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PubMed1997

Role burdens: the impact of employment and family responsibilities on the health status of Latino women.

This paper explores the relative effects of employment and family responsibility on the perceived health status of Latino women. The data source analyzed for this study was the 1990 Panel Study of Income Dynamics/Latino National Political Survey (PSID/LNPS) Early-Release File (n = 1,502). Regression analyses were used to investigate the contributions of variables associated with perceived health status, including sociodemographics, Latino ethnicity, language, employment, and family responsibility. The results suggest that annual employment hours, occupation, and family responsibilities, such as child care and weekly housework, significantly affect self-reported health status of employed Latinas. Both social causation and social selection may be underlying the associations found. The results suggest that there is need for the development of public policies that seek to increase Latinas' labor force participation rate since any expansion has the potential to have a positive impact on their health status.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Welfare to work: the effect of a health-care program in child-care centers.

OBJECTIVE: Welfare reform has increased pressure on welfare recipients to enter the labor force. When they become employed, former recipients often do not have paid leave that can be used to care for their young children when they are sick. We wished to determine whether an on-site health-care program in child-care centers serving low-income families affected the amount of time parents took off of work to care for mildly ill children. METHODS: We surveyed parents in 6 child-care centers with an on-site health-care program and in 2 comparison centers without such a program. To analyze survey results, a regression model including demographic and other variables was used to determine which, if any, variables were associated with time taken by parents from work to care for sick children. RESULTS: Analyzing the variables of employer leave policy, poverty level, age of child, and enrollment in the health-care program, only the variable of health-care program enrollment was associated with taking less time from work to care for sick children. CONCLUSION: Health-care programs in child-care settings can help parents meet the health needs of their children while reducing absenteeism from work, thereby contributing to job stability.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Why are older Floridians exceptional?

Why do older Floridians have higher utilization of health care and live longer than other older Americans? Higher health care use among Florida's older residents is likely related to housing patterns, marital status, health insurance coverage, and ethnic composition. Lower mortality is unlikely a result of lifestyle factors or labor-force participation rates but may be associated with usage of preventive health care services. These indicators suggest that attention needs to be paid to health behavior and social support networks.

Florida↗
PubMed1996

Asthma, employment status, and disability among adults treated by pulmonary and allergy specialists.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Identify risk factors for work disability among adults with asthma treated by pulmonary and allergy specialists. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey, including retrospective work history data. PARTICIPANTS: Sixty-eight pulmonary and 16 allergy internal medicine subspecialists maintaining a registry of patient visits for asthma; 698 registered patients aged 18 to 50 years, of whom 601 (86%) were studied. MEASURES: Computer-assisted, telephone-administered structured interview assessing asthma severity, perceived general health status, asthma quality of life, demographics, and work history. Complete work disability defined as total work cessation attributed to asthma; partial work disability defined as change in job, duties, or reduction in work hours attributed to asthma. RESULTS: Complete cessation of work due to asthma was reported by 40 (7%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5 to 9%) and partial work disability by 53 (10%; 95% CI, 7 to 12%) of 550 subjects with a history of labor force participation. Severity of asthma score predicted both complete disability (odds ratio [OR], 7.9; 95% CI, 4.2 to 15 per 10-point increment) and partial disability (OR 2.6; 95% CI, 1.6 to 4.2). Taking illness severity into account, job conditions, occupation, and work exertion carried a combined disability OR of 3.9 (95% CI, 1.7 to 8.6). CONCLUSIONS: Work disability is common among adults with asthma receiving specialist care. Severity of disease is a powerful predictor, but not the sole predictor of disability in this group. Working conditions, including job-related exposures, are associated with added disability risk even after taking illness severity into account.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Perinatal problems in developing countries: lessons learned and future challenges.

Every year, approximately 600,000 women die of pregnancy-related causes--98% of these deaths occur in developing countries. Complications of pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of death and disability among women of reproductive age in developing countries. Of all human development indicators, the maternal mortality ratio shows the greatest discrepancy between developed and developing countries. In fact, maternal mortality itself contributes to underdevelopment, because of its severe impact on the lives of young children, the family and society in general. Furthermore, in addition to more than half a million maternal deaths each year 7 million perinatal deaths are recorded and 8 million infants die during the first year of life. Maternal morbidity and mortality as well as perinatal mortality can be reduced through the synergistic effect of combined interventions, without first attaining high levels of economic development. These include: education for all; universal access to basic health services and nutrition before, during and after childbirth; access to family planning services; attendance at birth by professional health workers and access to good quality care in case of complications; and policies that raise women's social and economic status, and their access to property, as well as the labor force.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed2003

Antalya consensus on perinatal care: the report of the 2nd World Congress of Perinatal Medicine for Developing Countries, 1-5 October 2002, Antalya, Turkey.

