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At least 901 records · Page 50Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Enhancing proper sitting position using a new sEMG protocol, the "minimax" procedure, with Boolean logic.

The modification of posture in children using sEMG is a new area that offers much potential to aid disabled children regain function. This article describes a new protocol, the "minimax" procedure, to aid children regain motor function in sitting. The protocol uses selective reinforcement to encourage recruiting/relaxing target sites (gluteus medius/maximus) in a predetermined way so as to encourage good form in sitting. Children often are unaware how to make changes in posture, and when they do succeed the progress is so slow that sustaining motivation is a challenge. This paper describes a procedure that helps the child recognize when they have achieved the correct posture, immediately rewards them for doing so, and generates data using Boolean operations to numerically substantiate the clinically observed changes in posture.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The "fuzzy logic" of the death-inducing signaling complex in lymphocytes.

Receptors belonging to the tumor necrosis factor receptor family have long been thought to play an important role in the regulation of immunity. Although this family is composed of a large number of surface receptors that potentiate myriad functions in vivo, a subset is known to directly convey apoptotic signals. One such molecule belonging to this subset is CD95. Ligation of CD95 instigates the formation of a complex known as the "death-inducing signaling complex" or DISC, which is composed of molecules including FADD (Fas associated with death domain) and RIP (receptor-interacting kinase), as well as procaspases-8 and -10, and a caspase-8-like molecule that lacks proteolytic activity called c-FLIP. Although the DISC was initially thought to serve an exclusively proapoptotic role, humans and mice with defects in various components of this complex demonstrate a variety of developmental and hematopoietic defects that are not apparently due to aberrant apoptosis. These findings paint a far more complex picture of the numerous components of the DISC, and provide evidence that these complexes serve nonapoptotic functions. Herein, we summarize the experimental evidence challenging the notion that the DISC imparts an exclusively apoptotic function and provide hypotheses to account for these alternative roles. Rather than operating as a binary system, we propose that the DISCs formed around various DRs transduce signals leading to a variety of cellular fates.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Patenting human genes: when economic interests trump logic and ethics.

To date, over 5,000 applications have been filed with United States Patent Office for patents on human genes. More than 1,500 of these applications have been granted. Other jurisdictions are experiencing a similar rush to mine and protect genomic gold. This paper argues that although many jurisdictions allow the patenting of human genes, this is ethically indefensible and amounts to an unjustified appropriation of a general human heritage. Economic and legal arguments in favour of patenting are considered and rejected. Reference is made to the Wellcome Trust Consortium's initiative and the Merck Gene Index Project, which place patented genetic information into the public domain.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed1998

Logic and reliability of evaluations of competence to stand trial.

Because the trier of fact determines the weight to be assigned to an examiner's opinion by assessing the strength and persuasiveness of his or her analysis of the data, it is essential that forensic reports communicate the examiner's reasoning process. This study analyzes community examiners' reports on competence to stand trial (CST), emphasizing the nature of examiners' (1) expressed conceptualizations of CST and (2) reasoning establishing a nexus between CST impairments and symptoms of psychopathology. Expert raters coded 100 randomly selected CST reports with respect to a variety of issues, including the examiners' description of the defendant's psycholegal deficits, provision of specific reasoning to link these deficits to psychopathology, and agreement with a paired examiner's global and specific opinions about the defendant's impairments. CST reports were found to (1) reflect basic operationalizations of competence that fail to incorporate legally relevant facets such as a defendant's decisional capacities and (2) adequately document clinical findings, but fail to describe the reasoning underlying psycholegal conclusions. Examiners demonstrated moderately high levels of agreement on defendant's global CST, but expressed radically divergent bases for this opinion. These findings are discussed in light of legal, ethical, and professional standards of practice.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Sequential modulations of logical-recoding operations in the Simon task.

The Simon effect consists of faster responses to the color (or another nonspatial feature) of spatially corresponding stimuli than to spatially noncorresponding stimuli. Recently, several studies observed the Simon effect after corresponding predecessor trials, but not after noncorresponding predecessor trials. To explain these sequential modulations, Stürmer et al. (2002) proposed a mechanism modulating the ability of stimulus position to automatically activate a response. The present study investigated which events are effectively triggering this mechanism in a variant of the Simon task, in which both stimuli and responses varied in color (participants wore colored gloves) as well as in horizontal position. In the same-color task (e.g., green stimulus-green response), a normal Simon effect showed up after corresponding trials, but no effect occurred after noncorresponding trials. In the alternate-color task (e.g., green stimulus-red hand), no effect occurred after spatially corresponding trials, whereas an inverted Simon effect was found after noncorresponding trials. Additional analyses showed that repetition (or alternation) effects did not affect the results. The results are discussed in terms of a conflict-monitoring account (Stürmer et al., 2002), and in terms of a feature-integration account (Hommel et al., 2002).

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Bias in the priming of object decisions: logic, assumption, and data.

R. Ratcliff and G. McKoon (1995) describe 7 experiments that led them to conclude that priming of possible but not impossible objects on the object decision task introduced by D.L. Schacter, L.A. Cooper, & S.M. Delaney (1990) is attributable to explicit memory processes that offset a bias to call studied objects "possible." On the basis of this point, Ratcliff and McKoon (1995) claim to have undermined our hypothesis that a structural description system plays an important role in object decision priming. Ratcliff and McKoon (1995) also offer a general critique of multiple memory systems accounts of priming and explicit memory. Ratcliff and McKoon's (1995) arguments are based on an inaccurate characterization of Schacter et al.'s theoretical position; the evidence for Ratcliff and McKoon's (1995) idea that explicit memory offsets bias is weak, and the central assumptions that underlie both Ratcliff and McKoon's (1995) specific experimental manipulations and their general conclusions are questionable.

Decision Making↗