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PubMed2006

The level of intelligence and heart rate variability in men after myocardial infarction.

Heart rate variability (HRV) reflects periodic changes taking place in heart rhythm, which are controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and external factors. The aim of the present study was to assess the relationship between HRV and the level of intelligence using the Raven Advanced Matrices Test in 95 men (mean age 41.6 +/-3.7 SD yr) who experienced myocardial infarction during two years preceding the psychophysiological examination. HRV was analyzed from the EEG signal recordings in the time and spectral domains. It was found that post-myocardial infarct men of the higher than average intelligence had significantly increased HRV; the finding was reflected in the analysis of both time and frequency domains. Although both sympathetic and parasympathetic components showed an increase in the frequency domain, the former did disproportionately more, achieving substantial predominance. The results indicate that active mental processes and attitude, linked to a higher intelligence level, might be a beneficial prognostic marker, as is higher HRV, for the overall post-infarction cardiac mortality and for return of such subjects back to normal life. The corollary is that the assessment of IQ in post-infarction patients seems a simple screening method that may help presage the health and social course the patient takes.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Randomized controlled pilot study of vigabatrin versus carbamazepine monotherapy in newly diagnosed patients with epilepsy: an interim report.

At present, 34 patients aged 15 to 63 years with newly diagnosed epilepsy have been randomly assigned to vigabatrin (n = 17) or carbamazepine (n = 17). Evaluation of clinical data, neuropsychological assessment, quantitative spectral electroencephalogram (EEG), and somatosensory- and visual-evoked potentials at baseline and after a 3 months' maintenance phase are presented for 12 patients on vigabatrin and for 11 patients on carbamazepine. Among these patients, retention rate in the maintenance phase of the study is 75% for vigabatrin patients (two noncompliant patients and one nonresponder dropped out) followed up for a mean of 11 months (range, 5 to 16 months). The retention rate for carbamazepine is 100% for the 11 patients, followed up for a mean of 9 months (range, 3 to 17 months). Patients receiving vigabatrin showed significant improvements in sustained concentration and tasks requiring flexible mental processing after the 3-month maintenance period, compared to baseline. In the carbamazepine group, there was improvement only in delayed list recall, and in contrast, errors in visuomotor tasks requiring processing increased significantly. Patients on carbamazepine demonstrated slowed occipital mean frequencies, but vigabatrin treatment was not associated with any significant quantitative EEG changes. Significant prolongation of somatosensory-evoked potential N19 latencies was seen with both carbamazepine and vigabatrin.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Seven-year outcome of the Vermont Intervention Program for Low-Birthweight Infants.

We compared 24 low-birthweight subjects of an experimental intervention (LBWE), 32 no-treatment controls (LBWC), and 37 normal birthweight (NBW) subjects. The intervention involved 7 hospital sessions and 4 home sessions in which a nurse helped mothers adapt to their LBW babies. At age 7, LBWE scored significantly higher than LBWC on the Kaufman Mental Processing Composite (p less than .001), Sequential (p = .02), and Simultaneous (p = .001) Scales, after statistical adjustments for socioeconomic status. LBWE did not differ from NBW (F less than 1). These results bear out a divergence between the LBWE and LBWC that first became statistically significant at age 3. The findings suggest that the intervention prevented cognitive lags among LBW children, and that long-term follow-ups are needed to evaluate the developmental effects of efforts to overcome major biological and environmental risks.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1986

[Neuropsychologic changes in Parkinson syndrome].

In Parkinson's disease various cognitive deficits occur of which impairments of perception, memory, speech, vigilance, reaction-time, and shifting aptitude in cognitive tasks can be distinguished. Also depression is frequently observed. Personality changes are discussed originating from organic mental factors, the experience of the disease, and possible premorbid personality traits. Mental processing is probably slowed down in Parkinson's disease (bradyphrenia). However, it is not yet clarified in which cognitive categories bradyphrenia may play a role.

Amnesia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Memory disorders in lesions of the corpus callosum in man].

It is shown in seven patients with partial commissurotomy in connection with arterial aneurysms of the anterior conjunctival and pericallosal arteriae, that the section of the corpus callosum leads to memory disturbances, qualitatively differing by their structure from mnemic disorders described in literature. Important role of the knee of the Corpus callosum in genesis of these disturbances is revealed, their types are described and neuropsychological are criteria formulated of evaluation of disturbance of interhemispheric interaction in the mnemic sphere, opening new perspectives in diagnosis and correction of mental processes disturbances at local brain lesions.

Corpus Callosum↗
PubMed1989

Values, moral reasoning, and ethics.

The purpose of this exchange was to explore the domains of values, moral reasoning, and ethics. Values and moral reasoning reflect the "is." Moral reasoning is the mental process that nurses set in motion to come to some decision of right or wrong in any moral dilemma. Values are motivational preferences or dispositions. Moral values are those preferences that are integral to any moral reasoning process. Ethics reflect the oughts. It is the art-science that critically evaluates the "is." As such, ethics identifies the norms or standards of behaviors that either are or can become the values that are implemented through moral reasoning. Nursing is just beginning to identify its moral values and reasoning. Nevertheless, nursing seems to be further along in the identification of the "is" than it is with the "ought." The further development of nursing ethics will be of great benefit to nurse researchers and educators. The greatest benefit will be, however, to the practicing nurse as she/he struggles with giving excellent nursing care consistent with a positive nursing ethic.

Beneficence↗
PubMed1989

A comparative study on the effects of brotizolam and flurazepam on sleep and performance in the elderly.