The goal of antenatal care is to help the mother to maintain her well-being and achieve a healthy outcome for herself and her infant. Education about pregnancy, child-bearing and childrearing is an important part of antenatal care. Because of the perception that pregnancy is a physiologic event, even today lots of women do not seek medical care until a problem occurs during their pregnancy. There are still unacceptable differences in the extent of perinatal problems in developed and developing countries. Over the last century almost all countries have accepted antenatal care principles. However, insufficiency of resources and a lack of women's compliance have proved to be obstacles in developing countries and have compelled the application of various standard programs. Unfortunately, these programs are not sufficiently effective in preventing and treating maternal mortality. A safe pregnancy and delivery is a human right. Maternal mortality and morbidity should not be ranked with other diseases, because child bearing is not a disease. For this reason a global ethical consideration imposes an obligation upon society to avoid these almost totally preventable deaths. Ensuring access to family planning is an important way of decreasing maternal death. Maternal morbidity and mortality as well as perinatal mortality can be reduced through the synergistic effect of combined interventions, without first attaining high levels of economic development. These interventions include: education for all, universal childbirth, access to family planning services, attendance at birth by professional health workers, access to good quality care in case of complications, and policies that raise women's social and economic status and increase their access to property and the labor force.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed1985

Employment, marital status and alcohol consumption of young Canadian men.

This article focuses on heavy alcohol consumption among young Canadian men drinkers aged 15-29 and examines how employment status and marital status interact with age. The study found that the highest percentages of heavy drinkers occurred in men over the age of 18 who are single (divorced, separated or never married) and in the labor force, whether employed or unemployed. This study, based on cohort data, generated hypotheses that need to be tested with longitudinal data in order to better understand developmental differences and other factors that affect drinking practices.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Gender roles and alcohol abuse across the transition to parenthood.

OBJECTIVE: The transition to parenthood has been occurring within the context of the increasing labor force participation of women and potential stress-related costs of "nontraditional" as well as "traditional" gender role choices of new parents. This study addressed the extent to which gender role-related stressors lead to increased problem drinking across the transition to parenthood. METHOD: Fifty-five married couples expecting their first child were obtained from seven Chicago area hospitals and surveyed with a mailed questionnaire at two points in time: (1) during the second trimester of pregnancy and (2) at 6 months following childbirth. The study examined both wives' and husbands' changes in problem-related drinking by comparing problem drinking during the 6 months prior to pregnancy (retrospectively assessed at Time 1) with drinking during the 6 months following childbirth using a modified form of the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test. In addition, the study contrasted problem drinkers with nonproblem drinkers following parenthood with regard to role overload (overwhelming demands from work and family roles), role deprivation (loss of work role following parenthood) and role deterioration (decreased support from role relationships). RESULTS: The data show increased problem drinking for both mothers and fathers but fail to support either role overload or role deprivation hypotheses. However, the data are congruent with the role deterioration perspective. CONCLUSIONS: If these findings are replicated, future studies of gender roles and alcohol abuse should focus greater attention on the perceived quality of social roles beyond noting their presence or absence.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

The causal relationship between socioeconomic factors and alcohol consumption: a Granger-causality time series analysis, 1950-1993.

OBJECTIVE: This article examines the relationships between social, demographic and economic factors that influence alcohol consumption. METHOD: The effects of each factor on alcohol consumption and on each other is examined using a Granger-causality time series framework. Specifically, causal determinations are made between per capita alcohol consumption, social and demographic variables consisting of the age structure of the male population, female labor force participation rates, marital instability and educational accomplishment, and the economic variables consisting of the real price of alcohol, median household income and income inequality. Causal equations are determined from identified bivariate relationships and combined into one structural equation predicting alcohol consumption. RESULTS: The findings indicate that the economic variables are Granger-caused by the social or demographic changes over the past four decades and, therefore, have little direct influence on alcohol consumption. The structural equation predicts over 95% of the variance in alcohol consumption. CONCLUSIONS: This work indicates that economic factors have little direct influence on alcohol consumption but, rather, reflect or are a conduit for changes in social and demographic variables. Excluding economic variables as predictors of per capita ethanol consumption results in little substantive change when estimating alcohol consumption.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Social profile of the black population in Brazil: implications for the nursing profession].

