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PubMed1986

[Similarity in the incidence of mastitis in the daughters of related bulls].

The overall prevalence of mastitis in the cow population, selected with respect to sire relatedness, was 12%. As positive for mastitis the cows with positive bacteriological findings in milk were considered. In order to objectify the evaluation by regarding the lactation number achieved, the index of morbidity In was introduced (In = number of positive findings/lactation achieved). Using this index, the groups of halfsisters--daughters of bulls and their sons--were compared and within-group variances were calculated. Differences in In between the groups of unrelated bulls were highly significant (P less than 0.01). In the progeny of sons of the same bull no significant differences were found. This indicates the role of genotype in the susceptibility to mastitis. Mean In value was 0.04 and 0.05 for the progeny of Czech Pied and Friesian breed, resp. No marked differences were observed between the groups of daughters of related bulls. The portion of Staphylococcus infections in the total number of positive findings was higher in the progeny of Friesian bulls (26.3 and 19.8% for the first and the second generation, resp.) than in the progeny of Czech Pied bulls (16.2 and 16.5% for the first and the second generation, resp.).

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Vaccination against experimental staphylococcal mastitis in ewes.

Experiments were carried out in ewes using a new vaccine developed for the prevention of mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. The vaccine comprised three major components: (i) killed S aureus cells which had been cultured to induce synthesis of pseudocapsule; (ii) toxoided staphylococcal beta haemolysin and (iii) the adjuvant dextran sulphate. Ewes systemically vaccinated twice during pregnancy developed significantly elevated circulating levels of IgG1 and IgG2 anti-pseudocapsule antibody, as well as increased serum titres of anti-beta haemolysin. Five different strains of S aureus were used to challenge both vaccinated and control ewes by the intramammary route during the ensuing lactation. The incidence of acute gangrenous mastitis and nonacute, clinical mastitis was significantly lower in vaccinated than in control groups after challenge with each strain. Vaccinated ewes produced significantly more milk than control ewes after challenge with four of the five strains of S aureus.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Mycoplasma and mycoplasma mastitis.

Mastitis due to mycoplasma has been reported sporadically from several countries in Europe, Australia, Israel, New Zealand, and many states in the United States. Most reported occurrences are due to Mycoplasma bovis, but 5 other mycoplasmas are reported to cause mastitis. A total of 5 species of mycoplasma have been isolated from cows with mastitis in California. Therapy trials with M bovis infections have not been encouraging. Recovery is slow, and shedding of mycoplasma into milk of apparently recovered cows for an indefinite period is common.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Herd management and prevalence of mastitis in dairy herds with high and low somatic cell counts.

Thirty-two dairy herds, 16 with low somatic cell counts (LSCC; Dairy Herd Improvement Association 12-month mean herd SCC less than or equal to 150,000 cells/ml) and 16 with high somatic cell counts (HSCC; Dairy Herd Improvement Association 12-month mean herd SCC greater than or equal to 700,000 cells/ml) were evaluated to determine the relationship between the prevalence of mastitis in each herd and each herd's mastitis control and management practices. Once for each herd, duplicate quarter milk samples were collected from the lactating cows, a survey of herd mastitis control, milking hygiene, and management practices of each herd was performed, and milking-machine function was evaluated. Of the 16 herds with LSCC, 2 (12.5%) had Streptococcus agalactiae isolated and 7 (44%) had Staphylococcus aureus isolated. Both organisms were found in all of the herds with HSCC. In herds with LSCC, the mean percentage of quarters infected with Str agalactiae was 0.1%, the mean percentage infected with streptococci other than Str agalactiae was 1.9%, and the mean infected with S aureus was 0.7%. In herds with HSCC, 25.7% of the quarters were infected with Str agalactiae, 3.7% were infected with streptococci other than Str agalactiae, and 7.6% were infected with S aureus. A program of postmilking teat dipping and treatment of all cows at the beginning of the nonlactating period was practiced more frequently in the herds with LSCC (81.3%) than in the herds with HSCC (37.5%). Major differences were not found between the 2 groups of herds in the use of the more common milking hygiene techniques or in the maintenance and functional characteristics of the milking equipment.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Resistance mechanisms of the bovine udder: new implications for mastitis control at the teat end.

