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PubMed2000

Effect of national seminar on AIDS and anesthesia upon knowledge, attitude and practice concerning HIV among Thai anesthesia personnel.

In the national seminar of AIDS and Anesthesia which was a short course educational program in all aspects of HIV medicine, 195 questionnaires about knowledge, attitude and practice concerning HIV were distributed among the participants (anesthesiologists and nurse anesthetists) in 3 periods, pretest, post test (at the end of 2 days seminar) and post test 2 (at 4 months after the seminar). There were 177 (90.76%) respondents who completed both pretest and post test 1 questionnaires. About 12 questions of knowledge; mean scores were statistically significantly increased; 7.95 (0.98) vs 9.5 (0.78), P < 0.001. Two thirds (8 out of 12 questions) were answered correctly in post test 1 more than in the pretest by Mc Nemar Chi-square test; P < 0.05. About attitude; 2 out of 5 answers changed significantly by Mc Nemar Chi-square test; P < 0.05. The post test 2 questionnaires were mailed to all 177 participants twice asking to reply only once. All questionnaires were to be completed anonymously. The post test 2 with a response rate of 65.5 per cent revealed that universal precautions were frequently used among Thai anesthesia personnel but not universally followed. At least one-third of the respondents admitted recapping before disposal of used needles. Fifty six per cent of respondents (vs 22.8% in pretest) admitted re-using one syringe for more than one patient. In conclusion, this study showed that a short course educational program may improve knowledge about HIV and partly change attitude, but can not change behaviour. Changing the practice of anesthesia health care workers needs continual education and appropriate training.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2005

Internal medicine-pediatrics physicians: their care of children versus care of adults.

Purpose To determine how practicing physicians who graduated from internal medicine-pediatrics residency programs allocate their practice time and professional activities between adult and child patients, and to investigate whether there are predictors of the extent to which a particular physician's practice is more or less focused on one or the other of these patient groups. Method In 2003, the authors mailed a questionnaire to the 1,300 generalists and 472 subspecialists who, as of 2003, had completed internal medicine-pediatrics training since the inception of the program in 1980. Results The response rate was 73% for the generalists and 65% for the subspecialists. The vast majority of the generalist physicians stated that they provide care to all ages of patients. However, the proportion of care they provided to different age groups was not uniformly distributed, with more care provided to adults than children. Both generalist and subspecialist respondents were more likely to feel better prepared by their residency training to care for adults than for children. Those who felt less well-prepared to care for children were less likely to do so in their practices (odds ratio, 0.68; 95% confidence interval, 0.48-0.96). Fifty-four percent of the subspecialists pursued subspecialty training in internal medicine only, while 38% completed a combined internal medicine-pediatrics subspecialty program. These respondents, like the generalist respondents, also were more likely to focus clinical efforts on adults than children. Fewer than half (43%) provided any care to children zero to one year of age, while 54% provided at least some care to children aged two to 11 years. Conclusions Internal medicine-pediatrics physicians are more likely to spend a majority of their clinical care focused on adults and to perceive that they stay more current in the care of adults than of children. Potential reasons for this disparity may include training issues, greater reimbursement for the care of adults, perceptions of the impact on the medical market of the demographic shifts to older adults, and employment opportunities following training. These results also demonstrate the need for a more detailed and comprehensive assessment of the adequacy of pediatrics training in these programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Oncology Nursing Society year 2004 research priorities survey.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To determine the Oncology Nursing Society (ONS) research priorities for 2005-2008 for oncology nursing across the entire scope of cancer care, including prevention, detection, treatment, survivorship, and palliative care. DESIGN: Descriptive, cross-sectional survey. SAMPLE: Stratified into two groups: random sample of general membership (N = 2,205; responses = 287, or 13%) and all ONS active members in the United States with doctoral degrees (N = 627, responses = 144, or 23%); overall response rate was 15%. METHODS: The 2000 survey was revised and updated. Postcards were mailed to the original sample (N = 1,605) prior to the launch of the online survey, inviting participation via an online or paper-and-pencil survey. An e-mail announcement of the survey was launched one week later, followed by reminders the following week. Because of low response rates, a second sample (N = 600) was selected and contacted. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: 117 topic questions divided into seven categories. Several items were new or reworded. FINDINGS: The top 20 research priorities included 12 of the top 20 items found in the 2000 survey; 8 topics were new to the top 20. Priority topics were distributed across six of seven categories. When general membership results were compared to the doctoral sample, 10 topics were among the top 20 for both groups. Nine topics were top priorities in the 2000 (researcher) and 2004 (doctorally prepared) surveys. CONCLUSIONS: Response rates to the electronic survey were lower than for previous paper-and-pencil surveys, but an adequate response was obtained. Rank order of mean importance ratings was determined by narrow differences in scores. The general membership and doctorally prepared samples showed similarities as well as differences in results. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: The 2004 survey results will inform the 2005 research agenda and assist the ONS Foundation and other funding organizations in distributing research funds.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗
PubMed2002

