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PubMed1982

The effect of self-initiated and other-initiated actions on linguistic performance.

Two studies were conducted to determine the effect locus of action had on children's conjunction use and clause ordering. Subjects in the first study were 45 normal children between the ages 3:0 and 5:2. The results of the first study showed that the two contexts in which children performed actions were more facilitating to language performance than the context in which children observed the experimenter perform actions. However, the verbal model which accompanied the two child-initiated action contexts might have contributed to these differences. A second experiment was therefore conducted in which the verbal model was eliminated. No differences in conjunction use or clause ordering were found among contexts in the second study. Thus, by itself, locus of action had little influence on language performance. However, when coupled with the verbal model, which seemed to function as a focusing device, performance was enhanced. It was concluded that child-initiated action contexts which include a verbal instruction are preferred over other-initiated action contexts in which a verbal model is not presented.

Child Language↗
PubMed2002

A cross-linguistic comparison of verbal fluency tests.

The aim of this study was to compare oral fluency strategies of Spanish-English bilinguals in Spanish and English with Spanish and English monolinguals when given either phonemic (alphabetical) or semantic categorical cues. The use of grammatical words (words that play a grammatical function relating words within a sentence) or content words (words that have a meaning such as nouns, verbs, and adjectives) in the alphabetical categories is analyzed. This study also addresses the relation between productivity and the use of a semantic strategy to organize responses. Eighty-two right-handed participants (28 males and 54 females) with a mean age of 61.76 (SD = 9.30; range 50-84) and a mean educational level of 14.8 years (SD = 3.6; range 2-23) were selected. Forty-five of the subjects were English monolinguals, 18 were Spanish monolinguals, and 19 were Spanish-English bilinguals. Oral verbal fluency was tested asking subjects to generate words within phonemic (F, A, and S) and semantic (animals) categories. In the phonemic condition, performance of English and Spanish monolinguals was similar. Bilinguals produced significantly fewer words than English monolinguals in the categorical semantic condition but not in the phonological condition. In the phonological condition, English monolinguals generated significantly more grammatical words than Spanish monolinguals, and bilinguals produced a significantly higher number of grammatical words in English than in Spanish. Animal subcategories and semantic associations were similar in both languages for all groups. Results were discussed in terms of crosslinguistic differences in the recall of alphabetical words.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Linguistic and nonlinguistic influences on the eyes' landing positions during reading.

Two eye tracking experiments show that, for near launch sites, the eyes land nearer to the beginning of words with orthographically irregular than with regular initial letter sequences. In addition, the characteristics of words, at least at the level of orthography, influence the direction and length of within-word saccades. Importantly, these effects hold both for lower case and for visually less distinctive upper case text. Furthermore, contrary to previous evidence (Tinker & Paterson, 1939), there is little effect of type case on reading times. Additional analyses of oculomotor behaviour suggest that there is an inverted optimal viewing position for single fixation durations on words. Both the supplementary analyses and the effects of orthography on fixation positions are relevant to current models of eye movements in reading.

Eye Movements↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Genetic variation within the Tupi linguistic group: new data on three Amazonian tribes.

A total of 505 individuals belonging to four populations of three Brazilian Indian tribes were variously studied in relation to 34 genetic systems, and the results were compared with South American Indian averages and five other Tupi populations. Rare variants (CdE of the Rh system, PGM211-1, Cp A-CAY1, serum cholinesterase2 C5+ and some Gm combinations) were observed with varying prevalences, and the three tribes showed different degrees of departure (28%-40% of differences of 10% or more in gene frequencies) from South American Indian averages. People from two communities who speak the same language and are labelled as belonging to the same tribe (Asurini) showed a large degree of genetic differentiation. Another of the tribes studied (Urubu-Kaapor) link through genetic distance analyses with two other tribes from the north of the continent, forming a distinct microevolutionary unit. These features emphasize the peculiarities of the genetic variation in populations with a hunter-gatherer, rudimentary agriculture type of economy.

Alleles↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The salience of linguistic clauses in young and older adults' running memory for speech.

An experiment is reported in which young and older adults were asked to recall as many words as possible that preceded the sudden interruption of a spoken passage. Both young and older adults' recall predominantly began at a major clause boundaries, with most responses reflecting recall of one or two full clauses. When placed under a heavier processing load induced by artificially accelerating the speech rate, an age dissociation appeared in the form of older adults producing a greater proportion of responses that were less than a full clause in length. With this qualification, however, recall of connected speech by the older adults remained largely organized by the clausal structure of what had been heard. This pattern reflects an organizing feature in language processing and memory that remains well-preserved in normal aging.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Deathbed scene narratives: a construct and linguistic analysis.

The present study explored temporal and self/other dimensions of death attitudes among young adults. One hundred seventy-two undergraduate students were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 conditions: writing about one's death (age unspecified), one's death as a young adult, or the death of another (age unspecified), or the death of other as a young adult. Results indicated that the death of another, but not of oneself, was associated with more realistic considerations of death (e.g., pain, negative emotions). In addition, participants who wrote about death at an early age were less likely to describe their own deaths with negative emotion or to discuss physiological aspects of death and were less likely to express romanticized notions of death. Implications of these results for death anxiety research are discussed.

Adolescent↗