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PubMed1997

Detection of viral RNA by electron microscopic in situ hybridization (ISH-EM) in the germinal epithelium of mice infected with encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus.

Electron microscopic in situ hybridization (ISH-EM) was first applied to the detection of viral RNA in the germinal epithelium of mice inoculated i.p. with 10(5) plaque-forming units/mouse of the D variant of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMC-D). Signals of viral RNA were first detected in a small number of Sertoli cells showing mild degeneration at 2 days post inoculation, and 2 days later, they were also detected in germinal cells and spermatogonia when Sertoli cells showed prominent degeneration. The results clearly demonstrated that the first site of viral attack in the germinal epithelium was Sertoli cell in the case of EMC-D-induced mouse orchitis.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Diffuse testicular disease: sonographic features and significance.

Sonographic findings in 26 patients with diffuse testicular disease were retrospectively analyzed for features to differentiate diffuse neoplasms from diffuse orchitis or infarct. Diffuse neoplasms were associated with moderate to marked enlargement, globular shape, lobulated contour, and heterogeneous texture of the testis; the epididymis and scrotal skin were normal. In diffuse inflammatory disease, the testis was mild to moderately enlarged, the oval shape and smooth contour were preserved, and the texture was generally homogeneous; the epididymis was often enlarged, and scrotal skin was almost always thickened.

Dysgerminoma↗
PubMed1988

Acute scrotal abnormalities in children: diagnosis by combined sonography and scintigraphy.

Both scintigraphy and real-time sonography have been used to assess acute symptoms involving the scrotum. However, because of its high sensitivity and ability to document physiologic abnormalities, scintigraphy has been the procedure of choice. Scintigraphy, however, lacks specificity; its value lies mainly in serving to distinguish torsion from nontorsion. The purpose of this study was to supplement scrotal scintigraphy with sonography to determine if the combination improves diagnosis and management compared with scintigraphy alone. Forty-three scrotal scintigrams and sonograms were performed on 40 consecutive patients with acute scrotal symptoms. The interpretation of the scintigram was altered by sonography in six (14%) of the combined scans, directly affecting clinical management. In three patients with acute hydroceles diagnosed by sonography, exploratory surgery was avoided despite scintigraphic findings suggesting testicular torsion. Scintigraphy was normal in two patients with spontaneous testicular detorsion, whereas sonography showed recent spermatic-cord torsion that required subsequent orchiopexy. In a patient with epididymitis and orchitis, sonography showed a complicating scrotal abscess, which was not apparent on scintigraphy and which required antibiotic treatment. The addition of sonography to the scintigraphic evaluations of children with acute scrotal abnormalities changed the diagnosis and clinical management in 14% of the patients studied.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1992

The normal and abnormal scrotum in children: evaluation with color Doppler sonography.

The use of color Doppler sonography to evaluate the symptomatic testes in children with scrotal pain or swelling was prospectively studied with a fourth-generation color sonographic unit with a 7-MHz linear transducer. The 32 patients were 1 day to 18 years old (mean age, 8.6 years). Results were correlated with scintigraphic findings in 23 patients, with the final diagnosis established by surgery in 12 patients, and with clinical follow-up in all patients. Eight cases of testicular torsion, including two of acute torsion and six of late torsion, were correctly detected by color Doppler sonography and confirmed surgically. In the remaining patients, perfusion of the testis was correctly detected by color Doppler examination. The final diagnoses in these patients included torsion of the appendix testis (15 patients), epididymitis (five patients), epididymo-orchitis (one patient), yolk sac tumor of the testis (one patient), hydrocele (one patient), and local reaction to an insect bite (one patient). The ability to detect blood flow in the normal contralateral testis was also evaluated in 28 patients. Blood flow was demonstrated in normal testes larger than 1 cm3. Detection of flow in the very small normal prepubertal testis was often difficult, and no flow was identified in one testis. Flow was identified in central arteries in only six of 13 testes smaller than 1 cm3. We conclude that color Doppler sonography is helpful in the initial evaluation of pediatric testes, providing accurate evaluation of the involved hemi-scrotum in our patients and also providing the benefit of both structural and flow information. Until our sensitivity to low-velocity flow improves, we would not suggest the exclusive use of color Doppler sonography in the evaluation of testicular perfusion in the prepubertal patient. We advocate the addition of testicular scintigraphy to corroborate the presence of testicular perfusion when flow in intratesticular arteries cannot be established with certainty by color Doppler sonography.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Histopathology of the seminiferous tubules in mice injected with syngeneic testicular germ cells alone.

