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PubMed2005

A comparison of mosquito predation by the fish Pseudomugil signifier Kner and Gambusia holbrooki (Girard) in laboratory trials.

Using larval Cx. annulirostris mosquitoes, this study compared the predation rate of Pseudomugil signifer and Gambusia holbrooki for four larval instars, three prey densities, and three vegetation densities. There was no significant difference in the quantity of first, second, and third instar larvae consumed by the two fish species after 24 h. There was a significant negative relationship between the predation rate and both larval instar and prey density for both fish species. In simulated vegetation trials, P. signifer performed marginally better than G. holbrooki in medium to high density vegetation (0.3 stems/cm 2 and 0.6 stems/cm2, respectively).

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Evaluation of the naturally-derived insecticide spinosad against Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae in septic tank water in Antalya, Turkey.

The naturally-derived insecticide spinosad (Conserve SC) was evaluated against larval Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae) under laboratory and field conditions in Antalya, Turkey. Laboratory bioassays showed that the 24 h LC50 and LC90 against late 3rd and early 4th instars were estimated at 0.027 and 0.111 parts per million, respectively, while adult emergence was eliminated at concentrations above 0.06 ppm. Larval mortality from septic tanks that were treated with spinosad at rates of 25, 50, 100, and 200 g ai/ha ranged between 22 to 78% 1 day after application. At 7 days post-treatment, larval mortality ranged from 2 to 50% and at 14 days mortality was <10% for all treatments. Larval bioassays of the water from those septic tanks treated at 100 and 200 g ai/ha resulted in an elimination of Cx. pipiens larvae 7 days after treatment. After this time, larval reduction declined to 79 and 83%, respectively, 14 days after treatment. Larval reduction in septic tanks treated at the two lowest rates (i.e. 25 and 50 g ai/ha) ranged from 14 to 74% during the 14-day study. These results indicated that spinosad can be considered an effective larvicide for treatment of septic tanks against Cx. pipiens.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Ornithonyssus bacoti infestation and elimination from a mouse colony.

Skin lesions, consisting of nonspecific bites with intense pruritus and excoriation of the skin, were found on personnel working in an animal colony primarily housing mice. The tropical rat mite, Ornithonyssus bacoti, was diagnosed from mites trapped on insect-monitoring sticky traps and collected from mouse cages in the colony. Because these mites do not live on mice but only come to feed when the animals are in their nest, an initial attempt was made to eliminate the mites with a thorough cleaning of the facility. Clidox foam was applied to the entire room with a foaming machine. Then the mice were transferred into the sanitized cages in the cleaned room. The numbers of mites were reduced to the point that they were no longer noticed in the colony, but the mites returned within 2 weeks. The mites were successfully eliminated with the use of permethrin-impregnated cotton balls in the mouse cages for 8 weeks and treatment of the premises. Treatment of the premises included spraying floors and walls of all rooms housing mice and adjacent hallways in the colony with pyrethrin spray by a commercial pest control company. To prevent one room of rabbits from maintaining the infestation, they were treated weekly with an organic pyrethrin dust. Insect sticky traps have remained negative for mites for more than 3 years after treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Evaluation for enhanced aphidicidal activity of a noval emulsifiable formulation of Beauveria bassiana conidia].

A noval emulsifiable formulation (EF) of Beauveria bassiana SG8702 containing 10(10) conidia/mL was prepared by suspending dry conidia in mineral oil-based liquid containing emulsifier, stabilizer and UV protectant (emulsion), and then bioassayed on newly merged adults of the green peach aphid, Myzus percisae, in parallel to the unformulated conidia (UC). For inoculation, five gradient concentrations of aqueous EF and UC suspensions (5 x 10(5) - 1 x 10(8) conidia/mL) were separately sprayed on to aphids on detached cabbage leaves (30 - 40 adults/leaf) using a Micro Ulva hand-held sprayer, generating EF dosages of 1.5, 6.3, 32.6, 87.6 and 701.1 conidia/mm2, and UC dosages of 2.8, 9.2, 52.7, 114.8 and 1005.9 conidia/mm2, respectively. All dosage treatments including controls for EF (100-fold dilution of the emulsion) and UC (water spray) were replicated three times (aphid colonies on three leaves), and maintained in Petri dishes at 23 degrees C and 12 : 12 (L: D) for 8-day daily records. Cadavers, whenever found, were moved into a moist chamber to facilitate fungal outgrowths for verification of B. bassiana infection. The resulting data fit very well to time-dose-mortality model with EF having a larger dose effect (1.05 +/- 0.10) than UC (0.82 +/- 0.11) and also faster time effect. The estimates of the dose- and time-effect parameters were then used to compute lethal concentrations (LC50) and time lengths (LT50). The estimates of LC50 with 95% confidence intervals for both EF and UC were 9.0 (6.9 - 11.6) and 634 (263 - 1532) conidia/mm2 on day 4 after spray, and 3.3 (2.4 - 4.6) and 5.3 (3.2 - 8.6) on day 7, apparently decreasing with increasing time lengths after spray. The estimates of LT50 for EF and UC were 4.9 d and 7.2 d at 5 conidia/mm2, 4.0 d and 5.6 d at 10 conidia/mm2, and 3.2 d and 4.5 d at 100 conidia/mm2, indicating a trend of decrease with increasing counts of conidia attached to the leaves. The results indicate that the emulsifiable formulation of B. bassiana conidia had greater aphidicidal activity than the unformulated conidia. Finally, problems with evaluation of mycoinsecticides and other microbial formulations are discussed and technical standards are recommended.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Predatory potential of Nepa cinerea against mosquito larvae in laboratory conditions.

