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PubMed2004

A serological survey of Ebola virus infection in central African nonhuman primates.

We used an ELISA to determine the prevalence of IgG antibodies specific for the Zaire subtype of Ebola virus in 790 nonhuman primates, belonging to 20 species, studied between 1985 and 2000 in Cameroon, Gabon, and the Republic of Congo. The seroprevalence rate of Ebola antibody in wild-born chimpanzees was 12.9%, indicating that (1) Ebola virus circulates in the forests of a large region of central Africa, including countries such as Cameroon, where no human cases of Ebola infections have been reported; (2) Ebola virus was present in the area before recent outbreaks in humans; (3) chimpanzees are continuously in contact with the virus; and (4) nonlethal Ebola infection can occur in chimpanzees. These results, together with the unexpected detection of Ebola-specific IgG in other species (5 drills, 1 baboon, 1 mandrill, and 1 Cercopithecus), may help to narrow the search for the reservoir of Ebola virus. They also suggest that future Ebola outbreaks may occur anywhere in the central African forest region.

Africa, Central↗
PubMed1996

Interspecies transmission of macaque simian T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type 1 in baboons resulted in an outbreak of malignant lymphoma.

An outbreak of malignant lymphoma has been observed in one of the baboon (Papio hamadryas) stocks of Sukhumi Primate Center. More than 300 cases in this "high-lymphoma stock" have been registered since 1967. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-related virus was implicated as the etiologic agent of Sukhumi baboon lymphoma. The origin of this virus remained unclear. Two possibilities were originally considered: the origin could be baboon simian T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type 1 (STLV-1) or HTLV-1 (before the outbreak started, some Sukhumi baboons were inoculated with human leukemic material). The third possibility entered recently: interspecies transmission of rhesus macaque STLV-1 to baboons. It was prompted by the finding of very close similarity between STLV-1 991-1cc (the strain isolated from a non-Sukhumi baboon inoculated with material from a Sukhumi lymphomatous baboon) and rhesus STLV-1. To test this hypothesis, we investigated 37 Sukhumi STLV-1 isolates from baboons of high-lymphoma stock by PCR discriminating rhesus type and baboon type STLV-1 isolates. All of them were proved to be rhesus type STLV-1. In contrast, all six STLV-1 isolates from baboons belonging to other stocks or populations were of baboon type. The PCR results were fully confirmed by DNA sequence data. The partial env gene gene sequences of all four STLV-1 isolates from Sukhumi lymphomatous baboons were 97 to 100% similar to the sequence of known rhesus STLV-1 and only 85% homologous with the sequence of conventional baboon STLV-1. Thus, interspecies transmission of STLV-1 from rhesus macaques (or closely related species) to baboons occurred at Sukhumi Primate Center. Most probably this event initiated the outbreak of lymphoma in Sukhumi baboons.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Acute fulminant sarcocystosis in a captive-born rhesus macaque.

A captive-born juvenile female rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) was acquired from a commercial breeder and placed in quarantine. Within 8 days of arrival, the animal became anorexic, inactive, and dehydrated. Subsequently, generalized edema and facial ecchymoses developed, and despite supportive therapy, the animal became moribund and was euthanatized. Macroscopic examination showed diffuse stippling and streaking of the myocardium. Histopathologic examination revealed multifocal to coalescing myocardial edema, necrosis, lymphohistiocytic inflammation, and generalized endothelial infection with Sarcocystis sp. Immature and mature schizonts within endothelial cells were most prevalent in the heart. Fewer schizonts were present in the vasculature of other tissues, including skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, adipose tissue, brain, and retina. Mature tissue cysts within muscle fibers were not found in the myocardium but were occasionally seen in skeletal muscle. Analysis of polymerase-chain-reaction-amplified 18s ribosomal RNA gene sequences revealed 96% identity to published sequences of S. hirsuta, S. hominis, and S. fusiformis and 95% identity to S. cruzi and S. tenella. However, sequences did not show complete identity with any organism in the GenBank database. Sequence homology suggests that this is a newly described Sarcocystis sp. Results of antibody tests for simian retrovirus, simian T-lymphotropic virus 1, and simian immunodeficiency virus were negative, suggesting that viral immunosuppression was unlikely to have augmented the pathogenicity of sarcosporidial infection. Clinical and histopathologic findings in this case of fulminant sarcosporidiosis are similar to those described in Dalmeny disease in cattle, which is associated with ingestion of massive numbers of infective Sarcocystis oocysts.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1996

Gongylonematiasis in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).

Two cases of gongylonematiasis in common marmosets of two research facilities in Germany are reported. The helminthiasis was transmitted from colony A to colony B by one infected female and within colony B by cockroaches (Blatella germanica). Four of 40 cockroaches examined in colony B were infected with rhabditiform larvae. Clinical signs of disease in the infected animals consisted of intense itching and scratching of the edematous and slightly hyperemic perioral tissues. Histologically the adult helminths lodged predominantly in the mucous membranes of the upper and lower lips; they were less frequently present in the labial cutaneous parts or in the tongue and could not be seen in the esophageal wall, bronchi, or abdominal organs. The helminthic infection probably caused minor to moderate mixed inflammatory infiltrates of the periesophageal connective tissues and intense inflammation of the deep lingual muscular tissues. Lesions of the mucosal membranes of the lips and tongue had predominant accumulations of neutrophilic granulocytes, lymphocytes, and mostly degranulated mast cells with only a few eosinophilic granulocytes. In the cutaneous part of the lips multifocal microabscesses were considered to be secondary lesions from the intense scratching.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The effects of a selective dopamine D2 receptor agonist on behavioral and pathological outcome in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated squirrel monkeys.