Previously, a model of murine experimental autoimmune orchitis was produced by active immunization with viable syngeneic testicular germ cells without resorting to any adjuvants. The histological mode of the spermatogenic disturbance of this autoimmunity was investigated in A/J mice. A significant spermatogenic disturbance was consistently induced after the appearance of inflammatory cell responses around the tubuli recti. It first appeared seminiferous epithelium adjacent to the tubuli recti, then spread to the peripheral epithelium. The histopathology of the seminiferous tubules in the early phase ranged from partial degeneration and depletion of all kinds of germ cells to complete loss of germ cells other than some remaining spermatogonia, while both Sertoli cells and the basal lamina of the tubules appeared intact. In the late phase, depletion of Sertoli cells, disorganization of the seminiferous tubular wall or filling with many round-shaped degenerating germ cells, appearance of malformed spermatids with signet ring nuclei, depletion of immature germ cells with remaining elongated spermatids, or complete loss of the seminiferous epithelium were observed in addition to the early histopathological features.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Diseases, lesions and malformations in the long-beaked common dolphin Delphinus capensis from the Southeast Pacific.

Miscellaneous lesions of the head, skull, teeth, trunk, appendages, skin and genital tract were observed in 120 of 930 long-beaked common dolphins Delphinus capensis taken in fisheries off Peru between 1985 and 2000. Seven subsamples were defined according to the varying field sampling protocols. Forty-two dolphins showed at least 2 types of injuries or diseases affecting 1 or more organs. The majority (5 of 7) of traumas encountered were diagnosed as caused by violent, fisheries-related interactions, and the skin in 20.4 % of specimens (n = 54) showed healed scars from such interactions. Prevalences of malformations and traumas of crania (n = 103) were 2.9 and 1.9%, respectively. Lytic cranial lesions were present in 31.1% of dolphins (n = 103) and accounted for 84.2% of all bone injuries. Skull damage diagnostic for Crassicauda sp. infestation was encountered in 26.5% of dolphins (n = 98) and did not differ among sex and age classes. Crassicauda sp. and tooth infections were responsible for, respectively, 78.8 and 6.1% of the lytic lesions. Adult dolphins showed a high prevalence of worn and broken teeth (35%, n = 20) as well as damaged alveoli (20%, n = 70). Prevalence of 'paired teeth', a congenital condition, was 9.4% (n = 32). Lesions of the head, body and appendages were present in 10 dolphins and included traumas, deformations (e.g. scoliokyphosis and brachygnathia) and chronic mastitis. Ovarian cysts suggestive of follicular cysts were observed in 1 of 24 females. Chronic orchitis affected 1 of 78 males. Of 12 dolphins 2 had vesicular lesions of the penis. Prevalence of cutaneous lesions, abnormalities and scars ranged between 1.8% (n = 56) and 48.2% (n = 27).

Animal Structures↗
PubMed1994

[Chronological changes in autoantigenicity of autologous testicular germ cells in C3H/He mice during the postnatal period].