Biocontrol potential of nepidae bug, Nepa cinerea against immature stages of Anopheles stephensi, Anopheles culicifacies, Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti was studied under laboratory conditions. It was found that N. cinerea had the highest predation against An. stephensi followed by An. culicifacies, Cmx quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti. From the analysis, it was found that N. cinerea has good predation efficacy. It can be used as a biological control agent to control of mosquito breeding in integrated disease vector control programme.

Aedes↗
PubMed2005

Options for reducing the negative effects of nitrogen in agriculture.

After addition to farms by fertilizer, crop residues, biological fixation and animal excreta, nitrogen can be lost through gaseous emission, runoff and leaching to contaminate the atmosphere and water bodies, and cause adverse health effects. The efficiency of fertilizer nitrogen can be increased and losses reduced, by matching supply with crop demand, optimizing split application schemes, changing the form to suit the conditions, and use of slow-release fertilizers and inhibitors. In addition, agronomic practices such as higher plant densities, weed and pest control and balanced fertilization with other nutrients can also increase efficiency of nitrogen use. Efficiency of use by animals can be increased by diet manipulation. Feeding dairy cattle low degradable protein and high starch diets, and grazing sheep and cattle on grasses high in water soluble carbohydrate result in less nitrogen excretion in urine and reduced ammonia volatiliztion.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2005

Mosquito larvicidal activity of aqueous extracts of long pepper (Piper retrofractum vahl) from Thailand.

Aqueous extracts of nine medicinal plants were bioassayed against larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus Say and Aedes aegypt (L.). Among these plants, the long pepper, Piper retrofractum Vahl (Piperaceae), showed the highest level of activity against mosquito larvae. To gain more information on larvicidal activity of P. retrofractum, fresh fruits of this plant were extracted in water and the extracts made into powder and bioassayed against 3rd and 4th instar larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti in the laboratory. Extracts of unripe (001/3) and ripe (002/3 and 001/4) fruits showed different levels of activity against Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae. Extracts 001/3 and 002/3 were equi-toxic to a Bacillus sphaericus resistant and susceptible strains, both from Thailand. The ripe fruit extract 002/3 was somewhat more active against Ae. aegypti than Cx. quinquefasciatus. Another ripe fruit extract (001/4) was much more toxic to both mosquito species. Diluted solutions of the solid extract (002/3) in distilled water lost their larvicidal activity upon aging. Loss of activity at 25 degrees C was greater than that stored at 4 degrees C, and greater in water than in acetone solution.

Aedes↗
PubMed2005

Synergistic efficacy of botanical blends with and without synthetic insecticides against Aedes aegypti and Culex annulirostris mosquitoes.

Increasing insecticide resistance requires strategies to prolong the use of highly effective vector control compounds. The use of combinations of insecticides with other insecticides and phytochemicals is one such strategy that is suitable for mosquito control. In bioassays with Aedes aegypti and Culex annulirostris mosquitoes, binary mixtures of phytochemicals with or without synthetic insecticides produced promising results when each was applied at a LC25 dose. All mixtures resulted in 100% mortality against Cx. annulirostris larvae within 24 h rather than the expected mortality of 50%. All mixtures acted synergistically against Ae. aegypti larvae within the first 24 h except for one mixture that showed an additive effect. We conclude that mixtures are more effective than insecticides or phytochemicals alone and that they enable a reduced dose to be applied for vector control potentially leading to improved resistance management and reduced costs.

