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At least 901 records · Page 50Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Polymorphisms in DNA double-strand break repair genes and risk of breast cancer: two population-based studies in USA and Poland, and meta-analyses.

The double-strand break DNA repair pathway has been implicated in breast carcinogenesis. We evaluated the association between 19 polymorphisms in seven genes in this pathway (XRCC2, XRCC3, BRCA2, ZNF350, BRIP1, XRCC4, LIG4) and breast cancer risk in two population-based studies in USA (3,368 cases and 2,880 controls) and Poland (1,995 cases and 2,296 controls). These data suggested weak associations with breast cancer risk for XRCC3 T241M and IVS7-14A>G (pooled odds ratio (95% confidence interval): 1.18 (1.04-1.34) and 0.85 (0.73-0.98) for homozygous variant vs wild-type genotypes, respectively), and for an uncommon variant in ZNF350 S472P (1.24 (1.05-1.48)), with no evidence for study heterogeneity. The remaining variants examined had no significant relationships to breast cancer risk. Meta-analyses of studies in Caucasian populations, including ours, provided some support for a weak association for homozygous variants for XRCC3 T241M (1.16 (1.04-1.30); total of 10,979 cases and 10,423 controls) and BRCA2 N372H (1.13 (1.10-1.28); total of 13,032 cases and 13,314 controls), and no support for XRCC2 R188H (1.06 (0.59-1.91); total of 8,394 cases and 8,404 controls). In conclusion, the genetic variants evaluated are unlikely to have a substantial overall association with breast cancer risk; however, weak associations are possible for XRCC3 (T241M and IVS7-14A>G), BRCA2 N372H, and ZNF350 S472P. Evaluation of potential underlying gene-gene interactions or associations in population subgroups will require even larger sample sizes.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast associated with Poland's syndrome: report of a case.

We report herein a rare case of invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast associated with Poland's syndrome. The patient was a 59-year-old woman who was referred to our department after a nodule had been found in the upper outer portion of the left breast by a breast cancer screening program. On physical examination, marked hypoplasia of the right breast and upper limb was noted. Preoperative computed tomography also revealed a defect in the right pectoralis muscles. A quadrantectomy of the left breast with lymphadenectomy was subsequently performed and pathological examination of the resected specimen showed invasive ductal carcinoma. Her medical history revealed that her mother had attempted to abort the pregnancy around the fifth week of her gestation. The present case suggests that such an event during gestational development may be associated with congenital anomalies predisposing to malignant disorders.

Arm↗
PubMed2006

Hepatitis delta virus infection in chronically HBV-infected patients from northern Poland.

The objective of this study was to estimate the presence of hepatitis delta virus RNA in chronically HBV-infected patients from northern Poland. Three out of 63 studied samples (4.8%) were positive in a qualitative test for total antibodies to HDV antigen. Five samples (7.9%) turned out to be HDV-RNA-positive by RT-PCR, four of them were sequenced in the region of L-HDAg, and phylogenetic analysis was performed. All four examined samples belonged to genotype I. Two RNA-positive/anti-HD-negative samples possessed a few uncommon nucleotide substitution sites within the L-HDAg sequence, which could suggest unique variants in the Polish population of HDV-infected patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Epidemiology and characterization of Bordetella parapertussis strains isolated between 1995 and 2002 in and around Warsaw, Poland.

The aim of the study presented here was to analyze parapertussis infections occurring in the region of Warsaw, Poland, between 1995 and 2002 and to characterize the Bordetella parapertussis isolates using macrorestriction digestion of genomic DNA. Fourteen of the 17 patients with confirmed Bordetella parapertussis infection were between the ages of 5 and 9 years, and 14 had documented vaccination with the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis whole-cell vaccine; for the remaining three patients vaccination data was not available. DNA fingerprinting performed using recommended standard methodology revealed a close relationship between the examined strains and reference strain ATCC 9305, thus confirming the conservative nature of Bordetella parapertussis.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2005

Definition of the "health benefit basket" in poland.

