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PubMed1991

Relationship of skeletal muscle fiber type to serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I levels.

We measured the percentage of slow-twitch (ST) muscle fibers in the lateral portion of the quadriceps femoris muscle in 41 healthy sedentary male controls, 35 active male joggers, and 26 male coronary heart disease (CHD) patients. We then compared these percentages with serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) found in these 102 middle-aged men. The percentage of ST muscle fibers in all men correlated positively with serum HDL-C (r = 0.57, P less than 0.001) and with apo A-I (r = 0.60, P less than 0.001) and negatively with triglycerides (r = -0.43, P less than 0.001). The proportion of ST fibers in joggers (65%; 61-69%, 95% confidence interval) was higher (P less than 0.001) than in sedentary controls (48%; 44-52%) or in CHD patients (44%; 39-49%). Moreover, 89% of the joggers had a proportion of ST fibers higher than 50%, whilst in sedentary controls and in CHD patients these values were 46% and 38%, respectively. Positive correlations were found between the percentage of ST fibers and both HDL-C and apo A-I in controls (r = 0.33, P less than 0.05 and r = 0.34, P less than 0.05) and in joggers (r = 0.46, P less than 0.01, and r = 0.40, P less than 0.05), respectively. Negative correlations in controls (r = -0.34, P less than 0.05) and in CHD patients (r = -0.43, P less than 0.05) were also found between the percentage of ST fibers and serum TG.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Bone strain gage data and theoretical models of functional adaptation.

The in vivo implantation of strain gages on the surface of bones has proven to be a very useful technique for studying the relationship between in vivo loading and bone growth and adaptation. However, data from such experiments have yet to be well incorporated within the context of theoretical models of bone adaptation. Methods for analyzing bone rosette strain gage recordings within the framework of strain energy density-based computational modeling/remodeling theories are presented. A new strain energy density based parameter, energy equivalent strain, is proposed as a single scalar measure of cyclic strain magnitudes and the concept of a daily strain stimulus is also introduced. As an illustrative example, the approach is applied to analyze previously reported in vivo data from the anteromedial human tibia (Lanyon et al., 1975, Acta orthop. Scand. 46, 256-268).

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1994

Three-dimensional kinematics of the intact and cranial cruciate ligament-deficient stifle of dogs.

Joint motion was measured for the intact and cranial cruciate ligament (CCL)-deficient stifle in five large dogs using an instrumental spatial linkage and radiophotogrammetry. The linkage was directly attached to the bones using modified bone plates. Motion data were presented in terms of a clinical coordinate system. Stifle kinematics were highly reproducible for a given dog. For intact stifle kinematics, the swing phase included flexion-extension, internal-external rotation and abduction-adduction, while stance-phase kinematics included only flexion-extension. Loss of the CCL altered joint kinematics over the entire gait cycle. At the swing-stance transition, the CCL-deficient stifle demonstrated an abrupt cranial subluxation of the tibia which was sustained throughout stance. At the beginning of the swing phase the CCL-deficient joint returned to the cranial-caudal alignment seen in the intact joint. The dog's stifle was shown to be CCL-dependent during stance. The dog compensated for CCL loss by reducing the external limb load and by carrying the limb in greater flexion throughout the gait cycle, but was unable to prevent joint subluxation during stance. Stifle kinematics are greatly altered following CCL loss. It is the repetitive, mechanical, dynamic subluxation in a CCL-deficient joint which may be the cause of joint degeneration.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Beta-endorphin and components of depression as powerful discriminators between joggers and sedentary middle-aged men.

UNLABELLED: This study identifies the relative importance of resting plasma beta-endorphin, used as a marker of perceived stress, and components of non-clinical depression that discriminate between physically active joggers and sedentary men. The profiles of joggers (n = 10) and sedentary (n = 10) middle-aged men (40-60 yr) were compared. The jogger group had been running about 20 miles per week for at least 3 yr. RESULTS: as expected, the joggers exhibited greater physical fitness, but lower circulating beta-endorphin (measured with the subjects at rest). The joggers also exhibited greater emotional stability (Eysenck scores), and lower depression (MMPI Scale 2 scores). In addition, the joggers had lower scores on MMPI subscales of depression: subjective depression, physical malfunctioning, mental dullness, and brooding. Multivariate discriminant function analyses showed that subjective depression, beta-endorphin, and physical malfunctioning were powerful discriminators between the jogger and sedentary groups. IN CONCLUSION: (1) subjective depression appeared to be the MMPI component of depression that most powerfully discriminated between joggers and sedentary middle-aged men in this study. (2) Lower beta-endorphin may be an adaptation to exercise training and was related to greater emotional stability and lower depression, especially lower subjective depression. (3) The lower beta-endorphin in the jogger group may be related to lower perceived stress in the joggers, relative to the sedentary group.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

The relationship of exercise and diet on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in women.