In this study, we investigated antiparkinsonian activity of the novel, highly selective dopamine D(2) receptor agonist sumanirole compared with two clinically effective dopaminergic therapies in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) primate model of Parkinson's disease. Squirrel monkeys were rendered parkinsonian by chronic administration of MPTP and subsequently dosed with vehicle, L-DOPA plus carbidopa (L-DOPA), ropinirole, or sumanirole over a duration of 8 weeks. Antiparkinsonian effects measured with a parkinsonian primate rating scale (PPRS) showed that sumanirole elicited improved functional outcome compared with vehicle. The dopamine D2/D3 agonist ropinirole improved behavioral outcome similar to sumanirole, whereas L-DOPA treatment yielded the most significant symptomatic improvement. The relative rank of therapies that elicited normalization of PPRS was L-DOPA > sumanirole; ropinirole did not normalize PPRS in any of the treated monkeys. Dyskinesias were present with L-DOPA treatment but were not observed in sumanirole-, ropinirole-, or placebo-treated primates. Pathologically, all MPTP-treated animals displayed neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and reactive astrocytosis. Neurons immunoreactive with antibodies to the nuclear transcription factor DeltaFosB were most significantly increased in the striatum of L-DOPA-treated monkeys. These results suggest that sumanirole can exert antiparkinsonian effects similar to L-DOPA without the behavioral and morphological consequences of the latter.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Marmoset monkey models of Parkinson's disease: which model, when and why?

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease, with clinical features of tremor, muscular rigidity and akinesia, occurring as a result of midbrain dopamine loss. The search for treatments has relied heavily on animal models of the disorder. The use of monkey models of PD plays a distinct role in the development and assessment of novel treatments. The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a popular New World monkey used in the search for new treatments. These monkeys are easy to handle and survive well in captivity. This review examines the advantages of using marmoset monkeys in PD research and examines the different models available with reference to their use in pre-clinical assessment for novel therapeutic treatments. The most common models involve the administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) or 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Recently, selective cerebral transgenic over-expression of alpha-synuclein has also been attempted in marmosets as a potential model for PD. Each model has its advantages. The MPTP-based model in marmosets resembles the disease with regards to the neuroanatomy of neurotransmitter loss; the unilateral application of 6-OHDA allows for the assessment of more complex sensorimotor deficits due to the presence of an intact 'control' side; the over-expression of alpha-synuclein in the midbrain results in the slow onset of behavioural symptoms allowing for a pre-symptomatic time window. The appropriateness of each of these marmoset models for the assessment of treatments depends on several factors including the experimental aim of the study and whether emphasis is placed on the analysis of behavioural deficits.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Comparison of tamarins and marmosets as hosts for GBV-B infections and the effect of immunosuppression on duration of viremia.

GBV-B virus is a close relative to hepatitis C virus (HCV) that causes hepatitis in tamarins, and thus, is an attractive surrogate model for HCV. In this study, we demonstrate that the host range of GBV-B extends to the common marmoset with an infection profile similar to that observed for tamarins. Marmoset hepatocytes were susceptible to in vitro infection with GBV-B. Virus was efficiently secreted into the medium, and approximately 25% of hepatocytes were positive for NS3 staining. In an attempt to induce persistent infections, tamarins were immunosuppressed with FK506 and inoculated with GBV-B. Although no chronic infections were induced, the duration of viremia was increased in most animals. In one animal, the duration of viremia was extended to 46 weeks, but viral clearance occurred 18 weeks after stopping FK506 therapy. The greater availability of marmosets in comparison to tamarins will greatly facilitate future research efforts with this model.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Isolation of an arenavirus from a marmoset with callitrichid hepatitis and its serologic association with disease.

Callitrichid hepatitis (CH) is an acute, often fatal viral infection of New World primates from the family Callitrichidae. The etiologic agent of CH is unknown. We report here the isolation of an arenavirus from a common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) with CH by using in vitro cultures of marmoset hepatocytes and Vero-E6 cells. Enveloped virions 67 to 133 nm in diameter with ribosomelike internal structures were seen in infected cultures. Immunofluorescence and Western immunoblot analysis using CH-specific antisera (principally from animals exposed to CH during zoo outbreaks) revealed three antigens in cells infected with this CH-associated virus (CHV). These antigens had the same electrophoretic mobilities on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels as did the nucleocapsid, GP2, and GPC proteins of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). Monoclonal antibodies specific for these arenavirus proteins also reacted with the three CHV antigens. Conversely, the CH-specific antisera reacted with the nucleocapsid, GP2, and GPC proteins of LCMV. CHV thus appears to be a close antigenic relative of LCMV. The serologic association of CHV with several CH outbreaks implicate it as the etiologic agent of this disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1968

The poxviruses.

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Animals↗