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PubMed1998

Asian and Pacific Islander American HIV community-based organizations: a nationwide survey.

A national survey was conducted to (a) ascertain the status of HIV prevention among community-based organizations targeting APIs in the United States, (b) define technical assistance needs among these organizations, and (c) determine their involvement in the HIV community planning process. Of the 80 surveys sent out, 49 (61%) completed responses were received. Filipinos, Chinese, Vietnamese, Cambodians, and multiracials were the subpopulations targeted the most often, and, not surprising, Tagalog, Cantonese, Mandarin, Vietnamese, Cambodian, Korean and Japanese were the Asian languages most widely in use. Gay men, bisexual men, and youth were targeted most frequently by HIV prevention efforts. Of all the largest ethnic subpopulations, Asian Indian is the only group with no community-based organization that exclusively targets them for HIV prevention. More than 95% of respondents reported conducting some type of evaluation; the size of the budget and organization often determined the evaluation strategies used. Program development, staff development, and program evaluation were the most frequently reported areas of technical assistance requested. A majority of the respondents (79%) reported being involved with the HIV prevention community planning process where APIs were represented on state/local community planning groups, they did not rate the performance of the community planning process highly. We recommend providing technical assistance in fund-raising, program evaluation, and participation in the HIV community planning process.

Asian↗
PubMed1989

School-based clinic use and other factors affecting adolescent contraceptive behavior.

Adolescent risk taking, preventive behavior, and contraceptive use were investigated using a self-administered questionnaire in a sample of 260 inner-city high school students targeted by a school-based health clinic. Multivariate models consisting of individual and environmental variables significantly predicted sexual activity and contraceptive use. Older age at first intercourse, higher number of welfare benefits received by the household (including Medicaid, food stamps, and free or reduced price lunch), and use of the school-based clinic were significant positive predictors of more frequent contraceptive use by adolescents. Results of our study suggest that programs may be having some success in encouraging and enabling sexually active adolescents to use contraception and to use it more consistently. Rigorous program evaluations should help program planners and policy makers design and refine adolescent pregnancy-prevention efforts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Outcomes of a program to evaluate mother and baby 6 months after umbilical cord blood donation.

BACKGROUND: A routine program of evaluating mothers and infants 6 months after umbilical cord blood donation was started at the Milano Cord Blood Bank (MCBB) in 1996. This study evaluated the main outcomes of this program. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: All mothers donating cord blood at this bank from February 1996 through May 1999 were invited to visit the bank or the collection suite 6 months after delivery to report on the health condition of their babies and to provide a fresh blood sample for repeat basal serologic tests (HBsAg, anti-HCV, anti-HIV-1/2, and syphilis). A bank volunteer contacted the mothers by telephone to schedule their visits just before the expiration of the 6-month period. Before collection of the new sample, a trained operator interviewed the mothers to review the mother's medical history information collected at donation and to obtain the baby's postnatal medical history. RESULTS: Of the 2450 mothers enrolled in the study, 2315 (94.5%) attended the bank in agreement with the program, 4 promised to attend, 95 could not be traced, 26 declined the invitation, and 10 were unable to attend. Of the 135 mothers who could not be traced, 29 (21.4%) belonged to non-European ethnic groups. The average time spent with each mother was approximately 20 minutes. In serologic testing, one indeterminate anti-HCV seroconversion (c22) was detected. Collection of the baby's postnatal history reported one case of congenital urinary malformation not known at delivery, one of protein C deficiency, one of phenylketonuria, one of mucoviscidosis, and one of 10q- chromosomal abnormality. The cord blood components from all these births were discarded. CONCLUSION: These data support the feasibility of a routine 6-month program of evaluating mothers and babies giving cord blood at a cord blood bank. Such programs may increase the quality of components stored for transplantation.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Privacy Act of 1974--Public Health Service. Notification of new systems of records.

In accordance with the requirements of the Privacy Act, the Public Health Service (PHS) is publishing notice of a proposal to establish three new systems of records: 09-25-0147: Records of participants in Programs and Respondents in Surveys Used to EValuate Programs of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, HHS/NIH/NHLBI; 09-25-0149: Records of Participants in Programs and Respondents in Surveys Used to Evaluate Programs of the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, HHS/NIH/NIGMS; 09-25-0150: Records of Participants in Programs and Respondents in Surveys Used to Evaluate Programs of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, HHS/NIH/NIEHS. We are also proposing routine uses for these systems. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) will collect, maintain and analyze records in the proposed systems of records in order to evaluate the methods, materials, activities and services which NIH uses in pursuing program goals.

Confidentiality↗
PubMed1983

Methodologic problems in the evaluation of self-management programs.