The relationship of exercise and diet on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was investigated in 45 long-distance runners (LD), 49 joggers (J), and 47 inactive (I) women. Fasting plasma triglycerides (TG), HDL cholesterol, total cholesterol (TC), and percent body fat (%BF) were measured in women ages 24-58 yr. TG levels were significantly lower in LD compared to I (p less than 0.02). Although TC was not significantly different among groups, HDL-cholesterol was higher in LD (78 mg/dl) compared to J (70 mg/dl) or I (62 mg/dl) (p less than 0.001). Multiple regression analyses indicated that alterations of plasma lipids and lipoprotein levels could not be attributed to intake differences of nutrients. Distance run and %BF were the strongest predictors of HDL-cholesterol in women. LD (23 %BF) were leaner than J (26 %BF) or I (30 %BF); however, when results were adjusted for %BF, significant differences between exercise groups remained for HDL cholesterol.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Effects of exercise and physical fitness on the pituitary-thyroid axis and on prolactin secretion in male runners.

The effects of acute exercise and thyrotropin-releasing hormone on the pituitary-thyroid axis were examined in men placed into three well-defined categories of physical fitness. There were 20 sedentary men, 22 joggers (running four to 20 miles per week) and 18 marathoners (running 30 to 100 miles per week) who participated. During treadmill exercise, the mean VO2 max differed among all groups, being 38.5, 45.0, and 60.3 mL/kg . min in the sedentary, jogger, and marathon groups, respectively. Serum was obtained before, immediately after, and one hour after exercise for measurement of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), reverse T3, thyrotropin (TSH), and prolactin. Basal values of all hormones did not differ among the groups. Maximal short-term treadmill exercise produced no change in serum T4, T3, reverse T3, or TSH. Prolactin rose significantly by a similar amount in all three subject groups. On a separate day, ten individuals from each group received thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH; 500 micrograms IV). Neither the peak TSH response nor the total TSH secreted during two hours after TRH differed among groups. The mean total prolactin secretion in the joggers and marathoners was 48% and 45% greater, respectively, than in the sedentary men. Five subjects in each group also underwent a TRH test immediately postexercise. Similar to the results on the nonexercise day, the integrated TSH response to TRH was similar in all three groups, whereas the integrated PRL response to TRH was increased by 52% and 78% in the two conditioned groups. Post-TRH sera from one subject in each group were fractionated on a Sephadex G-100 column.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Effect of alcohol dose on plasma lipoprotein subfractions and lipolytic enzyme activity in active and inactive men.

Controversy as to which lipoprotein subfraction of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) increases during alcohol consumption prompted the current study of the effects of two alcohol doses over varying time intervals on plasma lipoproteins and lipolytic enzymes. Measurements were made in 49 healthy men before and after three weeks of abstinence from alcohol and after consumption of one or three 12-ounce cans of beer per day. We found that HDL (10%), HDL2 (14%), and HDL3 (9%) cholesterol, and apolipoprotein A-I (7%) decreased with abstinence from alcohol and then increased with its consumption. These increases were not significant until after 3 weeks of daily alcohol intake, but they were significant in both the one-can and three-cans of beer per day groups. In the 23 inactive subjects HDL and HDL2 cholesterol decreased with abstinence but did not increase significantly with alcohol intake. Lipolytic enzymes were not changed by alcohol manipulation, but the level of lipoprotein lipase was higher and that of hepatic lipase was lower at each measurement point in the 26 habitually active versus the 23 inactive subjects. Adjustment for weight or skinfold thickness did not affect lipoprotein changes over time within groups but did eliminate many of the differences between activity groups. Alcohol consumption seems to be related to possibly beneficial influences on plasma HDL and HDL2 cholesterol, and may thus impact the risk of heart disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Circulating opioids: possible physiological roles in central nervous function.

