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PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of physical activity on the incidence of circulating platelet aggregates in healthy persons. The significance for antiaggregating therapy.

In 23 healthy persons active in sports are tested circulating thrombocyte aggregates in venous blood. Their incidence is expressed as thrombocyte index (TI). In this group there is TI 0.8900 +/- 0.0193. TI compared with TI evaluated in 21 healthy persons not interested in their physical fitness (TI 0.7699 +/- 0.0162) is significantly different (p less than 0.01). The physically not active persons develop significant (p less than 0.01) higher incidence of circulating thrombocyte aggregates in comparison with the incidence in group of physically active persons. The authors use TI for monitoring antiaggregant therapy and for selection the risk group of patients, whose clinical situation requires antiaggregant treatment. The dosage of antiplatelet drugs is estimated according TI values to reach the level recorded in healthy physically active persons (TI greater than 0.7699 +/- 0.0162).

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Narcissism, self-esteem, and defensive self-enhancement.

This study investigates the relationships among narcissism, self-esteem, and defensive self-enhancement in samples of 60, 84, 300, and 57 subjects. Using various self-report indices of these constructs we found that (a) defensive self-enhancement is composed of two orthogonal components: grandiosity and social desirability; (b) grandiosity and social desirability independently predict self-esteem and may represent distinct confounds in the measurement of self-esteem, (c) narcissism is positively related to grandiose self-enhancement (as opposed to social desirability), (d) narcissism is positively associated with both defensive and nondefensive self-esteem, and (e) authority, self-sufficiency, and vanity are the narcissistic elements most indicative of nondefensive self-esteem. The results are consistent with several theories that postulate a two-component model for self-esteem regulation and personality development.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Diagnosis and intervention of disability-causing neonatological risk factors].

INTRODUCTION: Early care attempts to offer children with, or at risk of suffering from, development disorders a series of optimising compensatory actions that help them to mature properly in all spheres, thus allowing them to reach a maximum level of personal development and social integration. In this study we review the main instruments used for the diagnosis and prevention of neurological disabilities during the pre-and post-natal period. DEVELOPMENT: In this field, neuropaediatrics intervenes in a joint, coordinated fashion with neonatology in the detection, diagnosis and therapeutic care of the new-born. The progress made in diagnostic techniques allows the early detection of anomalies that are associated with disability. Neuroimaging (transfontanellar echography, computerised tomography (CAT), magnetic resonance imaging, brain SPECT), genetic and molecular genetics studies, metabolic neonatal and infection screening, neurophysiological techniques and so on will enable earlier and more sensitive diagnoses to be made. In addition, throughout the neonatal period the obstetrician has the enormous responsibility of diagnosing many processes that can be subsidiary to a future disability. CONCLUSIONS: We believe that close collaboration between the obstetrician, neonatologist and neuropaediatrician will enable the detection and prevention of risk factors that can lead to a neurological disability. It is also the neuropaediatrician's duty to take part in programmes to monitor the development of children with a biopsychosocial risk, as well as participating in the detection of warning signs and in the diagnosis of neurological disorders.

Persons with Disabilities↗
PubMed1991

[The psychic status and work capacity of the victims of the accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station in the period of recovery from and near-term consequences of acute radiation sickness].

Analysis of the results of clinicopsychological investigation of persons developing ARS (I-III degree of severity) as a result of the Chernobyl accident has shown that 4-6 mos. after the exposure the psychic status and mental working ability of the affected persons showed close correlation with a degree of ARS. In 12-18 mos. profession and adequate employment played a decisive role in the formation of unfavorable psychic conditions and limited working ability. Later on in 2.5-3 years after exposure a decrease in psychic working ability, the development of unfavorable psychic conditions was noted more frequently in patients with ARS of more severe types and in examinees of older age. At all stages of rehabilitation personality traits of the affected persons play an important role in the revival of working abilities.

Accidents↗
PubMed2004

Comfort and comforting -- an innovative course in undergraduate nursing education.