Our recent studies demonstrated that experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO) model was produced in C3H/He mice with high incidence by two subcutaneous injections of viable syngeneic testicular germ cells (TC) without the use of any adjuvants or immunopotentiators. In this study the developmental patterns of autoantigenicity of TC during postnatal period were investigated by examining the orchitogenic activity of TC, the lymphostimulatory activities of TC (including the TC-induced in vitro lymphocyte proliferative response and the cytokine release from sensitized spleen cells (SPC) in response to TC) and the immunohistochemical localization of target autoantigens in the testes of mice at various weeks of age. Delayed-type hypersensitivity-inducing capacity and anti-TC antibody-eliciting capacity were initially observed in mice that were immunized with TC of 4-week old (w.o.) mice. The TC from 6-w.o. mice had the capability of inducing EAO (orchitogenicity) for the first time. A significant stimulation of in vitro lymphocyte proliferative response, as well as of interleukin (IL) 5 and IL-6 production by sensitized SPC were detectable when TC of mice 3-w.o. or more than were employed as stimulant. IL-2 and interferon gamma production were detected with TC of 4-w.o. mice. Immunohistochemical staining reaction with anti-TC antisera was primarily localized at the acrosomal portion of spermatids and spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules, being already detected in spermatids of as early as 3-w.o. mice. Thus, from these data it is suggested that the appearance of the lymphostimulatory activities of TC consistently precedes that of the orchitogenic activity and that relatively mature germ cells such as spermatids and spermatozoa developing in the testes during the postnatal weeks may be responsible for the induction of disease and relevant immune responses in our EAO system.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Inflammation alone evokes the response of a TCR-invariant mouse gamma delta T cell subset.

Whether gamma delta T lymphocytes respond to microbial Ags or to inducible host Ags remains a matter of controversy. Using several different disease models and mouse strains, we and others have seen that V gamma 6/V delta 1 gamma delta T cells preferentially increase among the gamma delta T cells infiltrating inflamed tissues. However, it was not clear whether bacteria are necessary to bring about this response. Therefore, we have reexamined this question using a disease model in which inflammation is induced by a purely autoimmune process involving no bacteria, bacterial products, or other foreign material: testicular cell-induced autoimmune orchitis. Using this model we found that gamma delta T cells were still plentiful among the infiltrating T lymphocytes, being 9- to 10-fold more prevalent than in spleen, and that V gamma 6/V delta 1+ cells again represented the predominant gamma delta T cell type. This finding shows that the response of the V gamma 6/V delta 1+ subset does not, in fact, depend upon the presence of bacteria or bacterial products. The stimulus triggering the response of the V gamma 6/V delta 1 gamma delta T cells appears to be neither foreign nor organ-specific in origin, but instead consists of a self-derived host Ag or signal induced during the inflammatory process.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1999

[Surgical therapy of varicocele. Technical note on the inguinal approach].

BACKGROUND: There are several therapeutic proposals for idiopathic varicocele treatment, but all of them present a certain number of relapses. The technique proposed consists, through an inguinal approach, in a systematic ligation and section of all veins potentially responsible of a venous reflux. METHODS: During a period from 1990-1995 a total of 73 patients were surgically treated for idiopathic varicocele with this technique. All patients underwent preoperative spermiogram, hormonal assay and Doppler velocimetry. Through an inguinal approach, under selective spinal anaesthesia, a ligature and section of the internal spermatic vein at the internal inguinal ring is performed, followed by searching, ligature and section, of other veins responsible of venous reflux (external spermatic vein, anastomosis with sapheno-femoral veins, arteriovenous micro-anastomosis, pubic veins). The patient is discharged within twenty-four hours. RESULTS: An external dilated spermatic vein was discovered in 30.1%, pubic veins in 49.3%, anastomosis with safeno-femoral veins in 10.9% and arteriovenous micro-anastomosis in 43.8%. There were no mortality or serious postoperative morbidity; only in five cases there were complications consistent in two orchitis and three hydrocele. No relapse at follow-up (12-36 months), performed with palpation and a Doppler study, was found, while there was a spermiogram improvement in 61.6% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: This surgical approach is a safe and radical treatment without any relapse, of all types of varicocele.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Schönlein-Henoch syndrome: clinical-epidemiological analysis of 98 cases].

