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PubMed1984

Isolation of leptospires in diagnosis of leptospirosis.

Though the microscopic agglutination test is commonly used as an aid to diagnosis of leptospirosis, it lacks sensitivity, cannot differentiate vaccinal titers from those of infection, and cannot identify shedders. The ELISA is sensitive but also cannot differentiate titers of vaccination and infection. Leptospire isolation is essential for a final diagnosis. Tissue or fluid samples should be aseptically collected, if possible, and quickly shipped to the diagnostic laboratory in transport medium or on ice, but should not be frozen. Samples to be collected may include urine, milk, kidney, aqueous humor, and fallopian tube or uterine mucosa.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Diagnosis and surveillance of leptospirosis in the Venetia Region].

The Microbiological Laboratory of Verona Hospital is the leptospirosis reference Centre since 1980. It uses routinely the lysis/agglutination test with leptospires strains in order to confirm the clinical diagnosis and to define the typing of strains. Although this Centre is not yet officially recognized, it is in fact, at the service of the Veneto region and greater part of the Trentino Alto Adige. It examines 600 samples a year (about 3000 determinations) from these two regions, therefore it can construct a biregional epidemiology although the data is neither referred to superior Committees nor, perhaps, utilized in the requesting territory. The aspects of this service to be improved are the incompleteness of data with samples and their not perfect condition on arrival for testing. The most interesting point is that the epidemiology in the Veneto region has not changed since 1980: the prevailing leptospira is the icterohaemorrhagiae and then the canicola and pomona.

Humans↗
PubMed1984

Prevalence of feline leptospirosis: serologic survey and attempts of isolation and demonstration of the agent.

The occurrence of leptospiral infection in cats was determined through the detection of specific antibodies based on the results of microscopic agglutination test and the attempts of isolation and histological demonstration of leptospires from the kidneys of these animals. Of 172 serum samples examined by microscopic agglutination test, 22 (12.8%) were positive with titers greater than or equal to 100. The most frequent serovar was pomona. In relation to the sex, significant differences were not seen; however the age distribution showed that feline leptospirosis is more frequent in adult cats. The attempts for isolation and demonstration of L. interrogans from renal parenchyma by culture or Warthin Starry technics were unsuccessful.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Environmental and biological determinants for the prevalence of leptospirosis among wild small mammal hosts, island of Hawaii.

From October 1969 to January 31, 1973, an island-wide small mammal survey was conducted by the Hawaii State Department of Health in Hilo, Hawaii. A total of 2,982 rodents and mongooses from East and West Hawaii were cage-trapped and were examined by serological and cultural methods for evidence of leptospirosis. Of the 2,957 animals tested, 899 (30.4%) were culturally or serologically positive and 2058 (69.6%) were negative for evidence of leptospiral infection. Three leptospiral serotypes were isolated (L. icterohaemorrhagiae, L. ballum, and L. sejroe). The incidence among animal species was compared with earlier studies on this island.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Serologic survey for leptospirosis in Arizona beef cattle in 1981.

Sera from 1,215 beef cattle in Arizona were evaluated by leptospiral microscopic agglutination test in 1981. Over 25% had agglutinins to greater than or equal to 1 of 5 serovars of Leptospira interrogans used as antigens (canicola, grippotyphosa, hardjo, icterohaemorrhagiae, and pomona) at a titer of greater than or equal to 1:100, and 8.2% had titers of greater than or equal to 1:400 to greater than or equal to 1 serovars. The most common serovar to which reactions were detected was hardjo; agglutinins were detected at titers of greater than or equal to 1:100 in 14.3% and of greater than or equal to 1:400 in 5.5%. Cross reactions were rare at serum dilutions greater than or equal to 1:100 (2%) and extremely rare at greater than or equal to 1:400 (0.7%). Because vaccination with leptospiral bacterins is seldom practiced in Arizona beef cattle, a titer of greater than or equal to 1:100 may be useful in estimating incidence and prevalence of the disease and as an aid to diagnosis of leptospirosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Current status of leptospirosis in Morocco (1979-1981)].