The field of nursing research on comfort and comforting is growing, and out of this field a course for nursing students was developed. Such a course is connecting with both the recent developments of nursing research domains and traditional tacit knowledge. The aim of this project was to develop a course within a baccalaureate nursing program and to examine how students perceived outcomes thereof. The particular field of research is described as a background, and then syllabus, teaching-learning strategies, modalities and assignments are outlined. Students' perceived outcomes were measured in terms of a web-based questionnaire and focus group discussions. Students experienced the course to be characterized by a spirit of community and teamwork, insights into the phenomena of comfort and comforting, enhanced personal development towards professional growth and power to act in sensitive situations. In conclusion, a course on comfort and comforting is found innovative, enhances the students' personal professional growth, and stimulates faculty towards openness for creativity in curriculum development through combination of insights from practice, research and theory, with a variety of sensitive teaching-learning strategies and modalities.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1990

Individuals with sociopathic behavior caused by frontal damage fail to respond autonomically to social stimuli.

Following damage to ventromedial frontal cortices, adults with previously normal personalities develop defects in decision-making and planning that are especially revealed in an abnormal social conduct. The defect repeatedly leads to negative personal consequences. The physiopathology of this disorder is an enigma. We propose that the defect is due to an inability to activate somatic states linked to punishment and reward, that were previously experienced in association with specific social situations, and that must be reactivated in connection with anticipated outcomes of response options. During the processing that follows the perception of a social event, the experience of certain anticipated outcomes of response options would be marked by the reactivation of an appropriate somatic state. Failure to reactivate pertinent somatic markers would deprive the individual of an automatic device to signal ultimately deleterious consequences relative to responses that might nevertheless bring immediate reward (or, alternatively, signal ultimately advantageous outcomes relative to responses that might bring immediate pain). As an example, activation of somatic markers would (1) force attention to future negative consequences, permitting conscious suppression of the responses leading to them and deliberate selection of biologically advantageous responses, and (2) trigger non-conscious inhibition of response states by engagement of subcortical neurotransmitter systems linked to appetitive behaviors. An investigation of this theory in patients with frontal damage reveals that their autonomic responses to socially meaningful stimuli are indeed abnormal, suggesting that such stimuli fail to activate somatic states at the most basic level. On the contrary, elementary unconditioned stimuli (e.g. a loud noise) produce normal autonomic responses.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Instilling the value of reading literature through student-led book discussion groups.

With the desire to instill the value of lifelong reading, nursing faculty and a librarian developed a student-led book discussion group as an innovative teaching strategy for a senior seminar course. Inclusion of the librarian was unique and influenced the shape and rigor of the assignment. In this assignment, students chose one of the faculty-selected books, researched its author(s), read relevant professional book reviews, and developed questions for their peer discussion groups. Student and faculty responses were positive and clearly demonstrated the benefits of this assignment for students' personal development and professional growth.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1993

[Nature study and happiness in life: Hugo de Vries, Eli Heimans and Jac. P. Thijsse].

This article analyses the backgrounds of Hugo de Vries' stance with regard to the Dutch nature study movement, which rapidly gained momentum in the 1890s. The movement has received little attention from historians until now. A short exposition of its aims and intentions, as envisioned by its main protagonists, Heimans and Thijsse, is provided. It is shown that De Vries' scientific ideas on the improvability of the human species and his liberal social views led him to conclude that both socialism and right-wing 'laisser-faire' ideologies were scientifically unsound. Hereditary theory implied that the human races were genetically stable entities which could not be improved by selection of any kind. The progress of society could only be furthered by placing the emphasis on the individual and its cognitive and social development. According to de Vries, the study of nature provided an excellent means to this end, since it contributed to the individual's personal development as well as to its happiness.

Environment↗
PubMed2004

[Implant prosthesis rehabilitation after maxillofacial injuries--case report].

The dental and oral rehabilitation of patients with severe trauma that involves the oral cavity is demanding and challenging. Recently, advanced surgical techniques and innovations in oral implantology led to more sophisticated treatment modalities that may better fulfill the patients needs in special situations. Young people rather often suffer from accidents--at school and during leisure activities--in a period of their life that has a great impact on their physical, mental and personal development. Thus, the wish for a quick functional and esthetical rehabilitation contrasts with the complex clinical situation and the compromised oral conditions. All persons involved in the rehabilitation process--including the patient--must seek for the best solution that takes into account treatment time, invasivity of procedures and patients morbidity. Further, it is also observed that insurances very much stress the reduction of cost and the simplicity of treatment. This will also influence the treatment planning and the sequence of the procedures as shown by the following case.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed1997

[Unauthorized vaccines put on the market are useful for certain travelers].