Community-based strategies for focus group recruitment of minority veterans.

Minority recruitment is crucial to successful clinical research and associated community-based outreach programs. Reaching and retaining a diverse sample is particularly challenging when research targets not only ethnic or racial minorities but also subcultural groups such as veterans of different war periods. We describe various strategies that address the special challenges of minority recruitment through our experience engaging an ethnically diverse sample of 258 veterans as part of an evaluation of ambulatory care services at Department of Veterans Affairs health care facilities. Most veterans were recruited by liaison with the community center, which accounted for 29% of the total sample. Other strategies included on-site recruitment (21%), word of mouth (21%), mailings to veterans' organizations (12%), and newspaper advertisements (7%). Strategies varied in their effectiveness at reaching specific racial or ethnic groups and veterans from different cohorts of war service.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Cardiovascular risk factors in women with and without rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: The risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is increased in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The objective of this study was to examine the distribution of known CVD risk factors and biomarkers of CVD in women with and without RA. METHODS: This study included two components: an examination of clinical CVD risk factors among women participating in the Nurses' Health Study, a prospective longitudinal cohort, and an analysis of CVD biomarkers among a subgroup of women from this cohort who provided a blood specimen in 1989 (biospecimen cohort). Data regarding clinical risk factors for CVD were collected in 1990 by mailed questionnaire. The diagnosis of RA was confirmed through a structured medical record abstraction. We compared clinical risk factors for CVD and biomarkers of CVD between women with and without RA, adjusting for age, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, and menopause status. RESULTS: Women with RA (n = 287) were significantly more likely than women without RA (n = 87,019) to report no alcohol use (48.2% versus 39.4%) and past cigarette smoking (47.8% versus 38.0%). No significant differences between these groups were observed for current smoker status, BMI, regular aspirin use, diabetes, hypertension, physical activity, and family history of early myocardial infarction. In the biospecimen cohort (69 RA cases and 491 controls), the levels of several inflammatory biomarkers linked to CVD were significantly elevated in women with RA, including CRP, fibrinogen, sICAM-1, sTNFRI, sTNFRII, and osteoprotegerin. Levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, apolipoprotein B, and Lp(a) were similar between groups. Levels of homocysteine were similar, but vitamin B(12) was significantly higher among women with RA than among the controls. CONCLUSION: In women participating in the Nurses' Health Study, most traditional CVD risk factors were similar between those who had RA and those who did not. However, as expected, biomarkers of inflammation associated with CVD were generally elevated in women with RA.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Insight into the treatment of vulvar pain: a survey of clinicians.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this investigation was to determine practice patterns among clinicians who frequently treat patients with vulvar pain syndromes. STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey was distributed to providers in the United States whose names were on a referral list of clinicians that care for women with vulvar pain (National Vulvodynia Association, Silver Springs, MD). The survey included 2 clinical vignettes. Clinicians were asked to report what treatments they would use to treat women with generalized vulvodynia and localized vulvodynia. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics. A comparison of categoric data was accomplished with the Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: Surveys were mailed to 327 providers; 167 completed surveys were returned, for an overall response rate of 51%. The most commonly used treatment for vulvodynia was tricyclic antidepressants. There was no difference in the use of physical therapy, estrogens, injected or topical steroids, interferon, or laser therapy to treat generalized and localized vulvodynia. Respondents were more likely to use tricyclic antidepressants (P < .001), gabapentin (P < .001), and psychiatric care (P < .001) and less likely to use local anesthesia (P < .001) and vestibulectomy (P = .007) for the clinical scenario that represented generalized vulvodynia than they were for the scenario that represented localized vulvodynia. Most clinicians reported screening for vaginal infections, and many clinicians perform colposcopy and/or vulvar biopsy. Respondents recommend a variety of lifestyle modifications in the treatment of vulvodynia. CONCLUSION: Clinicians use a wide variety of treatments for vulvar pain and use different therapies for variants of vulvodynia.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗
PubMed2004

Chronic idiopathic orofacial pain. A long-term follow-up study.