Evidence is reviewed regarding the release of endorphins by such diverse conditions as stress, long distance running, acupuncture, sexual activity, suggestion and ritualistic dancing ceremonies. Additional evidence is cited regarding possible physiological roles of endorphins in antinociception, socialization, euphoria, some mental disorders, drive states and vegetative functions. The concentration of this latter type of evidence is on conditions during which endorphins seem to be exerting effects on a number of different systems together (for example, euphoria is almost always accompanied by analgesia), and the possibility is suggested that the activation of a number of functions together may be due to a global activation of opiate receptors throughout the CNS. A possible basis for this global activation arises from results from this laboratory indicating the presence of a blood-borne opioid hormone, secreted by the pituitary or by an endocrine gland under pituitary control, which is capable of passing from the blood into the CNS. This diffuse endorphinergic system, which is complementary to the well-established endorphinergic neuronal systems in the CNS, thus derives its property of global action on opiate receptors by the diffuse means by which the hormone reaches its target sites, i.e., by passing through the blood brain barrier. Thus, while each specific endorphin-mediated function can be activated by the activation of its respective neural pathway, it is proposed that the hormonal endorphinergic mechanism is activated to produce a global response provoked by conditions to which a more generalized response, including physiological and behavioural changes, is most appropriate.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Physical fitness in aging men.

Of 56 middle-aged male joggers (mean age 43.3 yr), 38 were measured for maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and 18 for cardiac output at a heart rate of 170 bpm (Q170). Each Q170 was divided by subject body surface area to yield cardiac index (CI170). A treadmill protocol was used to elicit maximal exercise during measurement of VO2max. The bicycle ergometer was employed when measuring Q170. For maximal exercise, termination was upon subject-declared fatigue. In subjects measured for VO2max, heart rate at 3.5 miles/h and 5% treadmill grade (HRsubmax) as well as heart rate at maximal exercise (HRmax) were noted. Heart rates were monitored electrocardiographically. A modified Douglas bag technique was applied when sampling expired air for determination of VO2max. Carbon dioxide rebreathing was used to estimate Q170. Data were grouped according to age (43 yr and older; 42 yr and younger). There were significant (P less than 0.05) positive relationships between VO2max and HRmax and between HRsubmax and age. Significant negative relationships existed between HRmax and HRsubmax, and between CI170 and 10 km running time. There were no significant differences (P greater than 0.05) between means achieved by the age groups. The overall mean for VO2max was 43.36 ml/kg per min and for Q170 33.53 1/min. Findings suggest that men who remain physically active retain youthful characteristics of cardiorespiratory function.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Treatment of osteoarthritis with a herbomineral formulation: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study.

The clinical efficacy of a herbomineral formulation containing roots of Withania somnifera, the stem of Boswellia serrata, rhizomes of Curcuma longa and a zinc complex (Articulin-F), was evaluated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, cross-over study in patients with osteoarthritis. After a one-month single blind run-in period, 42 patients with osteoarthritis were randomly allocated to receive either a drug treatment or a matching placebo for a period of three months. After a 15-day wash-out period the patients were transferred to the other treatment for a further period of three months. Clinical efficacy was evaluated every fortnight on the basis of severity of pain, morning stiffness, Ritchie articular index, joint score, disability score and grip strength. Other parameters like erythrocyte sedimentation rate and radiological examination were carried out on a monthly basis. Treatment with the herbomineral formulation produced a significant drop in severity of pain (P less than 0.001) and disability score (P less than 0.05). Radiological assessment, however, did not show any significant changes in both the groups. Side effects observed with this formulation did not necessitate withdrawal of treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Alkaline phytase from lily pollen: Investigation of biochemical properties.