We analyzed the clinical and epidemiological data of 98 patients (50 males and 48 females) aged between 6 months and 16 years, hospitalized for Schönlein-Henoch syndrome in the last 20 years. The incidence was higher during spring time. Throat culture was positive for streptococcus pyogenes in 16% of patients. 14 of 60 (23%) had a positive allergometric response to various tests. The extrarenal manifestations were: purpura (100%), articular (68%) or gastrointestinal (32%) involvement and orchitis (10%). Renal symptoms were observed in 23% of the patients, but a clear nephropathy was documented just in 5% of the cases, with resolution within 2 years. Our data suggest, in agreement with the letterature, that renal involvement in Schönlein-Henoch syndrome has usually a benign course.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Studies on sperm antigenicity. 2. In vivo and in vitro cellular reactivity in guinea pigs sensitized to homologous and heterologous spermatozoal autoantigens.

In vitro delayed type hypersensitivity was demonstrated with peritoneal exudate cells from guinea pigs of the Rockefeller and Hartley strains, immunized with different preparations of the guinea pig male reproductive tract (RMT) emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant-H37Ra. The RMT preparations were purified guinea pig spermatozoal autoantigens S, P, and T; whole guinea pig spermatozoa, and extract from epididymal tissue. The cellular sensitivity in vivo was demonstrated by injecting the proper antigen into the skin of the tested animals and in vitro by the macrophage inhibition technique. Peritoneal exudate cells from guinea pigs sensitized with whole guinea pig spermatozoa cells were inhibited in vitro by the specific antigen, epididymal extract, and autoantigen-T. Autoantigen-S was found to be a weak immunogen. However, the migration of peritoneal exudate cells from guinea pigs sensitized with large amounts of antigen-S was inhibited by whole spermatozoa in vitro. This cross-reactivity revealed the possibility that the immunogenicity of purified autoantigen-S might be connected to its molecular size. According to the immunizing dose of the antigens, testicular lesions of either the aspermatogenic or orchitis type were found in the testes of sensitized guinea pigs. Lesions in the testes of the guinea pigs were not detectable by cross-immunization with heterologous human or rat spermatozoa, although some degree of in vitro cross-reactivity was detected by skin test studies.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Systemic manifestations of Sweet's syndrome: a case report].

Sweet's syndrome belongs to the group of neutrophilic dermatoses. We report the case of a 36-year-old man admitted for stiff neck and fever. He had a history of recurrent oral aphtous ulcers, orchitis, phlebitis, two episodes of febrile acute polyarthritis with interstitial pneumonia. He presented a stiff neck and a temperature of 40 degrees C for two days associated with an erythematonodular eruption of the right periocular region. Laboratory exams showed an inflammatory syndrome with hyperleukocytosis. Skin biopsy showed dermic neutrophilic infiltrates, confirming the diagnosis of Sweet's syndrome. The patient improved dramatically with corticosteroids: the temperature fell and neck stiffness and skin lesions disappeared. In light of this case with a rich cohort of extracutaneous manifestations, we reviewed the literature on the characteristics of Sweet's syndrome. This syndrome is commonly associated with inflammatory and neoplastic diseases.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Complications of inguinal hernia repair].

It's shown by literature and confirmed by Author's experience that, on account of the excellent results, prosthetic repair of inguinal hernia is more effective than "conventional" (Bassini, Mc Vay, Shouldice). Between January 1993 and December 2000 were observed 875 patients with inguinal hernia (814 monolateral, 61 bilateral); all patients underwent a Lichtenstein repair both in the primary version and in its variations (internal ring plastic, trasversalis plicate, plug repair). The patients were discharged from hospital within 24 hours after surgery in 90% of cases. No important intraoperative complications were observed; the patients restarting work varied from 3 to 15 days after the discharging in relation to patient anxiety, onset of complications and to the type of work. The complications observed were: urine retention (1.6%), superficial haematoma (1.3%), superficial infection (1%), wound suppuration (0.5%), serous effusion (0.7%), postsurgery pain (2.1%), scrotal edema (1.7%), persistent inguinal neuralgia (0.6), local hypoesthesia (4.3%), ischemical orchitis (0.1%), recurrence (0.2%). In conclusion Authors assert that "tension free" repair allows optimal results both for the surgery point (easiness of the technique, repeatability, less invasivity, scanty incident of recurrences, low frequency of postoperative complications) and in economic terms, allowing an early mobilization of the patients. A further improvement would be obtained with more care in surgical and patient management, with more excellent results.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Tuberculous prostato-rectal fistula].