The subject of "health benefit basket" has been hotly debated for years among the Polish public, but until recently the debate has tended to be largely theoretical and abstract and therefore has lacked an effect on public policy. The situation changed in 2004, for two reasons: first the verdict of the Constitutional Tribunal invalidating the existing health insurance law and, second, Poland's accession to the European Union. The first problem was solved in part by defining a list of specific exclusions in the law and a promise to establish an institution for health technology assessment. The second issue remains open, although to some extend it is being dealt with legally by regulations issued from the Ministry of Health on acceptable waiting times for health services.

Financing, Government↗
PubMed2007

Assessment of the pharmaceutical market in Poland after accession to the European Union.

The Republic of Poland joined the European Union (EU) on 1 May 2004. The EU accession brought new opportunities to the Polish health care system and the pharmaceutical market. However, there are still barriers to overcome such as bureaucracy, lack of transparency in pricing and reimbursement, decision-making processes, the short period of data exclusivity, respect for intellectual property rights, favorisation of local companies and low health care investment. Additionally, drug costs outpace overall economic development, a trend which is universally valid for almost all EU countries and which forms one of the most serious factors in health care expenditure. A systematic cost-effective assessment, the so-called fourth hurdle (after quality, efficacy and safety), of prescription drugs seems a necessity in most EU countries. The Polish Ministry of Health has defined aims for the future health care system in the National Drug Policy 2004-2008, including health economical criteria and instruments. However, it is to be expected that for some time there will be more a reimbursement hurdle instead of a fourth hurdle in controlling drug expenditure. This review focuses on the Polish pharmaceutical market with special consideration of the history of the Polish health care system. It will highlight the present situation of the Polish health care system after EU accession and provide an outlook to its possible future.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed2006

BRCA1-positive breast cancers in young women from Poland.

We identified 4316 unselected incident cases of early-onset breast cancers (<51 ears of age at diagnosis) in 18 Polish hospitals between 1996 and 2003. We were able to obtain a blood sample for DNA analysis from 3472 of these (80.4%). All cases were tested for the presence of three founder mutations in BRCA1. The proportion of cases with a BRCA1 mutation was 5.7%. The hereditary proportions were higher than this for women with breast cancer diagnosed before age 40 (9%), for women with cancer of medullary or atypical medullary histology (28%), for those with bilateral cancer (29%) or with a family history of breast or ovarian cancer (13%). It is reasonable to offer genetic testing to women with early-onset breast cancer in Poland.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The chemistry of soils, rocks and plant bioindicators in three ecosystems of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland.

In June of 2000, biogeochemical study was carried out in three ecosystems of the Holy Cross Mountains (south-central Poland). This paper presents element concentrations and stable sulfur (and in one site lead) isotope ratios in rocks, detailed soil profiles, and plant bioindicators including epiphytic lichen Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl., mosses (Pleurozium schreberi (Brid.) Mitt., Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw. S. Str., Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) B.S.G.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), common birch (Betula pendula Roth.), aspen (Populus tremula L.) and English oak (Quercus robur L.). Chemical analyses were performed with ICP-AES and AAS methods in the accredited laboratory (Central Chemical Laboratory of the Polish Geological Institute in Warsaw). The principal objective of this study was to compare the chemical composition of rocks, soils and selected plant bioindicators between investigation sites using the same methods of sample collection, preparation and analyses. The results of this study have shown that there is a high variability in concentrations of elements in plant bioindicators from the same sites that can not be explained only by soil properties or anthropogenic influence. This conclusion indicates that for biomonitoring purposes (especially with vascular plants) we cannot neglect individual features of the species examined.

Betula↗
PubMed2006

Microtrace metalloids speciation in lakes water samples (Poland).