Patients suffering facial pain that does not fit with the traditional diagnostic criteria and which does not respond to dental treatment constitute a clinical problem. These patients lack a proper diagnosis and are frequently exposed to excessive and inadequate invasive treatment. The aim of this investigation was to study the long-term development of pain and the result of treatment in a cohort of patients suffering chronic idiopathic facial pain. The 74 patients referred to the Facial Pain Diagnostic Group at the Karolinska Institute School of Dentistry between 1981 and 1992 were invited to take part in a follow-up study. As 16 subjects were unwilling or unable to take part in the study and 13 had died, the remaining 45 were interviewed either in accordance with a standard protocol or by filling out a questionnaire mailed to them. The interview revealed that 10 were free of orofacial pain, but only 2 were totally free of pain. Over the 9-19 years' follow-up period the relationship between facial pain and pain in the rest of the body had changed substantially. Of 14 patients and more than 100 extractions, permanent pain relief was felt by only 3 patients. It is concluded that a diagnosis was given in only 2 cases. The distribution of the pain has changed dramatically. The low success rate of invasive treatments suggests that such therapeutic methods are to be considered contraindicated in patients suffering from idiopathic orofacial pain.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

The Florida School Violence Policies and Programs Study.

The Florida School Violence Policies and Programs Study (FSVPPS) assessed characteristics of violence prevention and control policies and education programs in Florida's 67 public school districts. Data were collected using the Florida School Violence Policies and Programs Questionnaire (FSVPPQ). Instruments used in the national School Health Policies and Programs Study (SHPPS) served as the framework for item development. A questionnaire designed to solicit information about violence policies and education programs was mailed to all 67 school districts in Florida during spring 1996. Sixty-seven key informants were selected by asking district office personnel to identify the person with primary responsibility for violence prevention activities in their district. Fifty-five school districts returned completed questionnaires, yielding a usable response rate of 82%. Respondents included personnel of superintendent rank, district administrators and directors, instructional specialists, principals, and "Safe & Drug Free Schools" coordinators. Participating school districts were evenly distributed geographically across Florida. The FSVPPS data reported in this paper include administrative and programmatic information about violence prevention education.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Physician perceptions regarding competence of obstetrical providers and attitudes about other issues in obstetrical care.

BACKGROUND: Access to obstetrical care in the United States is unevenly distributed and is limited by provider availability, geography, and finances. Obstetrical care is provided by three distinct groups: obstetricians, family physicians, and certified nurse midwives (CNMs). Outcomes among these groups have not been shown to differ, but the attitudes and perceptions of these groups may impact access to obstetrical care. We examined physicians' perceptions regarding competence of obstetrical providers for low- and high-risk care and attitudes regarding CNMs and malpractice insurance costs. METHODS: We mailed a survey containing twenty value-neutral questions on competency, attitudes, and demographics to a randomized list of 3,000 OB/GYNs and 3,000 FPs obtained from the American Medical Association. Physicians surveyed included obstetricians (OB/GYNs), obstetricians specializing in high-risk (HROBs), family physicians who include obstetrics in their practice (FPOBs), and family physicians who do not do obstetrics (FPs). RESULTS: The response rate was 14.5 percent. All respondent types expressed a high degree of confidence in OB/GYNs to provide low-risk obstetrical care. FPOBs were not perceived to be as competent to provide the same care, but FPOBs have more confidence in their ability to provide low-risk obstetrical care than OB/GYNs have (71.4% versus 43.8%, P = .0001). Attitudes differed among the physicians about malpractice insurance fees paid by OB/GYNs and FPOBs. OB/GYNs strongly supported a similar fee schedule for these two groups and FPs supported differential rates (P = .001). CNMs were generally perceived as competent and were thought to warrant hospital privileges for vaginal deliveries. CONCLUSIONS: Physicians view their own and others' obstetrical competence and outcomes differently, but not necessarily accurately. Malpractice rates are not perceived by OB/GYNs as fair. Specialty societies need to promote cooperation and enhance education of all providers of obstetrics.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

ASHP national survey of hospital pharmaceutical services--1987.

