevalence of various blood safety behavioural risks. Responses indicated that (1) there was a lack of consensus regarding what constitutes 'sex', (2) levels of sexual disclosure varied widely, and (3) participants engaged in numerous blood safety behavioural risk activities. These results are discussed with respect to their implications for how people think about sex, particularly in the blood donation context. Suggestions to improve specific blood donor screening questions are also presented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Non-pharmacologic strategies used by adolescents for the management of menstrual discomfort.

BACKGROUND: This study was a retrospective examination of adolescents' use of non-pharmacologic methods to manage menstrual discomfort. METHODS: A convenience sample of 289 female adolescents (mean age = 16.28 years, SD = 1.00) recruited from a public high school completed a questionnaire designed for this study. RESULTS: Ninety-eight percent of these adolescents reported using at least one non-pharmacologic method (e.g., heat, distraction) to manage menstrual discomfort. The mean perceived effectiveness of most of these methods was reported by adolescents to be below 40% (range = 3-74%). CONCLUSION: It is possible that some methods are used because they have a physiologic impact on pain (e.g. heat), whereas others (e.g., distraction) provide a sense of comfort and control. Further research is necessary to examine the determinants of why and when certain management strategies are used by adolescents.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Gender differences in the aerobic fitness levels of young African-American adults.

This study examines gender differences in the aerobic fitness levels of young African-American adults. Two hundred twelve African-American college freshmen (79 men, 133 women) completed the Houston Non-Exercise Test-Body Mass Index Model (HNET-BMI) questionnaire, a questionnaire designed to estimate maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max, mL kg-1 min-1) in adults. Using a three-point scoring system (below average, average, and above average), 100% of the men and 80% of the women were classified as having average or above average levels of VO2max. Statistical analysis revealed that more women than men had average or below average levels of aerobic fitness (chi 2 = 54.5; P = .0001). The results of this study suggest that a larger percentage of African-American women have lower levels of aerobic fitness compared with African-American men.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Intractable facial pain and illness behaviour.

Management of intractable facial pain (IFP) patients is time consuming and potentially frustrating. Earlier identification of IFP patients may be helped by considering such cases in terms of their illness behaviour rather than a large rang of other diagnostic labels. A group of 24 IFP patients, with diagnoses including temporomandibular joint dysfunction pain, atypical facial pain and facial neuralgia, completed a questionnaire designed to measure illness behaviour. Compared to a control group of patients with minor odontogenic pain, IFP patients were more somatically preoccupied, could not accept reassurance from a doctor as easily, and were less likely to acknowledge psychological aspects of illness. These attitudes, similar to those reported by other intractable pain patients, are unlikely to be related to degree of organic pathology or chronicity of pain. Use of a discriminant function resulted in three-quarters of the total sample being correctly separated into the two clinical groups on the basis of their IBQ scores.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and bleeding peptic ulcer.

Out of all 406 people admitted to hospital with bleeding peptic ulcers over a 2-year period 230 over the age of 60 and their matched community and hospital inpatient controls were interviewed according to a questionnaire designed to obtain details of all drug intake. Non-aspirin non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were taken over twice as often by the patients with bleeding as by the community controls (relative risk 2.7, 95% confidence limits 1.7-4.4) or the hospital controls (relative risk 3.8, 95% confidence limits 2.2-6.4). Confounding seemed unlikely to explain the differences, which were highly significant, were evident for both gastric and duodenal ulcer, and are likely to be important in view of the widespread use of these drugs in elderly people.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Preliminary evaluation of the Health Background Questionnaire for Pain and clinical encounter form for pain.

OBJECTIVES: The principal aims of this study were to evaluate the extent to which patients completed, understood, and were satisfied with the Health Background Questionnaire for Pain (HBQ-P), a health and pain history questionnaire that includes a modification of the Medical Outcome Study Short Form-36, the Treatment Outcomes in Pain Survey, and to examine the degree to which the questionnaire produced reliable and valid responses. A secondary aim was to determine the length of time for a physician to complete the Clinician Evaluation Form for Pain (CEF-P), a brief questionnaire designed to obtain key elements resulting from clinical assessment and management decisions. METHODS: This cross-sectional study utilized data from consecutive new patients seen from January to December 2001 in Drexel University College of Medicine's Pain Medicine and Comprehensive Rehabilitation Center at Graduate Hospital in Philadelphia, PA. The HBQ-P and an accompanying brief satisfaction inventory were completed at home by the patient prior to the individual's initial office visit. The CEF-P was completed by the physician after seeing the patient. RESULTS: Ten of 11 comparisons of patient responses to similar questions on the HBQ-P showed significant consistency. Of eight comparisons between the CEF-P and HBQ-P, two pain duration comparisons showed moderate agreement and one depression comparison showed significant association. Patients consistently had difficulty in answering six single questions and two question sets. Overall patient satisfaction was high. The mean time for the physician to complete the CEF-P was 90 seconds. CONCLUSIONS: Analyses indicate patient responses to similar HBQ-P questions have sufficient reliability to support the use of the Health Background Questionnaire for clinically related data collection and for outcome evaluation of treatments for chronic and recurring pain. The consistently missed questions on the HBQ-P should be revised.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Attitudes and motives of semen donors and non-donors.