Investigations on bovine teat-end defenses and their role in mastitis control were reviewed. Alteration of teat canal keratin by method of intramammary drug infusion through the teat canal influenced the number of new infections. At the beginning of the nonlactating period, 2 methods of administering antibiotic were studied: full insertion of treatment syringe cannulas into teat cisterns and expelling contents and partial insertion of cannulas into the distal 2 to 3 mm of teat canals and slowly infusing contents. Partial cannula insertion reduced new infections by 50% and is an easily adopted management tool to reduce prevalence of mastitis. Intramammary devices used during lactation and the nonlactating period increased leukocyte concentrations in mammary secretions. An abraded polyethylene coil device reduced clinical mastitis and increased milk yield. Staphylococci colonize teat canal keratin and lacteal secretions of dairy heifers as early as 9 months of age, leading to intramammary infection at time of calving and persisting into lactation. Subsequent somatic cell counts are associated with milk production losses. Previously, such infections were shown to be associated only with older, mature animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Corynebacterium pyogenes mastitis outbreak in inbred heifers in a California dairy.

An outbreak of Corynebacterium pyogenes mastitis ("Summer Mastitis") was observed in a group of 96 heifers. The outbreak affected 8 animals, of which 7 were too young for breeding. The disease incidence was highest in calves 2 to 4 months old. Cases were observed over an initial estimated 14 day period with a further case being detected 14 days subsequently. Corynebacterium pyogenes mastitis has not been reported in calves this age. Factors postulated to influence the outbreak include the presence of large numbers of flies, intersucking of calves, and possible viral disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Acute mastitis and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy caused by Pasteurella haemolytica in a cow.

Pasteurella haemolytica was found to be the cause of acute mastitis, toxemia, and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy in a cow. Intensive treatment with antibiotics and fluid and heparin administration failed to reverse the progression of the disease, and death resulted. Necropsy revealed extensive evidence of consumptive coagulopathy, as well as mastitis. Pasteurella haemolytica rarely has been implicated as a cause of mastitis in cows.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Possible roles of vitamin E and glutathione metabolism in bovine mastitis.

Plasma and milk levels of vitamin E were determined in mastitic and healthy cows and compared with erythrocyte GSH and GSH-peroxidase, selenium, silicon, prostaglandins and parameters commonly used for diagnosing mastitis. In mastitis both the plasma and milk levels of vitamin E were significantly lowered. In the milk vitamin E correlated negatively with electrical conductivity and PGE2. In the blood vitamin E was in a positive correlation with erythrocyte GSH. The role of lipid peroxidation in relation to the inflammatory and immunological reactions of mastitis is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

[Choosing a method of treating suppurative lactational mastitis].

The abscessing form of lactation mastitis as well as subaureolar abscesses with small foci (not more than 3-4 cm) should be expediently treated by a puncture method. In large foci permanent drainage should be used. Limited foci (up to 1-1.5 quadrants) in phlegmonous-abscessing form of mastitis must be carefully dissected. Treatment by incisions is indicated in cases with infiltrative-abscessing form of mastitis. Local treatment must be supplemented by antibacterial and detoxication therapy and by the means enhancing the organism resistance.

Abscess↗
PubMed1986

Treatment of Streptococcus agalactiae mastitis in dairy cows: comparative efficacies of two antibiotic preparations and factors associated with successful treatment.