The results of a fall 1987 national mail survey of pharmaceutical services in short-term hospitals are reported and compared with similar surveys conducted in 1975, 1978, 1982, and 1985. A sample of 875 hospitals was selected randomly from among the estimated 5600 U.S. short-term hospitals that employ a pharmacist on at least a part-time basis. The survey had a 71.1% response rate (617 usable replies). Nearly three-fourths of the respondents had complete unit dose drug distribution services (UDD), 68% reported complete i.v. admixture services (IVA), and 57% reported both complete UDD and complete IVA. Nearly 5% of respondents offered five specified clinical services (up from 1.8% in 1985); 24% reported having no clinical services (versus 38% in 1985). Nineteen percent said their departments had one or more clinical specialists. Overall, about one-third of pharmacy technicians had completed formal training. The number of respondents with programs to contain drug costs increased about 10% since 1985. Weekly hours of pharmacy operation averaged 102; 36.7% of respondents had pharmacy service around the clock. The percentage of hospitals with computerized drug distribution systems increased from 32% in 1985 to 52% in 1987. Prime vendors were used by 94.6% of respondents, and only 2% reported that they did not use a purchasing group. National expenditures for drugs and fluids for community hospitals were projected at $4.7 billion, personnel costs at $1.8 billion, and other pharmacy expenditures at $0.4 billion. The projected numbers of open positions nationally for pharmacists in community hospitals was 1950. The survey also collected data on the use of personal computers, inventory turnover, quality assurance, continuing-education philosophy, revenue-generating programs, and outpatient services. Drug control in community hospitals is improving, and clinical services are more widespread. Twenty percent of respondents had comprehensive pharmaceutical services, defined as complete UDD and complete IVA plus three or more clinical services.

Computers↗
PubMed1995

Dietary behaviours of volunteers for a nutrition education program, compared with a population sample.

The dietary behaviours of and recent dietary change by volunteers for a nutrition education program were compared with those of a more population-representative sample. The population sample was randomly selected from the electoral rolls of three Australian cities. Those selected received questionnaires which were to be completed and returned by mail. The sample of volunteers was recruited from the electoral rolls of suburbs of either high or low social status in one of these cities. Volunteers were posted a questionnaire, to be returned in person. A quantified food frequency questionnaire was used to estimate relative intake of 19 nutrients, plus energy intake. Occupation, age, sex, reported recent dietary change and diet-related beliefs were also assessed. The population sample was weighted to the age and occupational distribution of the education program sample. Compared to the 874 respondents in the population sample (70.4 per cent response rate), the 487 volunteers (24.2 per cent response rate) for the nutrition education program had healthier nutrient intakes and reported more dietary behaviour changes. Recruitment in the education program was greater in areas of higher social status (32 per cent) than in areas of lower social status (20 per cent). The potential effect of such a program on the whole population was demonstrated by the proportions that volunteered and the characteristics of these volunteers. The need to provide a range of opportunities for changing dietary behaviour, according to the health-related behaviours and beliefs of target groups and their socio-economic circumstances, was highlighted.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Clustering of liver cancer deaths in Saitama Prefecture, Japan.

Cancer statistics in 1965 revealed that people in the eastern part of Saitama had a high risk of developing cancer of the liver. Clusters of liver cancer were also observed in 1975, though less for males than for females. In 1985, traces remained of clusters with higher death rates from liver cancer. A field survey revealed absence of correlation between geographical clustering of liver cancer and HBsAg positivity, geographical HBsAg positivity differences between sexes, and lack of correlation between geographical distribution of HBsAg positivity and death rates from liver diseases (cancer or cirrhosis). There was no geographical relationship of death rates from liver cancer to liver cirrhosis in Saitama. Statistics of the Saitama Cancer Center revealed lower averages than in the rest of Japan for the percentage of HBsAg positivity in HCC inpatients, the percentage of HCC inpatients with liver cirrhosis, and the ratio between the number of patients with HCC and those with cholangio carcinoma. A mail questionnaire revealed that farmers in the eastern part of Saitama had a strong positive association with death from liver cancer. These results suggest that HBV does not play an important role in the clustering of high death rates from liver cancer in Saitama.

Adenoma, Bile Duct↗
PubMed2001

International profiles of dental hygiene 1987 to 1998: a 19-nation comparative study.