Two conceptions of program evaluation, namely, evaluation-as-proof and evaluation-as-improvement, are considered. Evaluation for purposes of program improvement of health-related programs is recommended. Recent advances in assessment of program outcomes, particularly criterion-referenced measurement, are described. Recommendations are also offered regarding treatment definition, data-gathering designs, cost analysis, and the collaborative conduct of health-related evaluations.

Asthma↗
PubMed1975

A computer program that evaluates patients with hypercalcemia.

A computer program has been developed to assist the physician in managing patients with hypercalcemia. The program requests appropriate information, such as the patient's serum calcium concentration, age and x-ray results. Based on the abnormalities detected, the program asks additional questions needed to suggest the most helpful course of action for evaluating or treating the patient's hypercalcemia. As soon as the data have been entered, the program generates an evaluation note that includes diagnostic possibilities, suggestions for additional laboratory studies, therapeutic recommendations and references to the medical literature. The program can be used from any general purpose teletype-compatible terminal (including cathode ray tube displays) connected to the Bell Telephone System. The time required to enter the data and obtain the evaluation note is approximately 4 minutes with a teletypewriter, and less if a faster terminal is used. The cost for computer time is comparable to that of a laboratory test. Comparison of diagnoses produced by the program with those obtained from pathologic examination of from consulting endocrinolgists shows that the program is sufficiently accurate for clinical use. Finnally, the explanation of the pathophysiology contained in the evaluation note may be useful to the student.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Behavioral interventions to reduce incidence of HIV, STD, and pregnancy among adolescents: a decade in review.

PURPOSE: To review adolescent sexual risk-reduction programs that were evaluated using quasi-experimental or experimental methods and published in the 1990s. We describe evaluated programs and identify program and evaluation issues for health educators and researchers. METHODS: We systematically searched seven electronic databases and hand-searched journals to identify evaluations of behavioral interventions to reduce sexual risk behaviors among adolescents. Articles were included if they were published in the 1990s, provided a theoretical basis for the program, information about the interventions, clear aims, and quasi-experimental or experimental evaluation methods. We identified 101 articles, and 24 met our criteria for inclusion. RESULTS: We reviewed these evaluations to assess their research and program characteristics. The majority of studies included randomized controlled designs and employed delayed follow-up measures. The most commonly measured outcomes were delay of initiation of sexual intercourse, condom use, contraceptive use, and frequency of sexual intercourse. Programs ranged from 1 to 80 sessions, most had adult facilitators, and commonly included skills-building activities about sexual communication, decision-making, and problem solving. The programs included a wide range of strategies for content delivery such as arts and crafts, school councils, and community service learning. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of these programs suggest four overall factors that may impact program effectiveness including the extent to which programs focus on specific skills for reducing sexual risk behaviors; program duration and intensity; what constitutes the content of a total evaluated program including researchers' assumptions of participants' exposure to prior and concurrent programs; and what kind of training is available for facilitators.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence of silent kidney disease in Hong Kong: the screening for Hong Kong Asymptomatic Renal Population and Evaluation (SHARE) program.

BACKGROUND: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is epidemic worldwide. In Hong Kong, the annual incidence of ESRD has risen from 100 pmp (per million population) in 1996 to 140 pmp in 2003. SHARE (Screening for Hong Kong Asymptomatic Renal Population and Evaluation program) is a population-based screening program aimed at identifying the prevalence of unrecognized renal disease in asymptomatic individuals, allowing further evaluation and disease-modifying interventions. METHODS: From November to December 2003, SHARE was conducted in several large residential communities in Hong Kong. The screening tool included a questionnaire documenting demographics and history or family history of diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HT), and chronic kidney disease (CKD), together with on-site measurements of blood pressure (BP) and urine dipstick for protein, blood, and glucose. RESULTS: There were a total of 1811 participants. One thousand two hundred and one subjects were entered into the final analysis. Among the 1201 who were apparently "healthy" (asymptomatic and without history of DM, HT, or CKD), the prevalence of positive (> or =1+) urine dipstick for protein, glucose, blood, protein or blood, any urine abnormality, and HT (BP> or =140/90) was 3.2%, 1.7%, 13.8%, 16%, 17.4%, and 8.7%, respectively. Thirty three percent of the age over 60 years old group had either hypertension or urine abnormalities, compared with 24.0% in the 41- to 60-year-old group and 9.7% in the 20- to 40-year-old group. Having a family history of diabetes or hypertension increases the risk of having urine abnormalities, while a family history of hypertension also increases the risk of high blood pressure. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that subclinical abnormalities in urinalysis or BP readings are prevalent across all age groups in the adult population. An effective screening program at the primary care level that identifies these subjects for further evaluation is warranted, and the public in Hong Kong should be educated toward the significance of such findings in order to have regular health check for asymptomatic renal diseases.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Looking for caries...? Teachers evaluate a program to improve caries diagnosis from radiographs.

