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At least 901 records · Page 50Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Toxicology of selected pesticides, drugs, and chemicals. Petroleum distillates and turpentine.

Companion animal exposures to volatile hydrocarbons and turpentine accounted for 2% of all calls received by the IAPIC in 1987. Volatile hydrocarbons are also used as vehicle solvents (e.g., pesticides), and both vehicle and active ingredients pose a significant hazard to companion animals. The most significant clinical effects of the hydrocarbons are related to aspiration pneumonia. The likelihood of aspiration is generally related to the compound's viscosity, with more volatile and most widely available compounds posing the greatest risk. Treatment generally is conservative. Gastrointestinal decontamination methods (e.g., emetics and activated charcoal administration) are used only in massive ingestions or when other toxicants are present in conjunction with the hydrocarbons. Oxygen therapy and cage rest are recommended for the dyspneic animal. Close monitoring of an exposed animal and symptomatic care as needed are also recommended for at least 12 hours after exposure.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Blast resistant modular buildings for the petroleum and chemical processing industries.

There exists a need for blast resistant yet portable buildings to protect personnel temporarily assigned duties within explosively hazardous areas. Blast resistant portable buildings (BRPBs) are a valuable asset for protection of temporarily assigned personnel involved in activities located near potential explosion sites. Portable. Stackable and modular. Blast designed and ductile. Several companies have designed products to meet this need. Blast resistant portable buildings are the size of a typical office trailer; however, they may be installed in a variety of configurations and floor plans. The buildings are similar in design and construction to steel shipping containers but they are larger in scale, are much stronger, and are intended to be occupied within hazardous areas. Typical siting issues for modular buildings involve blast related requirements, process related requirements and conventional loading requirements. Examples of these requirements include: Sliding and overturning during blast response. Positive pressure and forced ventilation requirements. Seismic and wind loading. This paper describes blast performance, structural siting issues, and presents different applications of blast resistant modular buildings that have been installed at various facilities.

Carcinogens↗
PubMed1978

Proteins and acids from petroleum.

The wax distillate fraction (boiling range 300 up to 400 degrees C) from the crude oil "El-Alameen" was found to be a good substrate for the biosynthesis of proteins and/or amino acids by bacteria under special culture conditions. The fermentation processes were accompanied by a refining effect to the oil fraction, elevating its refraction index and lowering its melting point, giving dewaxing effect to the oil fraction.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1979

Screening studies of yeasts capable of utilizing petroleum fractions.

In these studies, 23 yeast cultures belonging to 10 genera of ascosporogenous, ballistosporogenous, and asporogenous yeasts, were screened with respect to their abilities of hydrocarbon utilization in synthetic media. Thus, kerosene, n-hexadecane, and wax distillate were compared as sole carbon sources in 2% final concentration. Kerosene exhibited marked inhibition on the growth of the majority of the strains, whereas active growth was observed with Debaryomyces vanrijii and many species of the genus Candida in media with n-hexadecane or wax distillate as sole source of carbon. In addition, some cultures belonging to the genera Sporobolomyces, Hansenula, Cryptococcus, and Trigonopsis could utilize some of these substrates, but to a lesser extent. Highest yield of cells and protein was obtained with Candida lipolytica NRRL 1094 in n-hexadecane medium, supplied with 0.03% yeast extract and trace element solutions. The results are discussed with respect to the possibilities of using new yeast genera, with special reference to the genus Debaryomyces, in microbiol protein production.

Alkanes↗
PubMed2000

Biodesulfurization and the upgrading of petroleum distillates.

Biotechnology offers an alternative way to process fossil fuels. There have been several important advances in the elucidation of the mechanisms of biodesulfurization and the development of a biocatalytic desulfurization process. These include a detailed analysis of the rate and extent of desulfurization of real target molecules in a diesel matrix, the directed evolution of rate- and extent-limiting enzymes for better performance and the expression of the genes in alternative hosts. Process innovations include new reactor designs, separations and recovery strategies and the production of value-added byproducts during desulfurization.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1999

Bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants in marine habitats.

Bioremediation is being increasingly seen as an effective, environmentally benign treatment for shorelines contaminated as a result of marine oil spills. Despite a relatively long history of research on oil-spill bioremediation, it remains an essentially empirical technology and many of the factors that control bioremediation have yet to be adequately understood. Nutrient amendment is a widely accepted practice in oil-spill bioremediation but there is scant understanding of the systematic effects of nutrient amendment on biodegradative microbial populations or the progress of bioremediation. Recent laboratory and field research suggests that resource-ratio theory may provide a theoretical framework that explains the effects of nutrient amendment on indigenous microbial populations. In particular, the theory has been invoked to explain recent observations that nutrient levels, and their relative concentration, influence the composition of hydrocarbon-degrading microbial populations. This in turn influences the biodegradation rate of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. If such results are confirmed in the field, then it may be possible to use this theoretical framework to select bioremediation treatments that specifically encourage the rapid destruction of the most toxic components of complex pollutant mixtures.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed2002

Community responses and coping strategies in the vicinity of a petroleum refinery in Oakville, Ontario.

This paper investigates community perceptions of and coping responses to a petrochemical refinery in Oakville, Ontario. The analysis of in-depth interviews (n=29) revealed the effects of social and community factors on residents' everyday life experiences of refinery emissions, and the factors that shape residents' perceptions and responses after the refinery's implementation of extensive measures to reduce emissions and odours. Overall, residents reported a reduction in odours from the refinery. While the refinery now poses a minimal or tolerable level of risk to some people in the community, it is still intolerable to others. The results show residents' shifting concerns, with their fears now focused on invisible emissions. Residents continue to employ both action-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies. These findings suggest that refinery intervention may have to move beyond the focus on technological measures to reduce odours to address the psychological and social concerns of residents.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Field study of pulsed air sparging for remediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil and groundwater.

Recent laboratory-scale studies strongly suggested an advantage to operating air-sparging systems in a pulsed mode; however, little definitive field data existed to support the laboratory-scale observations. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of a field-scale pulsed air-sparging system during a short-term pilot test and during long-term system operation. The air-sparging system consisted of 32 sparging points and had been previously operated in a continuous mode for two years before the field study was performed. The field study used instruments with continuous data logging capabilities to monitor the dynamic responses of groundwater and soil vapor parameters to air injection. The optimum pulsing frequency was based on the evidence that the hydrocarbon volatilization and oxygen dissolution rates dramatically dropped after the air-sparging system reached steady state. The short-term pilot test results indicated a substantial increase in hydrocarbon volatilization and biodegradation in pulsed operation. On the basis of the results of the pilottest, the air-sparging system was set to operate in a pulsed mode at an optimum pulsing frequency. Operation parameters were collected 2, 8, and 12 months after the start of the pulsed operation. The long-term monitoring results showed thatthe pulsed operation increased the average hydrocarbon removal rate (kg/day) by a factor of up to 3 as compared to the previous continuous operation. The pulsed air sparging has resulted in higher reduction rates of dissolved benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) than were observed during the continuous operation. Among BTEX, benzene's reduction rate was the highest during the pulsed air-sparging operation.

Air↗