AIM: Development of an international longitudinal database to examine patterns, trends and changes in dental hygiene. METHOD: Three surveys of national dental hygienists' associations, mainly members of the International Federation of Dental Hygienists. Data were collected by mail in 1987, 1992 and 1998, using a 40-item questionnaire. Sample size increased over time; results presented are based on responses for 13, 15 and 19 countries respectively. Preliminary tabulations were circulated to respondents for validation. RESULTS: Overall, characteristics of the profession were remarkably similar; most noteworthy was the scope of dental hygiene clinical practice. Regarding historical development, education and professional organisation, the profession was more similar than dissimilar. Greater variation was evident in terms of numbers, distribution, workforce behaviour, predominant work setting and remuneration. While apparent change over the relatively short period 1987 to 1998 was viewed with caution, several observations were of particular interest: marked increases in the supply of dental hygienists, scope of practice and range of practice settings, accompanied by a decline in mandated level of work supervision. A slight but gradual increase in independent dental hygiene practice also was noted. CONCLUSION: By 1998 the profiles reflected the vast majority of the world's population of dental hygienists. While rate of change varied across the countries examined, the nature of the change tended to be consistent, resulting in a continuing homogeneity in the profession worldwide. Changes and emerging trends should continue to be monitored in terms of improved access to quality oral health services and technical efficiency in the provision of those services.

Asia↗
PubMed1993

Pharmaceutical representatives and emergency medicine residents: a national survey.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To determine the extent and diversity of involvement of pharmaceutical representatives in emergency medicine residency programs and to assess chief residents' beliefs and attitudes concerning this activity. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: A multi-item survey with cover letter was mailed to the chief resident at each of the 87 Accreditation Council on Graduate Medical Education-approved emergency medicine residency programs in the United States at the time of study conception. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Eighty-three percent (72 of 87) of the questionnaires were returned. Ninety-three percent (66 of 71) of responders reported the involvement of pharmaceutical representatives in their emergency medicine residency. The most frequent activities (90%, 63 of 70) were to distribute small gifts (pens, notepads) and to provide meals during department functions such as journal clubs (80%, 56 of 70). Only 32 of 70 responding chief residents (46%) were aware of any established guidelines in their institution or residency program concerning relationships with pharmaceutical representatives, and 14 respondents (20%) believed that accepting gifts from pharmaceutical companies could affect their own prescribing habits. A few stated that pharmaceutical representative-sponsored educational functions were inappropriate. CONCLUSION: The interaction of pharmaceutical representatives with emergency medicine residents and residencies is widespread. More than 50% of the institutions supporting emergency medicine residency programs have no formal guidelines with regard to the interaction of their residents with pharmaceutical representatives or their guidelines are not known to the person most responsible for approval and arrangement of the pharmaceutical representative interaction--the emergency medicine chief resident. While most chief residents believed that accepting small gifts was reasonable, they also believed that accepting gifts valued at $100 or more and pharmaceutical representative sponsorship of trips was inappropriate.

Drug Industry↗
PubMed2003

Comparison of early and delayed respondents to a postal health survey: a questionnaire study of personality traits and neuropsychological symptoms.

Delayed response to a mail survey is related to age, lifestyle and socioeconomic status, and may provoke bias in epidemiological study. We investigated whether delayed respondents were associated with their personality traits and neuropsychological symptoms. Two hundred and ninety-eight painters from a Scottish dockyard cohort and their 571 male controls (general subjects) randomly recruited from the local residents completed a questionnaire, which included 24 statements of the Eysenck personality scales and 22 questions of neuropsychological symptoms. There was a similar distribution of delayed response between general subjects and painters, with a total of 55.6% early (returning questionnaires within 4 weeks), 33.4% intermediate (within 8 weeks) and 11.0% late respondents (after 8 weeks). The delayed response was related to only a few individual statements or symptoms, which varied between general subjects and painters. There were no significant differences in scores in statements of personality traits and neuropsychological symptoms among the three respondent groups, except for the late respondents in painters having an increased score of total neuropsychological symptoms at borderline significance. After adjustment for confounding the case-control analysis showed no significant association of the high scores of social conformity, neuroticism and symptoms with a delayed response. This study suggests that response to a postal health survey may not be influenced or biased by personality traits and neuropsychological symptoms.

