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PubMed1999

Assessment of workers' exposure to aromatic hydrocarbons in a paint industry.

A factory survey was conducted in a paint industry in Tehran-Iran. The time-weighted average of toluene and xylene concentration in breathing zone and environmental air were monitored by charcoal tube samplers and GC-FID. The results showed that the tank cleaners had the highest exposure to toluene and xylene (1.5-5.4 times of TLV), while the workers in packaging workshops had the lowest. However, environmental concentration did not show significant differences in workshops and their levels were all lower than the TLV.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Aerosol metallic paints: deliberate inhalation. A study of inhalation and or ingestion of copper and zinc particles.

The preliminary and limited study was made in an area where the metallic spray paints are used as an intoxicant by a significant percentage of the student-population. Laboratory tests show that individuals misusing these unique products are ingesting and/or inhaling large amounts of copper and zinc which are excreted in the urine and are possibly retained in body tissue. No previous reports have been found on this form of substance misuse, and apparently no studies have been conducted to determine the physiological effects of such an overload of heavy metals.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed1993

Solvent exposure, alcohol consumption and liver injury in workers manufacturing paint.

Liver enzyme activity was examined in 89 South African paint makers currently exposed to a mixture of organic solvents at fairly low levels. However, the duration of exposure was substantial for many. Fifty-eight workers (65%) had at least one enzyme value above the upper reference limit. Gamma glutamyl transferase (gamma GT) activity was elevated in 46% of the workers and aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) in 52%. In a comparison between workers with high and low solvent exposure, the gamma GT and ASAT values were higher in the most exposed group (eg, gamma GT mean 108 versus 69 U.l-1, P > 0.05). Adjustment for confounding by alcohol consumption and body mass index eliminated the differences due to exposure. It was concluded that the measures of liver injury used did not demonstrate solvent-induced hepatic damage but that excessive alcohol consumption was an important factor.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Work-related deaths in construction painting.

Analysis of investigation records of the United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) concerning work-related deaths in Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) 1721, construction painting, showed a higher risk of fatal injury than expected from cohort studies including injuries on and off the job. Work-related death rates were 2.3 x 10(-4)/year (ie, three to five times that of general industry). Of the 129 deaths investigated, the largest category was falls (N = 65), followed by electrocution (N = 40) and asphyxiation from solvents or oxygen deficiency (N = 6). Eighteen deaths had other causes. The average OSHA fine for the employer was USD 607.00/fatality. Only 31% of the deaths occurred at firms covered by a union contract. Risk of fatal injury was the highest for small firms with fewer than 10 employees. Cohort mortality studies based on records from unions or large employers probably exclude many small firms and so underestimate the risk of fatal injury to painters.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed1986

Correlation of xylene exposure and methyl hippuric acid excretion in urine among paint industry workers.

Different calculations of methyl hippuric acid excretion in urine were correlated to the time-weighted average (TWA) of the xylene exposure of a complete workday for 40 paint industry workers exposed to 12 different solvents. The 8-h TWA xylene exposure varied between 0 and 865 (median 69) mg/m3. The amount of methyl hippuric acid excreted in about 24 h showed only a slightly higher linear correlation to the xylene exposure than the amount of methyl hippuric acid excreted per hour during the latter part of the workshift among the 37 subjects exposed to TWA xylene air concentrations of 0-200 mg/m3. It was concluded that the methyl hippuric acid excretion rate during the latter part of the workshift can be used for crude xylene exposure categorizations.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges in Swedish paint industry workers.

Workers in the Swedish paint industry exposed to a mixture of organic solvents, mainly containing xylene or toluene, were investigated for genotoxic effects. No difference in the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE), 0.192 and 0.193 per chromosome, respectively, was noted in the peripheral lymphocytes of the exposed group of 17 workers and their matched reference group. No correlation was found between xylene or toluene exposure and SCE frequency nor between total solvent exposure and SCE frequency. The frequency of chromosome aberrations was also investigated for the five most exposed workers and their matched referents, and no difference was found. There was no correlation between SCE and chromosome breaks.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Field-user acceptability of new camouflage face paint formulations in the Republic of Korea.