A commercially available, penicillin-novobiocin, intramammary infusion product and a solution of procaine penicillin G (1.2 X 10(6) IU) in 10 ml of sterile saline solution were evaluated for their comparative efficacies against Streptococcus agalactiae mastitis in 3 California dairy herds. After composite milk samples from each cow in each herd were bacteriologically cultured, cows infected with S agalactiae (n = 228) were assigned randomly to 2 treatment groups. Milk samples were reevaluated bacteriologically 21 to 25 days after treatment. Both preparations were highly effective against S agalactiae in first-lactation cows and in cows scored negative or trace by use of the California Mastitis Test. Efficacy was significantly decreased in cows with California Mastitis Test scores of 1, 2, or 3. Herd and treatment were associated significantly with treatment success or failure. Most treatment failures were in one herd in cows that were given procaine penicillin G in sterile saline solution. Milk production and lactation stage were not associated with success or failure of treatment.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of mastitis on milk progesterone concentration in dairy cows.

A within cow comparison was made between milk progesterone levels in healthy and mastitic quarters. Material was collected from cows with mastitis induced by bacterial inoculation, or by inoculation with bacterial endotoxin. Furthermore material from cows with spontaneous subclinical mastitis was used. Milk progesterone levels were lowered due to mastitis. However, the decrease was not large enough to cause misinterpretation of where in the oestrous cycle (luteal phase or non-luteal phase) the samples were taken.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Changes in N-acetyl-B-D-glucosaminidase and B-glucuronidase activities in milk during bovine mastitis.

To determine the N-acetyl-B-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase) and B-glucuronidase (B-Gase) activities in mastitic milk, basic enzyme assay conditions, distribution of NAGase and B-Gase, comparison of their activities with California Mastitis Test scores, and the effects of the milking process on their enzyme activities were examined. The mean NAGase and B-Gase activities in milk macrophages were about threefold higher than those of milk and blood polymorphonuclear cells. Very little NAGase activity appeared to be associated with blood mononuclear cells, whereas a relatively higher B-Gase activity was observed. California Mastitis Test scores of each group (1 to 5) appeared to be well correlated (r = 0.86 for NAGase and 0.92 for B-Gase) with the levels of NAGase and B-Gase activity. The milking process was least effective in the normal milk, but some variations of enzyme activities during milking in mastitic milk were found. Changes in NAGase and B-Gase activities in quarter milk were well monitored during the course of clinical mastitis.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗
PubMed1987

Characterization and identification of Mycobacterium smegmatis in bovine mastitis.

Twenty morphologically similar strains of a Mycobacterium sp isolated from milk of cows with bovine mastitis in the US Department of Agriculture dairy herd were identified as M smegmatis. Mastitis isolates submitted from Vermont and Washington also were identified as M smegmatis. A scheme for presumptive identification of rapidly growing mycobacteria was developed, using culture media and bacteriologic techniques commonly used in mastitis diagnostic laboratories. Important tests used were acid-fast staining, rapidity of growth, pigmentation, nitrate reduction, arylsulfatase activity, mucic acid utilization, acid production from galactose, rhamnose, and inositol, and growth at 45 C and 52 C.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Analysis of the clinical findings used to diagnose coliform mastitis in dairy cows, and comparison to a prediction model.

Logistic regression was used to analyze the clinical findings (attributes) which predicted coliform mastitis in 113 dairy cattle, 36 of which had coliforms cultured from milk. Weakness of the cow, swelling of the udder, decreased body temperature and watery consistency of the milk were selected for the model. An analysis was then done to find the attributes which clinicians used when predicting that a cow would have a coliform cultured. Clinicians appeared to use water consistency of the milk, shivering, firmness of the udder, pulse rate, elevated body temperature, and respiratory rate. In a final analysis the clinicians' predictions were forced into the model to determine which attributes might be used by clinicians to increase diagnostic accuracy. Inclusion of weakness of the cow, swelling of the udder, decreased temperature of the cow, and duration of mastitis of less than 24 hours increased accuracy over clinical prediction alone. Accuracy of cowside diagnosis might be increased if more attention were paid to these attributes when making a diagnosis of coliform mastitis.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Pathogenesis of subclinical bovine mastitis: a comparison of the dynamic balances of various subclinical udder health states monitored by means of single-, double- and triple-parameter laboratory techniques.