Certain vaccines such as the amaril vaccine are highly recommended and even required from the traveller. Other vaccinations concern persons travelling in regions where they might be infected by pathogens not present in their countries of origin. There exist vaccines which are available in certain countries but which are not (or not yet) allowed on the French market. This is the case for the Japanese encephalitis (JE) and for the tick encephalitis (TE) of Central Europe. Details should be given about how the traveller can benefit from these vaccines, and about practical procedures to obtain them. The agents responsible are viruses transmitted by arthropods (the mosquito and the tick, respectively). The variability of the risk and the seasons of transmission, variable from one region to another (especially as far as JE is concerned), have to be taken into account. Also, the small risk of infection presently encountered and the small percentage of persons developing clinical syndromes after an infectious bite should be taken into consideration. Practically speaking, vaccination against the Japanese encephalitis is recommended to those persons who plan to stay in an endemic or epidemic region for several weeks during the season of transmission, especially if a trip into rural areas is entailed. As far as tick encephalitis is concerned, infection can take place in all rural areas (meadows, clearings, underwoods ...) of the Vosges and the zones east of them, especially in Central Europe, Russia and Siberia. While the decision is still justifiably pending as to whether to allow these vaccines on the market, it is possible to obtain from the public health administration a temporary authorization for their administration. Travellers should in any case be strongly advised to protect themselves against the bites of arthropods.

Drug and Narcotic Control↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nurses' perceptions of their professional growth on completion of two years of postgraduate education.

In a climate of diminishing financial resources in service industries such as health care and education, it is not surprising that a focus on measuring and ensuring appropriate outcomes is widespread. Graduate education has the potential to make a significant difference to the professional behaviour of graduates. Postgraduate nursing coursework programs have been developed and offered in such a climate, many now charging full course fees, which no doubt stimulates participants and employers to look for value for money in terms of outcomes. A ten year longitudinal study began in 1992 and was designed to determine the impact of postgraduate coursework nursing education on the careers and the professional and personal development of graduates. This paper reports graduates' perception of their personal and professional growth in terms of professional activities such as writing for publication, research, mentoring, and involvement in professional organisations at the completion of their university course. Respondents indicated the course had contributed to increased professional behaviours in all aspects and to a marked improvement in their clinical confidence. Improved self esteem and increased participation in professional activities reflects changing attitudes towards nursing work that have important implications for improved quality of patient care.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1991

Stress, coping, and adjustment in female adolescent incest victims.

Although previous literature on incest has dealt extensively with the nature, parameters, and effects of such abuse, it has not focused on the role of coping in the psychological adjustment of victims. Forty-five female adolescent incest victims in treatment completed questionnaires regarding their current adjustment, characteristics of their molest, their perceptions of the stressful aspects of the molestations, how they appraised the molestations, and how they coped with the fact that it occurred. The majority of the girls in this study had been sexually abused by a father figure (82%). The coping strategies of wishful thinking and tension reduction, the lack of maternal support at the time of reporting, and appraisals of threat and "holding self back" accounted for 70% of the variance in self-reported distress. The coping strategies of detachment, seeking social support and appraisal of hold self back accounted for 38% of the variance in adolescent's global psychopathology as rated by their therapists. In light of these findings, the implications of the need to address appraisals and coping efforts in research and therapy with incest victims was emphasized.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Different approaches to understanding autoimmune rheumatic diseases: the neuroimmunoendocrine system.

Rheumatic autoimmune diseases are characterized by dysregulation of the immune response that leads to inflammation, pain, disease and stiffness and have been shown to have differences in disease pattern, depending on the gender and age of an individual. The majority of these conditions predominantly affect females of all species and also show increased severity of disease in female animal models. In addition to the gender differences in disease development, persons are often more susceptible at specific stages of life. This review will discuss some of the data indicating age and gender differences in development of these diseases and will review hormonal and other factors that may contribute to disease expression and severity.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Development of an integrated model of personality, personality disorders and severe axis I disorders, with special reference to major affective disorders.