New formulations of camouflage face paint (CFP), one with 30% N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) and the other without DEET, were evaluated for soldier-user acceptability during a military field-training exercise in the Republic of Korea. Soldiers testing the CFP formulations were members of one of four U.S. Army infantry companies (A, B, C, or D). The formulations were evaluated while soldiers participated in simulated combat exercises for 5 days during hot, humid summer weather in Korea. Results showed that soldiers found both of the new formulations easier to apply (91.3% of respondents who used CFP without DEET and 87.9% of respondents who used CFP with DEET) and remove (82.6% without DEET and 81.2% with DEET) than the previous standard military-issue CFP. Soldier acceptability was higher for the new CFP formulation with 30% DEET (70.5%) than for the formulation without 30% DEET (52.9%). Soldiers recommended it more frequently (70.5%) than the formulation without 30% DEET (50.0%). The new CFP formulation with 30% DEET was rated more often (79.5%) as either good or excellent than the new formulation without 30% DEET (67.4%). Soldiers reported that the CFP formulation with 30% DEET more successfully camouflaged the face (92.7%) than the formulation without 30% DEET (80.0%).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Characterization of a small supernumerary ring marker derived from chromosome 2 by forward and reverse chromosome painting.

A small ring-shaped supernumerary marker chromosome (SMC) was detected in 50% of metaphase cells in an 18-month-old boy with mental retardation and multiple congenital anomalies. Conventional cytogenetic methods had failed to identify the origin of the marker. When the patient was age 11.5 years, we defined the origin of the SMC by fluorescence in situ hybridization using a battery of centromere-specific DNA probes. The marker was positive with the probe for locus D2Z. More detailed characterization was achieved by using chromosome 2 arm-specific and marker-specific DNA libraries, which were constructed by microdissection of the two arms chromosome 2 and SMC with subsequent amplification of the chromosomal material by a degenerate oligonucleotide-primed polymerase chain reaction (DOP-PCR). The marker was identified as r(2)(p11.2-->q14.1). The propositus had dolichocephaly, coarse hair, low-set ears, exophthalmos, epicanthal folds, strabismus, depressed nasal bridge, high-arched palate, excess of skin on the neck, tapered fingers with mild clinodactyly, talipes varus on the right, inguinal hernia, hypogenitalism, muscular hypotonia, and mental retardation. This is the first case of SMC derived from chromosome 2 that was characterized by forward and reverse chromosome painting.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed2000

Secondary ion mass spectrometric characterization of nail polishes and paint surfaces.

A variety of paint and fingernail polish samples, which were visually similar, but had different chemical compositions and formulations, was analyzed using quadrupole static secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Coating distinction was easily achieved in many cases because of the presence of dominant ions derived from the components of the coating, which could be observed in the SIMS spectra. In other instances, coating distinction was difficult within a product line because of spectral complexity; for this reason and because of the large numbers of spectra generated in this study, multivariate statistical techniques were employed, which allowed the meaningful classification and comparison of spectra. Partial Least Squares (PLS) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were applied to quadrupole SIMS data. PCA showed distinct spectral differences between most spectral groups, and also emphasized the reproducibility of the SIMS spectra. When using PLS analysis, reasonably accurate coating identification was achieved with the data. Overall, the PLS model is more than 90% effective in identifying the spectrum of a particular coating, and nearly 100% effective at telling which coating components represented in the PLS models are not present in a spectrum. The level of spectral variation caused by sample bombardment in the SIMS analysis was investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and quadrupole static SIMS. Changes in the FT-IR spectra were observed and were most likely a result of a number of factors involving the static SIMS analysis. However, the bulk of the sample is unaltered and may be used for further testing.

Cosmetics↗
PubMed2001

IPM-FISH, a new M-FISH approach using IRS-PCR painting probes: application to the analysis of seven human prostate cell lines.

We have developed an alternative multicolor karyotyping technique based on multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridization (M-FISH) and our own optical device with a specific filter set. The most innovative part of our development is the use of interspersed polymerase chain reaction (IRS-PCR) painting probes that show an R-band pattern simultaneous to the combinatorial labeling. This allows us not only to recognize the origin of chromosomal fragments, but to identify the breakpoints as well. We have used this technique to analyze seven cell lines: four prostate cancer cell lines (CA-HPV-10, LNCaP, DU145, and PC3), and three normal transformed epithelial prostate cell lines (PNT1B, PNT2, and PZ-HPV-7). In order to validate our IRS-PCR multiplex FISH (IPM-FISH) technique and to complement the results, we applied comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and FISH analysis, showing good correlation with the IPM-FISH results. To date, molecular and cytogenetic studies have identified several chromosomal regions that are altered in human prostate cancer; several candidate genes have been suggested. However, reliable markers for predicting the aggressiveness of early prostate cancer are not yet available. Our results show several common, unbalanced rearrangements in the cell lines. These rearrangements are similar to regions already implicated in prostate cancer, validating these cell lines as a good model system.