In a 60-year-old man admitted for right epididymo-orchitis with scrotal fistula and urine leak via the rectum, the diagnosis of tuberculosis was based on histological examination of a tissue sample of the scrotal fistula. The fistula was successfully treated with tuberculostatic drugs and cystostomy.

Antitubercular Agents↗
PubMed2002

[The establishment of testicular fibrosis model in Wistar rats].

OBJECTIVES: To establish the testicular fibrosis model in rats. METHODS: Wistar rats were divided into control group(n = 12) and model group(n = 40) randomly. Testicular fibrosis model was built with the classical method of establishing experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO) combined with injecting Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) into left testis. RESULTS: The incidence rate of EAO and the rate of testicular fibrosis were 100%, 11.1% and 100%, 81.5% at 80, 140 days after the first infection, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The model of rat testicular fibrosis was established successfully.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Clinical analysis of the patients with mumps].

Mump morbidity in Lithuania and the City of Siauliai has rapidly increased in 1999; 5946 and 879, respectively. During the past decade, the number of cases was much lower: in Lithuania from 383 to 632, and in the City of Siauliai from 6 to 31. There were 87 cases of mumps diagnosed (M-72, F-15). The age of patients was 15-42 years. Most patients were 15-20 years old. The majority of patients was admitted to the department in spring and summer. The most common acute symptoms of mumps were: fever (97.70%) and painful enlargement of the salivary glands (71.26%). Rare symptoms were: painful swallowing, weakness, nausea and vomiting. Orchitis was observed in 43 patients (59.72% of male) and increasing of amylases in 52 patients (59.77%). Meningitis developed in 15 patients while 1 of them had cochleoneuritis, which led to deafness. The duration of treatment in hospital was 3-39 days (avg. 8.29). Two pregnant women were treated with mumps in our department. The condition of their fetus was not affected.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Extra-salivatory glands manifestations of mumps--own observations].

A total of 808 patients with extra-salivary glands manifestations of mumps were treated in the Department of Infectious Diseases, Bytom, Silesian University Medical School in the period of 1985-2001. Mumps meningitis, testicular involvement (epidydymo-orchitis), and mild mumps pancreatitis were diagnosed in 762 (529 male; 69.4%), 24, and 22 (14 male; 63.6%) patients respectively. The patients' age ranged from 2 to 53 years. Mumps virus infection was the reason of transient (behavior disorders, cognition functions impairment) and permanent (hypoacusis, deafness) sequelae of the disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Testicular microlithiasis and testicular cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To check the possible relationship between testicular microlithiasis and testicular carcinoma in a patient in the one which previously we discovered a sonographic image of this condition. The etiopathogenesis, incidence and attitude are discussed. METHODS: A 23-year-old male with a psychomotor retardation secondary to a chromosomopathy presented with orchitis. Scrotal ultrasound discovered testicular microlithiasis, described as many hyperechoic images. Thirteen months later a testicular cancer was found in a new ultrasound. Radical orchiectomy was performed. Currently the patient is under intense follow-up. RESULTS: The histopathological study showed mature teratoma and intratubular germ cell neoplasm. CONCLUSIONS: The testicular microlithiasis has been related with benign and malignant testicular pathology. However, this presence it is not sufficiently clarified and the urologist's attitude to a patient with testicular microlithiasis but asymptomatic is not enough studied.

Adult↗