Leptospiroses in Morocco have been studied from 1979 to 1981. In man, L. icterohaemorrhagiae is the most frequently diagnosed serotype. The highest incidence of positive diagnoses is found in Fès-Meknès area. Leptospirosis is a severe disease: 1 out of 3 patients is hospitalized in Intensive Care Unit. Rat is an essential carrier of germs in Casablanca.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1983

Leptospirosis in man and rodents in North and Northeast Thailand.

A seroepidemiological study of leptospirosis in man and rodents in the North and Northeast Thailand revealed that 0.27% of the rural people from three different ecologic areas were positive. The positivity rate has dropped dramatically when compared to a previous survey (28%). Of 1,135 wild rodents studied, 42 of 365 (11.5%) B. indica and 50 of 676 (7.4%) R. rattus were serologically positive. Others were negative. Only two of 157 R. rattus had positive cultures in which L. javanica and L. autumnalis were isolated. The study shows that wild rats are naturally implicated in human disease as a common reservoir and that the yearly rat eradication campaigns attributed as one of the effective factors in a major reduction of disease to a level of non significant public health hazard.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

[Current clinical aspects of leptospirosis].

Leptospirosis is still endemic in the Po valley. It has an extremely protean clinical picture. In a series of 79 cases diagnosed at Pavia in the period 1970-79 hepatonephritic forms were the most common (29.1%), followed by febrile or pseudo-influenza forms (25.3%), hepatitis (20.2%), nephritis (17.8%), and meningitis (7.6%). Febrile hepatonephritis was always accompanied by the most severe pictures. Timely antibiotic management with penicillin or ampicillin, and above all the early use of peritoneal dialysis (carried in 10 subjects) enable a final cure to be obtained even in these cases. The only death in that series did not appear to be ascribable to the disease itself.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

[Possibilities and current technics of dialysis in leptospirosis with severe renal damage].

Three patients with severe liver and renal failure admitted to the Infectious Diseases Department of the Alessandria for suspected leptospirosis in the second half of 1979 are presented. In one case, the agent responsible was Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae AB Wjnberg strain, in another Gram-negative sepsis, and in the third acute pancreatitis associated with serious Escherichia coli infection. An account is given of the peritoneal dialysis technique that led to successful resolution of the serious liver and renal failure.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMed1983

Evaluation of usefulness of 2-mercapto-ethanol treatment in serodiagnosis of swine leptospirosis.

Serum samples of piglets infected artificially or naturally, respectively, with Leptospira pomona were treated with 2-mercapto-ethanol (ME) and tested in the microscopic agglutination test in comparison with untreated sera. Serum-treatment with ME showed two beneficial effects, one being the total elimination of heterotypic reactions, the other the reduction or elimination, respectively, of early antibodies, presumably belonging to the IgM class. Accordingly, two practical implications can be derived from our results. The ratio of ME-sensitive and ME-resistant antibody titers allows the recognition of early leptospira infections. The total suppression by ME of heterotypic agglutination eliminates the danger of determining the wrong leptospira type as causative agent, a crucial problem encountered not infrequently with agglutination testing of untreated sera. Recognition of early cases of swine leptospirosis by ME-treatment of sera is particularly useful, as the complement fixative reaction, successfully used in other species for the same purpose, is inappropriate in swine sera owing to their autolytic properties. Furthermore by elimination of all heterotypic reactions the ME-method gives better chances for the determination of the causative agent and hence for correct interpretation of serological results. ME-treatment is considered as a useful help in serodiagnosis of field samples, in which determination of duration of infection is essential or in which heterotypic agglutination is obscuring the etiological leptospira type.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1984

[Results of serological surveys for leptospirosis in animals and people in the environs of 2 water reservoirs in eastern Slovakia].