Phytases catalyze the hydrolysis of phytic acid (InsP6, myo-inositol hexakisphosphate), the most abundant inositol phosphate in cells. In cereal grains and legumes, it constitutes 3-5% of the dry weight of seeds. The inability of humans and monogastric animals such as swine and poultry to absorb complexed InsP6 has led to nutritional and environmental problems. The efficacy of supplemental phytases to address these issues is well established; thus, there is a need for phytases with a range of biochemical and biophysical properties for numerous applications. An alkaline phytase that shows unique catalytic properties was isolated from plant tissues. In this paper, we report on the biochemical properties of an alkaline phytase from pollen grains of Lilium longiflorum. The enzyme exhibits narrow substrate specificity, it hydrolyzed InsP6 and para-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP). Alkaline phytase followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with a K(m) of 81 microM and V(max) of 217 nmol Pi/min/mg with InsP6 and a K(m) of 372 microM and V(max) of 1272 nmol Pi/min/mg with pNPP. The pH optimum was 8.0 with InsP6 as the substrate and 7.0 with pNPP. Alkaline phytase was activated by calcium and inactivated by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; however, the enzyme retained a low level of activity even in Ca2+-free medium. Fluoride as well as myo-inositol hexasulfate did not have any inhibitory affect, whereas vanadate inhibited the enzyme. The enzyme was activated by sodium chloride and potassium chloride and inactivated by magnesium chloride; the activation by salts followed the Hofmeister series. The temperature optimum for hydrolysis is 55 degrees C; the enzyme was stable at 55 degrees C for about 30 min. The enzyme has unique properties that suggest the potential to be useful as a feed supplement.

6-Phytase↗
PubMed2005

Rapid progression of chondral disease in the lateral compartment of the knee following meniscectomy.

We present 2 cases of severe, rapidly progressive chondral disease in the lateral compartment within 12 months after meniscectomy. In both cases, the lateral compartment was salvaged with simultaneously performed cartilage repair techniques and meniscal transplantation. The first case is of a 16-year-old boy who suffered a complex irreparable posterior horn lateral meniscus tear that was treated with an aggressive partial meniscectomy, and developed a rapid onset of severe lateral compartment symptoms associated with a focal grade IV chondral defect of the lateral femoral condyle within 10 months of his index meniscectomy. The second case is that of an athletic 43-year-old orthopaedic surgeon who suffered a complex lateral meniscus tear that required a near total lateral meniscectomy. Within 5 months of the lateral meniscectomy, he developed severe lateral symptoms with a focal grade IV chondral defect of the lateral femoral condyle. In both cases, the articular cartilage defects were treated with osteochondral grafting at the time of lateral meniscus transplantation with excellent results at 2-year follow-up. These cases highlight the significant need for a heightened the awareness of the relatively increased risk of rapid lateral compartment degeneration following lateral meniscectomy. This, in combination with the appropriate use of cartilage restoration techniques, provides the potential to salvage or prevent rapid onset, unicompartmental degenerative disease, and the ability to reduce symptoms and improve function in these challenging patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Bradykinesia in patients with Parkinson's disease having levodopa-induced dyskinesias.

We investigated the likelihood that bradykinesia coexisted with levodopa-induced dyskinesias (LID) in 10 dyskinetic Parkinson's disease patients (DPD). Their motor performance was compared to that of 10 age/gender-matched non-dyskinetic patients (NDPD) and 10 healthy controls. Whole-body movement (WBM) and rapid alternating movements (RAM) at the wrist were recorded simultaneously using 6-degree of freedom magnetic motion tracker and forearm rotational sensors, respectively. WBM was recorded prior to, and while subjects performed pronation-supination movements of their dominant hand with maximal rotational excursion, and as fast as possible for 10s. RANGE, VELOCITY and IRREGULARITY of pronation-supination cycles were quantified to assess motor performance. Results show that DPD patients had greater WBM than NDPD and controls during rest and RAM performance, as expected. There were no differences in motor performance between DPD and NDPD groups for RANGE and VELOCITY, despite significantly longer disease duration for the DPD group (15.5+/-6.2 years versus 6.6+/-2.6 years). However, both the NDPD and DPD groups showed significantly lower RANGE and reduced VELOCITY compared to controls, suggesting the presence of bradykinesia. For IRREGULARITY, DPD patients showed increased fluctuations in pronation-supination cycle amplitude compared to NDPD and controls. However, the lack of correlation between WBM magnitude and IRREGULARITY within the DPD group (Spearman's rank order, rho = 0.31, p > 0.05), suggests that LID were not the primary cause of increased IRREGULARITY. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that bradykinesia can coexist with dyskinesias, suggestive of distinct neural circuits. Our results also demonstrated that the occurrence of LID is not inevitably accompanied with worsening of motor performance.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Stereoisomers of P. aeruginosa autoinducer analog to probe the regulator binding site.