Cell Line, Transformed↗
PubMed2001

A dermal model for spray painters. Part I: subjective exposure modelling of spray paint deposition.

The discriminative power of existing dermal exposure models is limited. Most models only allow occupational hygienists to rank workers between and within workplaces according to broad bands of dermal exposure. No allowance is made for the work practices of different individuals. In this study a process-based, structured approach has been used to estimate dermal exposure from overspray generated by a spray painting process. Factors for spray technique, object shape and workers' individual work practices involved in the processes of droplet formation and deposition were incorporated into the model. The model was applied to predict dermal exposure of airless spray painters and the results were compared with exposure data. The predicted levels of exposure showed reasonable rank correlation with the measured exposure, although the model tended to over-predict the actual level of exposure. It was concluded that a structured, process-based approach has the potential to produce reliable estimates of dermal exposure. The reliability of exposure models of this type should be explored further and the relationship between the determinants of exposure should be validated by additional field studies.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed2000

Assessment of occupational exposure to organic solvents in paint industry.

The paper brings the preliminary results of ambient and biological monitoring of exposure to xylene, toluene, and styrene in paint industry. Air samples were collected at seven stationary locations at work places of 31 male workers. Samples of venous blood were taken from all workers for styrene, toluene, and xylene analysis, and of urine for metabolic derivatives, mandelic, phenylglyoxylic, and o- and m-methylhippuric acids analysis. Blood was collected on Wednesday before and after work, and urine on Monday, Wednesday and Thursday before work and on Wednesday after work. Workers were exposed to moderate concentrations of xylene and low concentrations of toluene and styrene. During periodic medical surveillance Questionnaire 16 was applied as a screening test for early central nervous disturbances. Seven workers had positive findings and required further psychological tests as recommended by WHO. Risk assessment of combined long-term exposure to organic solvents in occupational environment requires a prospective epidemiological study with matched control group.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Lead poisoning in calves due to old white lead paint].

A case of poisoning by chronic ingestion of lead in calves with a peracute clinical course is described. The source of lead was a prime coat of white lead on old white painted doors. These doors originated from an institution for aged people and had been used as pen walls for fattening calves. About 12 weeks later five animals died within hours after onset of CNS-symptoms. The post mortem examination of three animals revealed one with multifocal laminar edema and mild vasculitis in the cerebrocortex, one with acid fast intranuclear inclusion bodies in the renal tubular epithelial cells and one without lesions. Liver, kidney and abomasal contents of two animals were analysed for lead content. The concentration was diagnostic for lead poisoning in one case only.

Abomasum↗
PubMed2001

Chromosome painting - principles, strategies and scope.

Chromosome Painting is emerging as a powerful tool in the exact localization of different gene sequences of chromosomes at the microscopic level. It is principally based on molecular hybridization in situ with sequence specific probes on chromosomes. Different strategies have been adopted for the preparation of probes, hybridization and visualization. The impact of this method lies in identification of genes for desired characters in the chromosomes, including those of genetic disorders, in cancer research, in transgenesis and in studies on biodiversity and evolution.

Chromosome Painting↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Characterisation of fatty acids in drying oils used in paintings on canvas by GC and GC-MS analysis.

Of the various binding media used in paintings, this work examines drying oils. During the initial phase of polymerisation and the progressive ageing process, the fraction of unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids undergoes various changes (reticulation, oxidation, etc.), that give rise to characteristic compounds. Within a broader research project, aimed at the characterisation of binding media, a preliminary study was made of the ageing process of linseed oil. In this regard, linseed oil was spread on a glass or canvas support and then dried in the open air. The ageing of the spread linseed oil was monitored by taking samples of the material at regular intervals. After the fatty acids had changed into methylesters, the samples were analysed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results obtained have been reported as a ratio between the areas of the chromatographic peaks of the different fatty acids found.

Fatty Acids↗
PubMed2002

[An original painting by Nicolas Eekman (1889-1973)].

Born in Brussels, Eekman lived in Paris during the twenties in relationship with Mondrian, Chagall and Ernst. His style kept the realistic and fantastic features of Bosch and Breughel. In 1960, Pr Griffon proposed to him the order of an original painting dedicated to the biological medicines and pharmaceutical research, destinated to the decoration of his son's pharmacy recently opened at Paris-Orly airport. This presentation analyzes the genesis of this work.

Belgium↗