We developed a computer-assisted learning (CAL) program to improve student caries diagnosis from bitewing radiographs. In order to decide on its appropriateness, dental teachers independently evaluated the program before it was introduced. Our objective was to describe an evaluation by the teachers of the CAL diagnostic module and to compare the diagnostic performance with the evaluation score of the program. Key dental teachers involved in teaching clinical caries diagnosis and epidemiology (n = 22) viewed the CAL program. They evaluated aspects of the program by scoring 10 criteria on a visual analogue scale. Measures of the teachers' initial diagnostic accuracy assessed during use of the program were: sensitivity and specificity for the presence of dentine caries. Using Pearson's correlation coefficients, these measures of the teachers' diagnostic accuracy were compared separately with their evaluation score of one aspect of the program: the overall functionality of the program for a 2nd-year dental student. The teachers' mean sensitivity for dentine caries diagnosis was 76.5% (median 77.8%; SD 15.4%) and the mean specificity was 93.7% (median 94.2%; SD 3.9%). The teachers gave the program a mean overall functionality score of 68% (median 75.1%; SD 21%). Dentists with a lower sensitivity (P = 0.065) for dentine caries tended to give the CAL program a higher overall functionality score than the other teachers. The CAL program was valued as generally useful. It tended to be more highly valued by the dentists with initially lower scores for diagnostic accuracy.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMed1987

Programs for evaluating and characterising bacterial taxonomic data.

Three programs are described for evaluating and characterising data collected during numerical taxonomic studies of bacteria. The program VARIANCE compares replicate cultures and evaluates the reproducibility of each character. Also it identifies those characters that should be excluded from subsequent taxonomic analysis because of their poor reproducibility. GPROPS summarises the properties of clusters of strains that have been defined from a cluster analysis, it can produce a probabilistic identification matrix and compares each strain within a cluster with the Hypothetical Mean Organism (HMO) of that cluster. OVCLUST is an implementation of the program described by Sneath (1979) which calculates overlap statistics between major clusters. These programs are designed to complement the CLUSTAN package (Wishart, 1982) which is often used for cluster analysis of bacterial taxonomic data. The programs were written in FORTRAN 77 and implemented on an IBM PC using MS-DOS.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1979

Evaluating service programs for school-age parents: design problems.

In response to increasing societal concern about school-age pregnancy, many communities have developed special medical, educational, and counseling service programs for pregnant girls and young parents. A small number of these programs have attempted to evaluate their accomplishments. Unfortunately, most of the reports suffer from methodological weaknesses. Such studies could be improved by use of properly selected control groups, improved analytic procedures, and specification of realistic program goals. To date, the range of evaluative methods has been narrow and most studies have been of largely minority populations. The reports indicate some success in the medical and short-range educational areas; but limited accomplishments in terms of long-term continuation of education, avoidance or delay of subsequent pregnancies, and achievement of economic independence. Suggestions are provided for improving both study design and program effectiveness.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Using Web-based reporting systems to evaluate health promotion: the experience of two statewide HIV prevention programs.

While Web-based reporting systems are becoming more common in public health for disease surveillance and for tracking interventions such as immunizations, their use for program evaluation is relatively new. This article describes two Web-based reporting systems developed to enable local agencies that conduct health promotion activities to enter process and outcome data for their own use, as well as for analysis by researchers and funders. The systems support the three major uses of evaluation: accountability, program improvement, and generating knowledge for the field. Annually, these programs obtain evaluation information on thousands of clients and individual and group sessions. Developing and introducing the Web-based systems was time-consuming and required significant State Health Department and local agency resources. Involvement of end users in the development process was critical to creating responsive systems that were accepted by staff in local agencies. Staff members from grantee agencies responded well to systems, as evidenced by high rates of user compliance (over 90%) and positive reactions (over 80%) on anonymous surveys. Concerns about resistance from contractors to use of the system, based on fears about breaches in client confidentiality or concerns about the difficulty in using the technology, were not borne out.

HIV Infections↗
PubMed1991

Assessment of treatment outcome.

Treatment outcome research consists of two types: controlled clinical trials and in-house program evaluations. Controlled clinical trials are experimental studies designed to test whether or not a treatment is efficacious. In-house program evaluations provide information about the results (outcome) of an individual treatment program. The key components of clinical trials include control groups; randomization procedures; enumeration of those who were screened for inclusion in, those accepted into, and those excluded from the study; a description of the relevant patient characteristics of the sample studied; "double-blinding" for pharmacological studies; raters of treatment effects who are not the therapists for verbal therapies; objective measures of treatment response; follow-up of at least 70% of the original sample; and appropriate statistical analysis of the data collected. In-house program evaluations rarely have control groups or employ randomization. However, a description of the type of patients treated by the program, independent raters, and adequate follow-up of those entering treatment are essential for program evaluation; and the credibility of program evaluation would be enhanced by the use of objective measures of treatment response.

Alcoholism↗