The discussion about the inequality conditions in which black population lives in Brazil, has been disguised by today's economical conjuncture which apparently sets with no restrictions the white, black and mestizos in absolute destitution conditions. Considered unracist, entitled by 'Folha de Sao Paulo/Datafolha' as Kind Racist, Brazil has being instituting way of living among races whose discrimination is expressed by the lack of opportunity and access to consumption services. This way, the insertion of the black in Brazilian society after slavery abolition is our study object. This bibliographical discusses social indicators aiming at describing this population strategies in conquering a social space. This study shows up the difficulties faced by this populational group regarding to its insertions to the work market as determinant factor to its social rising. We have included black male and female as citizens which compose the labor force in Nursing.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2003

[Non-fatal occupational injuries: gender and job contract differences].

In Brazil, workers without a formal job contract comprise more than half of the labor force, a contingent formed mainly by women. This study presents estimates of the annual incidence of non-fatal work-related injuries and their distribution by gender and type of job contract in an urban area of Brazil. This was a community-based study with a random cluster area sample of the inhabitants from the city of Salvador, capital of the State of Bahia. The study population included all individuals from 18 to 65 years of age who reported having a paid job (n = 2,947). Data were obtained through individual household interviews. The overall estimated annual incidence rate was 5.80%, with a non-statistically significant difference between men (6.05%) and women (5.53%) or workers with (5.67%) and without (5.92%) a formal job contract. These similarities between work-related accidents across gender and type of job contract highlighted the need for greater attention to this problem among women and informal workers, who are largely ignored in official statistics.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Labor and mental hygiene: the process of discourse production in this field in Brazil].

This investigation of discourse production in Brazil's field of hygienic psychiatry between the years of 1925 and 1934 explores the relations between psychism and human labor, endeavoring to more precisely define the field's boundaries. We have chosen to designate the knowledge and practices which result from the intersection of these two areas as Labor and mental hygiene. My analytical procedure associated elements of Foucault's "archeology of knowledge" and "genealogy of power" (Foucault, 1995; 1990; 1987), while the Brazilian Mental Hygiene Archives served as the resarch source. The latter documents subsidized analysis of the Brazilian Mental Hygiene League's discourses on relations between labor and mental hygiene. Each one of the texts was analyzed with regard to the dimensions of object, concept, enunciation and theory. The study also explores how the authors and agents of this discourse viewed the social reproduction of the industrial labor force and the status quo.

Brazil↗
PubMed2006

[Economic impact of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever in the State of Zulia, Venezuela, 1997-2003].

OBJECTIVES: To determine the direct and indirect costs of medical care provided to cases of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS) between 1997 and 2003 in Zulia State, Venezuela. METHODS: The total number of patients with dengue and DHF/DSS was obtained from records belonging to the Regional Epidemiology Office of the state of Zulia and from reports of cases that were confirmed in the Virology Section of Dr. Americo Negrette's Clinical Research Institute, Zulia University, Maracaibo, Venezuela, between 1 January 1997 and 31 December 2003. Direct costs included the cost of emergency medical care for all cases and hospital costs for cases with DHF/DSS (cost per bed-day and laboratory expenses). The costs connected to absence from work among patients over 15 years of age and mothers who accompanied their children under 15 years of age comprised the indirect costs, which were adjusted for the proportion of men and women in the labor force. Calculations were based on the minimum yearly wage, and results were given in United States dollars, converted according to each year's average exchange rate. RESULTS: During the study period, 33,857 cases of dengue and DHF/DSS were seen. Of them, 30 251 (89.35%) were cases of dengue, and 3606 (10.65%) were cases of DHF/DSS. Six cases of DHF/DSS died (lethality rate: 0.2 per 100 cases of DHF/DSS). Direct costs were 474,251.70 US dollars; of these costs, 132,042.30 US dollars were spent on emergency medical care and 342,209.40 US dollars on the hospital costs of DHF/DSS cases. Indirect costs were 873,825.84 US dollars and comprised 64.8% of overall expenditures (1 ,48,077.54 US dollars) connected to this disease during the study years. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study on the economic impact of dengue in the state of Zulia and in Venezuela. In spite of some limitations, results show that dengue is an important public health problem that causes great expense because of temporary absenteeism from work and that undermines regional and national economic development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Evaluating the total costs of chemotherapy-induced toxicity: results from a pilot study with ovarian cancer patients.