This study was undertaken to compare the effects of 0.25 mg of brotizolam, 15 mg of flurazepam, and placebo on the sleep and performance of elderly subjects with chronic insomnia during a 2-week period of administration. Thirty-six male and female subjects who ranged in age from 60-72 years were divided into three treatment groups. All groups received placebo on the first three study nights, the active drug or placebo on the next 14 nights, and placebo again on the two following withdrawal nights. Sleep was assessed by means of questionnaires, and residual effects during the day were studied by means of the multiple sleep latency test and a variety of memory, performance, and vigilance tests. Sleep improved with all treatments. Rebound insomnia was noted on brotizolam withdrawal; flurazepam withdrawal had a milder impact. At the end of this 19-night study, only the placebo-treated group was sleeping significantly longer than at baseline. Both drug treatments increased daytime sleepiness and impaired performance on the first day after their administration. These effects waned after 2 weeks of treatment with brotizolam, but not flurazepam. The results of this study affirm the increased sensitivity of elderly subjects to benzodiazepine hypnotics and their indication for acute or intermittent insomnia, rather than for the more chronic forms of this disorder.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Mental status assessment of insight and judgment.

Although a traditional part of the mental status examination, assessment of insight and judgment has received scant attention from researchers and clinicians. This is unfortunate, because few abilities are more crucial to decisions about whether a patient can continue to live independently or what level of supervision is needed. The authors discuss current and evolving methods for the assessment of insight and judgment, and also address neuroanatomic substrates and theoretical conceptions of these functions.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Ultrastructure of cortical synapses in the brain of schizophrenics.

The autopsy was performed in 225 cases of chronic schizophrenia. In 44 cases examination of the brain by light microscope revealed changes typical of Alzheimer's disease. The increased risk for the development of Alzheimer's disease in chronic schizophrenia is pointed out. In 8 schizophrenics where death occurred suddenly and unexpectedly electronmicroscopy of brain was carried out. Clusters of a great number of synaptic vesicles were found in presynaptic knobs in the brain cortex of the schizophrenics but not in the controls; the postmortal origin and/or fixation artefact origin of the clusters were excluded. The possible "immunologic dependent" clustering of synaptic vesicles is discussed. The new "modul concept" in the structure of the brain cortex is used to make the role of synapses in the mental process more clear.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

[Choice of a statistical test in a clinical or therapeutic study].

The results of clinical trials are only valid if the right statistical test for the type of study performed is applied. The authors suggest a method, accessible to all physicians, that should facilitate the choice between various tests and enable the readers of clinical trial papers to detect errors in the presentation of the results. Starting from an answer to four questions (what kind of data is investigated, how many samples are studied and are they independent, and what is the purpose of the study?) the mental process is developed in the form of a flow chart, each terminal branch of which leads to the correct statistical test or tests.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1988

Neuropsychiatric aspects of AIDS dementia complex: a report on a clinical series.

The AIDS Dementia Complex (ADC) frequently occurs in individuals with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). We report on a clinical series of 33 patients with either AIDS or AIDS-Related Complex (ARC), who were referred for neuropsychological evaluation. This clinical series supports the developing understanding that AIDS spectrum patients often demonstrate impairment on tasks involving abstract reasoning, memory, speeded mental processing and motoric slowing. This series helps to draw attention to a small subgroup of patients, with no previous psychiatric history, who after infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), present with hyperactivity, euphoria and grandiose delusions. ADC would appear to bear with it the increased possibility of the development of secondary mania.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1987

Testing older patients' mental status: practical office-based approach.

Dementia and depression are among the commonest psychiatric disorders in the aged. Their detection can be considerably enhanced if the physician includes in the medical evaluation seven components of a psychiatric nature, giving particular attention to signs and symptoms of dementia and depression, and performs a brief formal mental status examination.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Assessment of mentally retarded children with the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children.

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) and the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC) were compared using a sample of 37 mentally retarded children (mean age = 9.75 years). The predictive validity of these instruments was examined using the Peabody Individual Achievement Test, administered 7 months later, as a criterion measure of achievement. Results revealed that the WISC-R Full Scale IQ (57.8) was significantly lower, p less than .001, than the K-ABC Mental Processing Composite (65.1). The WISC-R Verbal and Full Scale IQs correlated highly with the K-ABC Achievement Scale, which was the best predictor of PIAT Total Test scores. Implications for use of the K-ABC and WISC-R were presented.

Achievement↗
PubMed1985

[Mental disorders in patients with unilateral frontal tumors].

Using clinical procedures and psychological tests, the authors examined 72 patients with tumours of the left, and 68 with those of the right frontal lobe of the brain. Tumours of the left frontal lobe were shown to be associated with such manifestations as an impoverishment of motor activity and facial mobility, speech disturbances in the form of efferent motor or dynamic aphasia, slower rate of mental processes, impaired verbal memory, diminished capacity for generalization, difficulty in switching attention to another subject, and inclination toward stereotypy. These disturbances were attended by depressive emotions at the initial, and by the apathoabulic syndrome at the later stages. Tumours located in the right frontal lobe resulted in excessive elation and euphoria, underestimation of the gravity of one's condition and anosognosia, noncritical perception of reality, lack of concentration, diminution in the volume of perception, and a tendency toward confabular additions, which was particularly manifest in the sphere of visual perceptions. The local factor appears to play the principal part in the development of psychic disorders related to the left frontal tumours, whereas in cases of the right frontal tumours, it is the size and the degree of malignancy that matter.

Adult↗