This comparison of results from parallel investigations, conducted on the small herd model already discussed, has made it abundantly clear that during lactation, udder health as such depends on the 3 major determinants of intramammary epithelial integrity, somatic cellular defence and bacterial challenge. Different subclinical health states and related dynamic fluctuations indicate that each of these conditions and changes depends on the type of major determinant of udder health as well as on the nature and magnitude of factors challenging that determinant, either singly or in combination with another of the main determinants. Because of the involvement of 3 important determinants, diagnostic techniques must of necessity facilitate the concurrent monitoring of each of the determinants and the integrated interpretation of results generated. Such an approach to investigations into subclinical mastitis is not feasible by means of either single- or double-parameter techniques. In contrast, triple-parameter determinations capable of monitoring each of the 3 major determinants of udder health and performed during this investigation by means of the IDF/BSA (International Dairy Federation/bovine serum albumin) criteria, clearly have facilitated the interpretation of results at unprecedented levels of diagnostic differentiations. In the light of this clearer insight into a comparatively extensive range of udder health states at the subclinical level and corresponding dynamic balances and pathogenetic developments, it is apparent that appropriately designed and standardized triple-parameter techniques of high diagnostic sensitivity and reliability, would make the diagnosis of udder health states far more specific, and the control and prevention of subclinical mastitis far more cost-effective, than generally thought possible under present conditions. Further progress in research and practical work on subclinical mastitis may well depend on efficient triple-parameter techniques for determinations on persisting, deteriorating and improving states of bovine udder health.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

The pathogenesis of experimental Escherichia coli mastitis in newly calved dairy cows.

Experimental infections of the mammary gland of newly calved cows with 500 serum resistant Escherichia coli produced a very severe form of mastitis when compared with animals in mid-lactation. Ten hours after infection the bacteria had multiplied in the milk to very high numbers (10(6)--10(7)/ml) and the animals showed signs of pyrexia, anorexia and diarrhoea. Initially the gland and milk showed little or no clinical signs of mastitis, but later the secretion became a viscous, serous fluid with little or no casein or fat. A delay in diapedesis of neutrophils into the gland appears to be the reason for the peracute state and lack of clinical signs. This form of pathogenesis may produce a paradoxical situation where the most severe cases of E coli mastitis cannot be diagnosed at a stage early enough for the animal to respond to therapy.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Detection of ovine intramammary infection with the California mastitis test.

The overall sensitivity of the California mastitis test (CMT) for detecting intramammary infection (the likelihood of a positive CMT score in the presence of intramammary infection) was 69.3%. The specificity of the CMT (likelihood of a negative test in the absence of intramammary infection) was 76.5%. When only infections by major ovine mastitis pathogens were considered, the sensitivity increased to 100% and the specificity decreased to 71.1%. Bacterial cultural examination and CMT scores were recorded for 526 samples of milk obtained from 106 brood ewes. Positive CMT scores were recorded for all samples from udder halves infected with major ovine mastitis pathogens (coagulase-positive staphylococci, Escherichia coli, and Pasteurella haemolytica). The CMT scores for samples from udder halves infected with coagulase-negative staphylococci were variable.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[A survey of mastitis control, based on the number of drug containers made commercially available in the Netherlands during the period from 1971 to 1977 (author's transl)].

The figures on the number of marketed short-acting and long-acting antibiotics for the control of mastitis reported by the industry convey an impression of the mastitis situation in the Netherlands. The numbers and proportions of quarters and animals treated with short-acting antibiotics as well as the number and proportions of dry cows are reviewed. The figures suggest that the number of animals treated for acute mastitis are gradually decreasing, whereas the number of cattle treated with long-acting antibiotics in the early part of the dry period continues to be fairly constant.

Animals↗