PURPOSE: While chemotherapy-related toxicities affect cancer patients' activities of daily living and result in large expenditures of medical care for treatment, few studies have assessed the out-of-pocket and indirect costs incurred by patients who experience toxicity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of obtaining detailed and comprehensive cost information from patients who experienced neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, or neurotoxicity during treatment. METHODS: Ovarian cancer patients who experienced chemotherapy-associated hematologic or neurologic toxicities were asked to record detailed information about hospitalization, laboratories, physician visits, phone calls, home visits, medication, medical devices, lost productivity, and caregivers. Resource estimates were converted into cost units, with direct medical cost estimates based on hospital cost-accounting data and indirect costs (i.e., productivity loss) on modified labor force, employment, and earnings data. RESULTS: Direct medical costs were highest for neutropenia (mean of $7,546/episode), intermediate for thrombocytopenia (mean of $3,268/episode), and lowest for neurotoxicity (mean of $688/episode). Indirect costs relating to patient and caregiver work loss and payments for caregiver support were substantial, accounting for $4,220, $3,834, and $4,282 for patients who developed neurotoxicity, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia, respectively. The total costs of chemotherapy-related neurotoxicity, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia were $4,908, $11,830, and $7,550. CONCLUSION: Our study has shown that, with the assistance of patients who are experiencing toxicity, estimation of the total costs of cancer-related toxicities is feasible. Indirect costs, while not included in prior estimates of the costs of toxicity studies, accounted for 34% to 86% of the total costs of cancer supportive care.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Running on empty: families, time, and workplace injuries.

Over the past 5 decades, more women have entered the labor force, and more households have been headed by single parents. Both trends have substantially reduced parents' free time, creating added strain in the event of family health problems, including work-related injuries and illnesses. This commentary presents evidence about the impact of occupational injuries on today's families. In addition to losing considerable income, injured parents are less able to do household work, and other family members are often called on to care for them. Family members cut back on their paid, school, and household work to fill in for the injured parent. This suggests the importance of policies to help today's time-strapped families cope with major family health events.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1978

Manpower planning for nurse personnel.

A technique is described which can be applied to manpower planning for nurse personnel at a state or regional level. An iterative process explores the implications of alternative planning policy decision strategies intended to balance manpower supply and requirements. Impacts of the following policy alternatives are estimated: scale of operations of education institutions; interstate migration patterns; labor force participation rates; and job design of licensed practical nurse (LPN) and registered nurse (RN) positions.

Nurses↗
PubMed1979

A Marxian interpretation of the growth and development of coronary care technology.

Cost containment efforts will fail if they continue to ignore the structural relationships between health care costs and private profit in capitalist society. The recent history of coronary care shows that apparent irrationalities of health policy make sense from the standpoint of capitalist profit structure. Coronary care units (CCUs) gained wide acceptance, despite high costs. Studies of CCU effectiveness, using random controlled trials and epidemiologic techniques, do not show a consistent advantage of CCUs over non-intensive ward care or simple rest at home. From a Marxian perspective, the proliferation of CCUs and similar innovations is a complex historical process that includes initiatives by industrial corporations, cooperation by clinical investigators at academic medical centers, support by private philanthropies linked to corporate interests, intervention by state agencies, and changes in the health care labor force. Cost-effective methodology obscures the profit motive as a basic source of high costs and ineffective practices. Health-policy alternatives curtailing corporate involvement in medicine would reduce costs by restricting profit.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed1992

Employment status and heart disease risk factors in middle-aged women: the Rancho Bernardo Study.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, an increasing number of women have been entering the labor force. It is known that in men, employment is related to heart disease risk, but there are few studies examining this association among women. METHODS: The relation between employment status and heart disease risk factors including lipid and lipoprotein levels, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting and postchallenge plasma glucose and insulin levels, was examined in 242 women aged 40 to 59 years, who were participants in the Rancho Bernardo Heart and Chronic Disease Survey. At the time of a follow-up clinic visit between 1984 and 1987, 46.7% were employed, primarily in managerial positions. RESULTS: Employed women smoked fewer cigarettes, drank less alcohol, and exercised more than unemployed women, but these differences were not statistically significant. After adjustment for covariates, employed women had significantly lower total cholesterol and fasting plasma glucose levels than unemployed women. Differences on other biological variables, although not statistically significant, also favored the employed women. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study suggest that middle-aged women employed in managerial positions are healthier than unemployed women.

Adult↗