Aedes↗
PubMed2005

Laboratory study on larvicidal properties of leaf extract of Calotropis procera (Family-Asclepiadaceae) against mosquito larvae.

Fresh leaf extract of milkweed (Calotropis procera) showed larvicidal properties against mosquito larvae of Anopheles stephensi, Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti. Methanolic extracts of the same plant were, however, more effective as larvicide. C. procera is a weed growing in uncultivated soils as well as in dry, arid zones in Indian subcontinent throughout the year. The results of this study suggest the utility of milkweed as potential technology for control of mosquito larvae.

Aedes↗
PubMed2006

[Functional groups of natural enemies and their temporal-spatial dynamics in jujube orchard intercropped with herbage].

In this paper, an investigation was made on the temporal-spatial dynamics of the functional groups of natural enemies in the jujube orchard 2.5 km west of Taigu (112 degrees 8'E, 38 degrees 9'N, 780 m elevation), Shanxi Province in 2002, aimed to work out an effective strategy to control the pests there. In this orchard, four management modes were applied, i. e., intercropping herbage combined with integrated pest management (IPM), intercropping combined with conventional pest management (CM), intercropping with no pest management (NM), and non- intercropping (CK). The results indicated that the total number of natural enemies in IPM, CM and NM was 187.99%, 151.82% and 210.03% higher than CK, respectively, and the recovery and reconstruction rates as well as the average breadth and overlap indices of two dimensional temporal-spatial niches of the functional groups were higher in intercropping modes than in CK. The average diversity index of the functional groups in intercropping modes was significantly bigger than that in CK, but the fluctuation of the diversity standard error of the functional groups was significantly smaller (P < 0.05). The fluctuation trends of the dominance, diversity, and evenness of functional groups had a significant correlation (P< 0.01) with those of species. These results showed that intercropping herbage in jujube orchard was favorable to the conservation, proliferation, and making use of natural enemies. The natural enemy's community in jujube orchard intercropped with herbage was more stable than that without intercropping, and the numbers and functions of the functional groups were differed with different management modes and different stages. Among the functional groups of natural enemies, ladybirds had a stronger ability of recovery, while spiders and parasitoids were weaker. It was feasible to use functional groups instead of species to study the natural enemy's community in jujube orchard.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Allergy to pigeon tick (Argas reflexus) in Upper Silesia, Poland.

The pigeon tick Argas reflexus is avian ectoparasite that typically feeds on pigeons. When devoid of a natural host, the ticks can also attack humans. In Upper Silesia, southern Poland, people living in the vicinity of the birds' nesting sites are frequently bitten by A. reflexus. The bites can provoke serious allergic reactions, including fatal anaphylactic shock. In the present study, residents of 9 apartments invaded by pigeon ticks were invited to undergo medical examination, skin prick tests (SPT) and determination of specific IgE to A. reflexus. The test allergens were prepared of ticks collected on-site. Out of 18 residents living in the infested apartments, 15 accepted the invitation. In this group, 8 persons complained of tick-related health problems, positive SPT to A. reflexus were found in all of them, and specific IgE was detectable in 3 persons (range: 0.38-0.84 kUA/l; CAP class 1-2). Final clinical diagnoses were established of generalised urticaria with asthma in 1 person, generalised urticaria in another 1, and local allergic reactions to tick bites in the remaining 6. Among 7 symptom-free residents, all test results were negative. Besides the study group, the paper also describes the case of a person who developed hypersensitivity to A. reflexus as a child, after a few visits to an abandoned dovecote. 30 years later, positive SPT (++) and specific IgE (0.78 kUA/l; CAP class 2) were still present despite no further re-exposures. The article also discusses available pest control measures against A. reflexus.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Genomic cloning and characterization of a PPA gene encoding a mannose-binding lectin from Pinellia pedatisecta.

A gene encoding a mannose-binding lectin, Pinellia pedatisecta agglutinin (PPA), was isolated from leaves of Pinellia pedatisecta using genomic walker technology. The ppa contained an 1140-bp 5'-upstream region, a 771-bp open reading frame (ORF) and an 829-bp 3'-downstream region. The ORF encoded a precursor polypeptide of 256 amino acid residues with a 24-amino acid signal peptide. There were one putative TATA box and six possible CAAT boxes lying in the 5'-upstream region of ppa. The ppa showed significant similarity at the nucleic acid level with genes encoding mannose-binding lectins from other Araceae species such as Pinellia ternata, Arisaema hererophyllum, Colocasia esculenta and Arum maculatum. At the amino acid level, PPA also shared varying homology (ranging from 40% to 85%) with mannose-binding lectins from other plant species, such as those from Araceae, Alliaceae, Iridaceae, Lillaceae, Amaryllidaceae and Bromeliaceae. The cloning of the ppa gene not only provides a basis for further investigation of PPA's structure, expression and regulation mechanism, but also enables us to test its potential role in controlling pests and fungal diseases by transferring the gene into tobacco and rice in the future.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

[Environmental monitoring and control strategy of urban mosquito Culicidae (Diptera: Culicidae) populations in Wrocław].