Quorum sensing (QS) regulates the production of virulence factors and the maturation of biofilms in many bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The QS cascade is activated by the interaction of bacterial signaling molecules, called autoinducers (AIs), with their corresponding regulatory proteins. Here, we report a series of studies to define the stereochemical preferences of synthetic agonists and perform docking studies to understand the microenvironment of the binding site in P. aeruginosa QS regulators. One of the key findings of this work is that the ring structure and the absolute and relative stereochemistries of the amide and hydroxyl groups dictate the agonist activity. This study aids in determining important structural and stereochemical characteristics necessary for interaction with the QS regulatory proteins, thus expanding our understanding of their inducer binding sites.

Amino Alcohols↗
PubMed2004

Combined endurance/resistance training reduces NT-proBNP levels in patients with chronic heart failure.

AIMS: This study was designed to evaluate the effects of combined endurance/resistance training on NT-proBNP levels in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). The safety of resistive weight training for patients with CHF is questioned. Possible detrimental effects include an increase in ventricular diastolic pressure and secondary unfavourable remodelling. Circulating levels of the N-terminal fragment of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) reflect left ventricular diastolic wall stress and are strongly related to mortality and treatment success in CHF. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this study, 27 consecutive patients with stable CHF and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <35% were enrolled in a 4 months non-randomized combined endurance/resistance training programme. Blood sampling for measurement of NT-proBNP, functional assessment, cardiopulmonary exercise testing, echocardiography and radionuclide angiography were performed at entry and after 4 months. After 4 months, exercise training caused a significant reduction in circulating concentrations of NT-proBNP (2124+/-397 pg/ml before, 1635+/-304 pg/ml after training, p=0.046, interaction), whereas no changes were observed in an untrained heart failure control group. NYHA functional class (p=0.02, interaction), maximal (peak VO2: p=0.035, interaction; maximal workload: p<0.00001, interaction) and submaximal (workload at anaerobic threshold: p=0.001, interaction; rate-pressure product at anaerobic threshold: p=0.001, interaction) exercise parameters as well as work efficiency (Wattmax/VO2peak: p=0.0001, interaction) were significantly improved. In addition, a decrease in left ventricular end-systolic diameter was observed in the trained heart failure group (p=0.016). CONCLUSION: Four months of combined endurance/resistance training significantly reduced circulating levels of NT-proBNP in patients with CHF, without evidence of adverse remodelling. Exercise training might offer additional non-pharmacological modulation of the activated neurohormonal pathways in the setting of CHF.

Bicycling↗
PubMed2004

A neural network approach to movement pattern analysis.

Movements are time-dependent processes and so can be modelled by time-series of coordinates: E.g., each articulation has geometric coordinates; the set of the coordinates of the relevant articulations build a high-dimensional configuration. These configurations--or "patterns"--give reason for analysing movements by means of neural networks: The Kohonen Feature Map (KFM) is a special type of neural network, which (after having been coined by training with appropriate pattern samples) is able to recognize single patterns as members of pattern clusters. This way, for example, the particular configurations of a given movement can be identified as belonging to respective configuration clusters, where the sequence of clusters to which the time-depending configurations belong, characterizes the process as a 2-dimensional trajectory. The advantages of this method are that: the high dimensionality of the original processes is reduced to two dimensional trajectories, the clusters are automatically determined by the network, and all data for further analyses can automatically be transferred into a data base. Thus, the processes can either be visualized and analysed by an expert or again processed by further automatic analysing tools, as has been done with similarity matrices. The disadvantage is that a KFM-training needs a huge amount of information, which normally is not available from experiments. However, the Dynamically Controlled Network DyCoN (a special type of KFM) makes it possible to reduce the amount of original training data substantially--e.g., by adding stochastically generated ones. Currently, DyCoN is used in several projects in order to generally support analyses of processes in sport. It should be emphasized that the presented approach is not meant to improve the understanding or to develop models of human movement but to give a survey of the advantages and methodological aspects of net-based movement analysis.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2005

Spike source localization with tetrodes.

The paper presents in detail a method for approximating the spatial position of neural spike activity from tetrode recordings. The method uses a nonlinear mapping of a set of tetrode tip amplitudes into three-dimensional (3D) space, followed by a self-organizing map clustering technique. Viewed as a spike sorting method, it performs better than tetrode peak amplitudes and it is roughly equivalent with amplitude ratios. The technique's appeal to physical location may be of advantage in many investigations.

Action Potentials↗