This study surveyed the views of three groups of men in relation to the situation of semen donation. In all, 97 childless student semen donors, 56 childless non-donor students and 44 mature non-donor fathers completed a questionnaire designed to explore possible motives for donating semen and preferences for involvement with recipients and offspring. Results showed the three groups could be discriminated with respect to their views about motivation and involvement in a number of ways. The major findings were: (i) relatively more donors than non-donors endorsed the importance of financial incentives for donating; (ii) non-donors, who were also fathers, favoured involvement with recipients and offspring more often than did non-fathers (donors and non-donor students); (iii) all groups expressed the importance of confidentiality and guaranteed anonymity. These results are discussed in relation to strategies for donor recruitment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Validation of a self-completion measure of breakfast foods, snacks and fruits and vegetables consumed by 9- to 11-year-old schoolchildren.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the validity and reliability of a dietary recall questionnaire, designed for group-level comparisons of foods eaten at breakfast and intake of fruits, vegetables, sweet items and crisps. DESIGN: Validity was assessed relative to 24-h dietary recall interviews, and reliability by comparing the baseline data with 4-month follow-up data. SUBJECTS AND SETTING: Fifty-eight schools took part in the validity assessments, with 374 children completing both measures. Reliability was assessed using 29 schools, with 1233 children at baseline and 1033 at follow-up. Children were aged 9-11 years and schools were located in socio-economically deprived areas of Wales. RESULTS: Results indicated moderate to substantial agreements for most foods eaten at breakfast on the day of reporting and fair to moderate agreements for breakfast foods the previous day. For items throughout the rest of the previous day, agreement was fair to substantial during school hours, but slight after school. Correlations were moderate in terms of 'healthy' items and 'unhealthy' items consumed at breakfast on the day of reporting, but weaker for the previous breakfast. Correlations between measures in terms of fruits, vegetables, sweet items and crisps throughout the rest of the previous day were fair to moderate. The measure demonstrated fair to substantial group-level reliability. CONCLUSIONS: The questionnaire, while subject to a number of limitations, gives an adequately valid and reliable overview of selected aspects of children's diet. It is likely to be of value at group-level in randomized controlled trials of school-based interventions.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cognitive and neurologic predictors of functional impairment in vascular dementia.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to investigate associations between executive dysfunction, neuroimaging findings, and functional impairment in patients with vascular dementia (VaD). METHODS: Twenty-nine VaD patients completed the Dementia Rating Scale and underwent MRI scanning to generate quantitative ratings of subcortical hyperintensities (SH) and cortical volume. Patients' caregivers completed items from the Lawton and Brody Activities of Daily Living Questionnaire, designed to measure instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). The authors hypothesized that performance on the Initiation/Perseveration (IP) subscale, a measure of executive abilities, and SH would significantly predict levels of IADLs. RESULTS: A hierarchical multiple-regression analysis revealed that IP and SH accounted for 42% of the variance in IADLs; IP alone accounted for 28%, and SH accounted for 14% beyond the contribution made by IP. CONCLUSION: Findings indicate that specific cognitive and neuropathological factors are associated with functional impairment in VaD.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Personality features in multiple sclerosis patients with a relapsing-remitting course of the disease].

AIM: The aim of this article was to find the differences between level of anxiety, level of depression and certain features of self-image during relapse and remission in multiple sclerosis patients. METHOD: Subjects were 42 patients of the Neurology Department at the Military Hospital in Lublin with relapsing--remitting multiple sclerosis (RR-MS); 26 patients in relapse and 16 in remission of the disease. All patients included into the study had a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis according to the McDonald criteria. Mean age of the studied patients was 36 years, mean disease duration--8 years. Patients were investigated with the use of Beck Depression Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Gough and Heilbrunn Adjective Check List (ACL)--a questionnaire designed for the study. RESULTS: . Using the T-Student test, we compared results from MS patients in the period of relapse and in remission. Our results revealed statistically significant differences in the level of anxiety in State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and in Free Child (FC) scale of Adjective Check List (ACL). CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that patients in relapse have a higher level of anxiety, more negative attitude towards themselves, lack of self-confidence and they isolate more from the society as compared to multiple sclerosis patients in remission.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

Young people learning about AIDS: a study of beliefs and information sources.