This paper presents the results of the determination of arsenic, antimony and selenium concentrations of inorganic speciation in surface water samples from Gniezno city (western Poland) and its neighborhood. The concentration of elements were up to 1.85 ng/ml for arsenic, 1.61 ng/ml for antimony and 0.45 ng/ml for selenium (detection limits: 0.04 ng/ml for As and Sb and 0.03 ng/ml for Se). A variety of concentrations for the determined elements has been obtained in waters from Gniezno city's neighborhood and in water from down-town reservoirs which are under strong anthropogenic pressure.

Antimony↗
PubMed2006

The definition of prices for inpatient care in Poland in the absence of cost data.

The health reform of 1999 in Poland introduced market-like relations in the health care sector. The oligopsonic and the current monopsomic position of the payer makes prices for health care products purchased in this quasi-market low and does not usually take into account the costs of production. Despite a long history of cost calculation in the system, a systematic and reliable assessment of costs is still lacking which would help in setting up fair financing. At the same time providers complain about the dictatorship of the National Health Fund (NHF) yet they rarely resign from contracts with the NHF when they have the chance to conclude one.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed2000

Ethical implications in the allocation of scarce medical resources in Poland.

The health care system in Poland is undergoing major change and it is possible that these changes could affect clinical research. Therefore, the situation of funding of health care is important for the future of medical research in this country. Some questions relevant in this field will be addressed. Since funds for health care and scientific research remain inadequate, their allocation raises moral, economic, legal and organisational dilemmas. The clinical aspects of resource allocation also include physicians' responsibilities towards their patients. Scientific research, clinical medicine, and clinical research have a common denominator: they rely on trust. The physician should be a fiduciary of the patient as well as being a researcher for the benefit of the patient and for society. Some physicians and researchers, despite unethical conduct, escape disclosure and punishment, but decision-makers who wrongly allocate funds for health care and research are never held accountable for their actions.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMed2004

Informed consent and the use of placebo in Poland: ethical and legal aspects.

The concept of informed consent was one of the most fruitful ideas that deeply changed the relationships between physicians and their patients from paternalism to respect for the personal autonomy of subjects needing professional medical care. The great progress in medicine, also involving the pharmaceutical industry, has created an increasing need to perform different clinical and experimental trials. The evolution of clinical research in the last decades has influenced strongly the design of these studies. One of the most important changes in this field has been the use of placebo groups in double-blind controlled studies. The controversies have involved not only the use of placebo when standard or proven treatment was available, but also some specific problems concerning the procedure of obtaining informed consent in such trials. This paper briefly presents the evolution of informed consent in Poland as well as different ethical and legal problems concerning informed consent and the use of placebo controls in clinical trials.

Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1986

Early correction of the thoracic deformity of Poland's syndrome in children with the latissimus dorsi muscle flap: long term follow-up of two cases.

For treatment of the costo-sternal ridge that is sometimes caused by the missing pectoral muscles in Poland's syndrome, the latissimus dorsi muscle can be transposed as a functional substitute. This transposition should be carried out in early childhood as soon as the deformity becomes visible. Two patients have been observed after this procedure for 13 and 10 years respectively and show no evidence that the transposition of the latissimus dorsi caused any skeletal changes in the spine or impaired shoulder motion. The procedure is very efficient in correcting the chest wall deformity.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1990

Recent urban and population change in Poland.

"This paper documents recent changes in urban and population trends in Poland. These changes include a sharp decrease in the spatial mobility of the population, a transition from population concentration to deconcentration at interregional scale, and a weakening of the dominance of metropolitan core areas vis-a-vis metropolitan rings." The author suggests that rates of internal migration will increase in the 1990s as the large cohorts born in the 1970s enter the labor force.

Demography↗
PubMed1979

Drug resistance in newly discovered untreated tuberculosis patients in Poland, 1974-1977.