A unidimensional model of the relationships between normal temperament, psychopathic variants of it and the two main forms of so-called endogenous psychoses (major affective disorders and schizophrenia) was derived from Kretschmer's constitutional typology. It was, however, not confirmed by means of a biometric approach nor was Kretschmer's broad concept of cyclothymia as a correlate of physical stoutness on the one hand and major affective disorders on the other supported by empirical data. Yet the concept of the 'melancholic type' of personality of patients with severe unipolar major depression (melancholia) which resembles descriptions by psychoanalysts could be corroborated. This was also true for the 'manic type' of personality as a (premorbid) correlate of predominantly manic forms of a bipolar I disorder. As predicted from a spectrum concept of major affective disorders, the ratio of traits of either type co-varied with the ratio of the depressive and the manic components in the long-term course of such a disorder. The two types of premorbid personality and a rare variant of the 'manic type', named 'relaxed, easy-going type', were conceived as 'affective types' dominating in major affective disorders. They are opposed to three 'neurotoid types' prevailing in so-called neurotic disorders as well as in schizophrenic psychoses. The similarity among the types can be visualized as spatial relationships in a circular, i.e. a two-dimensional, model (circumplex). Personality disorders as maladapted extreme variants of personality are, by definition, located outside the circle, mainly along its 'neurotoid' side. However, due to their transitional nature, axis I disorders cannot be represented adequately within the plane which represents (adapted as well as maladapted) forms of habitual behaviour (personality types and disorders, respectively). To integrate them into the spatial model of similarity interrelations, a dimension of actual psychopathology has to be added to the two-dimensional plane as a third (orthogonal) axis. The distance of a case from the 'ground level' of habitual behaviour corresponds with the severity of the actual psychopathological state. The specific form of that state (e.g. manic or depressive), however, varies along one the axes which define the circumplex of habitual behaviour. This three-dimensional model is, by its very nature, more complex than the unidimensional one derived from Kretschmer's typological concept, but it is clearly more in accordance with empirical data.

Affective Disorders, Psychotic↗
PubMed1999

Personality and social skill differences between adults with and without siblings.

Differences in personality and social skills of 146 adults with 1 or more siblings and 51 adults without siblings were investigated to examine the importance of family structure for individual personality development. Participants completed the Social Skills Inventory (SSI; R. E. Riggio, 1989), which measures social and emotional sensitivity, expressivity, and control, and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ; H. J. Eysenck & S. B. G. Eysenck, 1975), which measures the personality factors of Extraversion-Introversion, Neuroticism-Stability, and Psychoticism. Results revealed only a marginal difference between individuals with and without siblings in Neuroticism, and no differences in various social skills or overall social competence. Possible explanations for the lack of differences in social skills between adults with and without siblings are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Low utilization of formal medical services by injured persons in a developing nation: health service data underestimate the importance of trauma.

BACKGROUND: Assessment of the societal importance of trauma relies, in large part, on hospital and other health service data. Such data are of limited value in developing nations if a significant proportion of injured persons do not receive formal medical care. METHODS: We undertook an epidemiologic study of trauma in Ghana. Via household visits, we surveyed 21,105 persons living in 432 urban and rural sites. RESULTS: During the preceding year, there had been 13 fatal injuries (62 per 100,000) and 1,597 nonfatal injuries resulting in > or = 1 days of lost activity (7 per 100). Of the fatally injured, only 31% received formal medical care (hospital or clinic). Of the nonfatal injuries, 58% received formal care, but with major differences between urban and rural sites. Only 51% of rural injured received formal medical care, compared with 68% of urban injured (p < 0.001). Even among those with more severe injuries (disability time > or = 1 month), 26% of rural injured never had formal care. Overall hospital use was especially low, with only 27% of all injured persons using hospital services. Among those with more severe injuries, 60% of urban, but only 38% of rural injured received hospital care (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate low utilization of formal medical services by injured persons in this developing nation. Even many of those with severe injuries do not receive medical care, especially in rural areas. Assumptions that rely on health service data, especially hospital data, underestimate the importance of trauma. Appropriate commitment of health care resources might thus be affected. Population based data are needed to fully assess the extent and societal impact of injuries in developing nations.

Data Interpretation, Statistical↗
PubMed1989

A comparative study of self-esteem of adolescent children of divorced lesbian mothers and divorced heterosexual mothers.

Thirty-six adolescent children, ages 13 to 19 years, divided equally into two groups according to their mother's sexual object choice and within group by sex, were compared to determine if there were any significant differences in the self-esteem of these two populations. Findings of the analysis of the self-esteem scores indicated there was no significant statistical differences in the self-esteem scores between adolescents with divorced lesbian mothers and adolescents with divorced heterosexual mothers.

Adolescent↗