A study of the views of Scottish teenagers and undergraduates on health education issues relevant to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) spread is reported. A sample of 1008 young people (690 teenagers and 318 students) returned a postal questionnaire designed to measure a range of relevant cognitions. These included levels of concern, perceived knowledge, perceived vulnerability, perceived seriousness, recall of health education campaigns, preferred information sources and views on the discussion of HIV/AIDS with significant others. Low levels of perceived vulnerability, high levels of recall for national campaigns, and discrepancies between used and credible sources of information are reported. Cohort and gender differences and correspondences with American and Australian studies are discussed. The implications of these findings for future AIDS education campaigns are also considered.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dimensionality, internal consistency, and item analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys activities of daily living instrument among patients with report of low back pain.

OBJECTIVE: To measure selected psychometric properties of individual item responses from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) activities of daily living (ADL) instrument among a population of patients with low back pain (LBP). METHODS: The study group consisted of 926 individual attendees of a traditional medical appointment. All subjects had self-reported LBP and completed questions within the NHANES ADL instrument, a 16-item questionnaire designed to represent the internal latent construct of ADL. Data analyses included exploratory factor analysis, internal consistency measures, and polytomous (graded) item response theory. RESULTS: The NHANES ADL instrument is a unidimensional and internally consistent measure of ADL. Graded item response theory analyses indicated that although some variability exists, all 16 single items were sensitive measures of the latent construct of ADL. Most item responses demonstrated high discrimination. CONCLUSION: Individual use of selected items of the NHANES ADL instrument may further improve the capacity of the health care provider in measuring and recording dysfunction associated with LBP.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1993

Physicians' attitudes toward and knowledge of child care.

A questionnaire designed to elicit information about training in child-care issues, frequency of discussion during office visits, and attitudes regarding specific medical and developmental issues of child care was sent to randomly chosen board-certified family practitioners and pediatricians in District 3 of the American Academy of Pediatrics. Among respondents, 39% said they felt uncomfortable discussing child-care issues and 85% felt that their training in this area was inadequate. Forty-three percent reported rarely or never discussing child care during an initial visit. More formal training is needed to address issues of child care.

Anxiety, Separation↗
PubMed1998

Risk factors for lactation mastitis.

The research undertaken in this study utilized a case-control group nested within a prospective cohort which was followed for the first 3 months postpartum. Mothers with mastitis and their controls were requested to complete a self-report questionnaire designed to investigate the association between the potential risk factors, identified from the literature, and lactation mastitis. Logistic regression analyses of the possible risk factors were performed separately for mothers who had not breastfed previously and those mothers who had breastfed at least one infant prior to this lactation. Analysis showed blocked duct(s) and increased levels of stress were the significant predictors for mastitis in mothers who had breastfed a previous infant and blocked duct(s), restriction from a tight bra, attachment difficulties, and nipple pain during a feed were the significant predictors for mastitis in first time breastfeeding mothers.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Information technology in medical education: a nationwide project on the opportunities of the new technology.

CONTEXT: The aim of the national "IT Culture in Medical Education" project in Finland is to enhance the opportunities new technology may provide for medical education. The project focuses on attitudes towards information technology (IT) and on its current use among teachers and students. METHOD: This survey was part of a Finnish nationwide project in medical education. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire designed to gather information about IT use in medical education, sent to teachers and students. The questions were 5-point Likert-type. The participants were medical teachers (n=196) and medical students (n=392) at two medical schools. RESULTS: In both universities, it appeared that medical teachers and students had a very positive attitude toward the advances in modern technology. In addition to the favourable attitudes, computer-related technology was also widely applied. Teachers, however, used information technology more in their research work than in teaching. CONCLUSIONS: The results pose challenges to medical education and underline the importance of educational and psychological knowledge in combination with new technical skills.

Attitude to Computers↗
PubMed1990

Distribution of equine infectious anemia in equids in southeastern United States.

State veterinarians in 11 southeastern states completed a questionnaire designed to determine the proportion of equids in the region that were seropositive for equine infectious anemia (EIA). Cases of EIA were diagnosed in each of the states surveyed. Distinct geographic clusters of cases were apparent in Tennessee and Kentucky adjacent to the Mississippi River, in the Piedmont of North Carolina at the Virginia border, in north central Georgia, and throughout the Florida peninsula. It is suggested that the national EIA program could be improved by standardization and wider application of uniform active surveillance measures, and improved documentation of EIA status of horses on acquisition and transfer records.

Animals↗