The authors present the results of serological surveys for leptospirosis in rodents, cattle and humans, carried out in the vicinity of two large water reservoirs in Eastern Slovakia. Of the total number of 243 rodents covered by the surveys, 8.2% yielded positive reactions with leptospiral antigens. In most cases the sera reacted with L. grippotyphosa and L. sejroe . Of 168 samples of cattle serum, 13 serum samples, i.e. 7.7.%, yielded positive reactions, also with L. sejroe and L. grippotyphosa. In the group of serum samples obtained from humans, 28 out of 876 samples studied in the surveys, i. e. 3.1%, were positive. Among humans 6 serotypes were established; of these, L. sejroe occurred most frequently among humans, and also among domestic animals and rodents, then followed L. bratislava and L. grippotyphosa. The positive results obtained in humans, cattle and rodents with the prevalence of the same serotypes indicate the existence of close contacts of humans with animals, as well as the possibility of acquiring water-borne infection in recreation zones.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Bacteriological survey of leptospirosis in Zaria, Nigeria.

A total of 252 rodents were trapped in the environs of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, over a two-year period, of which 221 were brown field rats (Arvicanthus niloticus). Only these were found positive (4.5%). Titers were detected against Leptospira interrogans, serovars australis, icterohaemorrhagiae, tarassovi and hardjo. All positive sera except one reacted against a single serovar. Eight isolates were obtained from field rats: five were serovar australis, one ballum and two unidentified. Five isolates were recovered from 74 bovine kidneys examined: one was serovar pyrogenes and four unidentified. One unidentified isolate failed to react with any of the 16 screening leptospira antisera and another was tentatively considered to be serovar ballum. Two isolates, one ballum and one unidentified, were recovered from the Kubani stream waters. No leptospira was isolated from piggery sewage effluents collected at Kano and Kaduna. It is suggested that serovar ballum be included in any screening battery for leptospirosis in man and animals in Nigeria.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Equine leptospirosis with some clinical observations.

In a serologic survey on equine leptospirosis in Egypt, the following incidences of leptospiral serosensitivity were found: 1. Hospitalised horses 65/113 (57.5 %). 2. Hospitalised donkeys 90/125 (72.0 %). 3. Apparently healthy horses 21/72 (29.1 %). Sera of these animals were mostly reacting to serotypes butembo, pomona, icterohemorragiae, and grippotyphosa. Equine in Egypt are close animals to humans and may constitute a potential source of leptospiral infection. From the clinical point of view, it is very possible that ocular, hoof lesions and icterus in equines would be expected with leptospiral titres.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Leptospirosis in Israel: epidemiological features and laboratory findings in 13 human cases due to Leptospira ballum.

Thirteen sporadic cases of human leptospirosis due to Leptospira ballum were laboratory confirmed during a period of 11 yr. In four cases the diagnosis was proved retrospectively. All but three were residents of the Sharon plain region, living 10 to 15 km apart. All were engaged in some form of agriculture, especially in irrigated fields or groves, or in chicken farming. It was suspected that wet soil contaminated with the urine of rodents, carriers of L. ballum, was the main source of infection. Two types of immunological response were observed: 1) high microscopic agglutination (MA) titers with L. ballum serovar only (nine cases); and 2) considerable coagglutination titers with heterologous serovars as well (four cases). The serological follow-up of these cases for several years revealed that in some, a relatively high MA titer (1:200 to 1:400) against L. ballum serovars persisted for 4 to 9 yr. Sera from 10 patients were tested for IgM and IgG anti-bodies by the MA test. In eight cases the IgM responded to a higher titer and persisted for many years, regardless of whether or not any IgG agglutinins were detected. The importance of blood cultures is emphasized and the possibility of misinterpretation of MA results is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Canine leptospirosis in Puerto Rico.

Among 116 stray dogs in Puerto Rico surveyed for leptospiral agglutinins, 73 (62.9%) has significant titers to one or more leptospiral serotypes. The most common serogroup identified serologically was icterohaemorrhagiae accounting for 53 (72.6%) of the infections. Although the infection rates were comparable for male and female dogs the older were found to be more frequently infected. The significance of the canine in the epidemiology of leptospirosis in Puerto Rico is probably of paramount importance due to the extensive direct and indirect contact dogs have with rats and the human population.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1981

Leptospirosis-a diagnostic problem and an industrial hazard.

Three cases of human leptospirosis occurred on a small dairy farm at the foot of the Black Mountains in Powys. We describe the clinical course of these three patients and consider the sources of infection and the industrial implications.

Adult↗