Between March 1974 and November 1977 altogether 2568 strains from 509 newly discovered, previously untreated tuberculosis patients from many areas of Poland were tested for susceptibility to 4 antituberculosis drugs: isoniazid (INH), streptomycin (SM), ethambutol (EMB) and rifampicin (RMP). Twenty seven patients (5.3 %) were infected with tubercle bacilli resistant to 1 (4.1 %) or 2 drugs (1.2 %). Sixteen patients (3.1 %) were infected with strains resistant to INH alone; t (1.0 %) to SM alone and 6 (1.2 %) to both INH and SM. Twenty two cases (4.3 %) were resistant to INH and 11 cases (2.1 %) to SM. No bacilli resistant to EMB or RMP, alone or in combination, were found. No relationship was found between sex or age and primary resistance rates.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Lead and cadmium contamination of soil and vegetables in the Upper Silesia region of Poland.

Studies of the lead and cadmium content of soils and vegetables from 126 allotments in 12 towns in a polluted region of Poland are described. Metal concentrations in parsley, celery, carrots and red beet were determined using AAS. In most cases, metal concentrations in soils and vegetables exceeded accepted standards and concentrations found in rural regions. A total of 756 vegetable samples were studied and only 170 met the standard for lead and 17 for cadmium. The lowest lead content was found in parsley roots and the highest in celery leaves. Cadmium content between species did not differ greatly and the highest concentrations were recorded for celery. The metal intake by the consumer was also calculated using questionnaire data concerning vegetable consumption. In relation to the reference area, the metal intake in the polluted area was 2-5 times higher for lead and 2-16 times higher for cadmium. The main species responsible for the high metal concentrations were carrots and red beet. Replacing carrots and red beet with the same species grown in an unpolluted region would reduce the consumer's metal intake from vegetables considerably.

Cadmium↗
PubMed1994

Mercury, lead, cadmium, manganese, copper, iron and zinc concentrations in poultry, rabbit and sheep from the northern part of Poland.

The concentrations of mercury, lead, cadmium, manganese, copper, iron and zinc have been determined in poultry, rabbit and sheep from the northern part of Poland between 1988 and 1991. The method of measurement was cold vapour flameless AAS for mercury and flame AAS for other trace metals. Rabbits contained somewhat higher concentrations of lead in liver and kidneys than other species examined and the same could be observed in the case of cadmium in organ meats of duck and geese with apparently higher contamination of the rabbit's kidneys. While for an essential trace metals the values obtained seem to be species/tissue specific and typical.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Some toxic and trace metals in big game hunted in the northern part of Poland in 1987-1991.

Game animal meats (muscle, liver and kidneys) collected from different regions in northern part of Poland in 1987-1991 were analysed for mercury, cadmium, lead, copper, manganese, zinc and iron. Toxic mercury, cadmium and lead occurred in relatively low concentrations in muscle and organ meats, with the exception of lead in muscle and cadmium in kidneys, which were relatively more contaminated. The concentrations of essential trace metals in samples examined seemed to be natural. Roe-deer contained relatively higher concentrations of copper, both in liver and kidneys, than stag and wild boar, while stag had higher levels of manganese in muscle meat and organs. The weighted mean concentration ranges obtained related to wet-weight for muscle, liver and kidneys of wild boar, roe-deer and stage were 1.2-3.4, 7.3-15, and 24-54 micrograms/kg for mercury; 10-10, 110-210, and 1500-2100 micrograms/kg for cadmium; 86-160, 190-210, and 210-290 micrograms/kg for lead; 1.6 and 1.8, 4.5-28, and 5.4-12 mg/kg for copper; 0.24-0.83, 1.7-5.2, and 1.3-4.1 mg/kg for manganese; 32-37, 37-47, and 30-48 mg/kg for zinc; and 24-31, 40-54, and 67-83 mg/kg for iron, respectively. Single specimens of elk and aurochs were examined also. From the point of view of health, contamination of muscle with lead, as a result of shot pellet fragmentation, and of kidneys with cadmium from the contaminated environment, seemed to be of greatest concern. The values obtained were compared with the available literature data.

Animals↗