Bias↗
PubMed1999

"Virtual microscopy" and the internet as telepathology consultation tools: diagnostic accuracy in evaluating melanocytic skin lesions.

The Internet offers a widely available, inexpensive tool for telepathology consultations. It allows the transfer of image and text files through electronic mail (e-mail) or file transfer protocols (FTP), using a variety of microcomputer platforms. We studied the use of the Internet and "virtual microscopy" tools for the diagnosis of 35 skin biopsies, including a variety of benign and malignant melanocytic lesions. Digitized images from these lesions were obtained at 40x and 100x optical magnification, using a high resolution digital camera (Microlumina, Leaf Systems, Southborough, MA), a light microscope with a phototube adapter and a microcomputer with a Pentium 166 MHz microprocessor. Two to four images of each case were arranged on a "canvas" to represent the majority or an entire biopsy level, using Photoshop software (Adobe Systems Inc., San Jose, CA). The images were compressed using Joint Photographers Expert Group (JPEG) format. The images were then viewed on a computer video monitor in a manner that closely resembles light microscopy, including scrolling by using the "hand tool" of Photoshop and changing magnification digitally up to 4 times without visible image degradation. The image files, ranging in size from 700 kilobytes to 2.1 megabytes (average 1.6 megabytes) were attached to e-mail messages that contained clinical information, using standard Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension (MIME) protocols and sent through the Internet, for interpretation by a dermatopathologist. The consultant could open the images from the e-mail message, using Microsoft Outlook Express (Microsoft Corp., Redmond, WA) and Photoshop software, scroll them, change magnification and render a diagnosis in a manner that closely simulates light microscopy. One hundred percent concordance was obtained between the telepathology and traditional hematoxylin and eosin slide diagnoses. The Internet and relatively inexpensive "virtual microscopy" tools offer a novel technology for dermatopathology consultations. Potential applications of this technology to pathology and technical problems posed by the use of an open, widely distributed network to share sensitive medical information are discussed.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1995

A descriptive study of the career mobility of ET nurses.

A qualitative study of the career mobility of ET nurses in the United States was conducted. Self-report questionnaires and demographic data sheets were mailed to a sample of 117 ET nurses, and the return response was 54.3%. Members of the study sample ranged in age from 29 to 58 years, and the range of duration of practice as an ET nurse was 1.5 to 18 years. The current positions of the respondents varied from staff nurse in a non-ET nurse role to director of marketing or education for manufacturers of wound, ostomy, and incontinence products. Practice sites were evenly distributed between industry and clinical. Analysis of self-report questionnaires and telephone interviews identified 30 themes, which were reassessed for similarities and condensed to eight themes. These include consequences of the experience of being an ET nurse, precipitating event that resulted in a career change, ET nursing as a demarcation in practice, perception as currently practicing as an ET nurse, career mobility, feelings regarding ET nursing experiences, self-directedness in professional growth, and trajectory from clinical nursing to the business world.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Women in academic emergency medicine.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the achievement of women in academic emergency medicine (EM) relative to men. METHODS: This study was a cross-sectional mail survey of all emergency physicians who were employed at three-fourths full-time equivalent or greater at the 105 EM residency programs in the United States from August 1997 to December 1997. The following information was obtained: demographics, training and practice issues, roles and responsibilities in academic EM, percentage of time spent per week in clinical practice, teaching, administrative and research activities, academic productivity, and funding. RESULTS: Of the 1,575 self-administered questionnaires distributed by the office of the chairs, 1,197 (76%) were returned. Two hundred seventy-four (23%) of the respondents were women, and 923 (77%) were men. There was a significant difference noted between men and women in all demographic categories. The numbers of respondents who were nonwhite were extremely small in the sample and, therefore, the authors are hesitant to draw any conclusions based on race/ethnicity. There was no difference in training in EM between men and women (82% vs 82%, p = 0.288), but a significantly higher proportion of male respondents were board-certified in EM (84% vs 76%, p < 0.002). Women in academic EM were less likely to hold major leadership positions, spent a greater percentage of time in clinical and teaching activities, published less in peer-reviewed journals, and were less likely to achieve senior academic rank in their medical schools. CONCLUSIONS: These findings mirror those of most medical specialties: academic achievement of women in academic EM lags behind that of men. The paucity of minority physicians in academic EM didn't permit analysis of their academic achievements.

Academic Medical Centers↗