Among dipterans of medical and veterinary importance, the mosquitoes (Culicidae) play the most important role both as vectors and nuisance insects. Mass occurrence of floodwater mosquito species in the flooded area in Wrocław district (Lower Silesia, Poland) in 1997 has enhanced the already existed problem of mosquito control. A successful model of control strategy for the city based on the currently recommended integrated methodologies with special emphasis on preventive treatment of aquatic larvae with microbial insecticides has been conducted. Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis-based formulations replaced chemicals to control Culex pipiens and Culiseta annulata--two dominant species out of eight noticed during field study in Wrocław area in the years 1998-2000. Use of Bti larvicide or other biocontrol agent, conserving biodiversity, requires collecting entomological data, mapping and treating all breeding sources as well as the designing appropriate strategies every year.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Determination of the flight range and dispersal of the house fly, Musca domestica (L.) using mark release recapture technique.

In order to control any pest it is essential to study the life cycle, biology and bionomics of the target pest under control. With this respect, we have studied the flight range of the house fly Musca domestica (L.). The flight range of the house fly from two sites i.e, the poultry farm and a stable farm has been studied. The flight range study was conducted using a mark release technique. The approach we used in this study was that the flies collected from the respective farms were marked and released at different distances from the farms. The flies were then re-captured from the poultry farm and the stable farm. Studies conducted elsewhere use the technique of releasing the insect species at one spot and recapturing the insect species with the help of baited traps placed at various locations from the release point. The advantage of the approach used in this study was that the flight range as well as the homing effect was determined. From this study, the flight range of house flies released at the poultry farm was 7 km whereas flight range for flies release from stable farm was 5 km. The recovery rate of house flies at the poultry and stable farm was 0.05% and 0.016%, In this study, marked specimens has been detected up to 8 days in field conditions indicating that under field condition the life expectancy could be in the range of 1-2 weeks.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1999

[Introduction to biology and control of mosquitoes].

Mosquitoes systematics, life cycle as well as morphology and bionomics of developmental stages, mosquitoes borne diseases, ecology and reemergence, vectorial capacity of some domestic species were presented with regard to mosquitoes control by the integrated methods and ecological prophylaxis.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Isolation and identification of a bacterial strain JS018 capable of degrading several kinds of organophosphate pesticides].

Organophosphate pesticides are used widely all over the world and play an important role in plant pest control. However these pesticides are considered as pollutants and harmful to human health. To search for microorganisms that can degrade organophosphate pesticides with high efficiency, a bacterial strain, coded as JS018, was isolated and screened from the soil in the vicinity of Shanming Pesticides Factory, Shanming, Fujian. Laboratory tests showed that the bacterium could degrade several kinds of organophosphate pesticides, such as Parathion-methyl and phoxin. The strain's degrading rates on phoxin, Parathion-methyl, hostathion and dichlorvos in LB liquid fermentation medium for 36 h were 99%, 96%, 80.4% and 69.0% respectively. The bacterial colonies on LB plate appeared shiny and pale-pink in color. The bacteria were Gram-negative coccoids, 0.5 - 0.7 microm in diameter. They grew well at 30 - 38 degrees C and pH 7.0 - 9.0. The optimal temperature and pH for cell growth was 32 degrees C and pH 7.5 - 8.0, respectively. They did not grow in medium containing 6% or more NaCl. The antibiotic susceptibility tests showed that the strain was resistant to ampicillin, penicillin and lincomycin. It was sensitive to kanamycin, tetracycline and gentamicin. Laboratory tests also showed that the strain could ferment D-glucose, trehalose, melezitose and ethanol. It was negative in the production of indole and hydrogen sulfide. It could not liquefy gelatin, utilize citrate, nor ferment L-arabinose, sucrose, D-mannitol, D-xylose, fructose, D-galactose, maltose or lactose. The catalase, urease and nitrate reduction were positive. Based on its morphological, physiological and biochemical properties as well as the 16S rDNA sequence analysis result, the strain was tentatively identified as Roseomonas sp.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