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PubMed1989

[Automated instruments for clinical laboratory--its past and future].

Since the invention of the Autoanalyzer (flow system) by Skeggs in 1953 and Swedish invention of the AGA-Autochemist (discrete system) remarkable developments have been made in the field of clinical laboratory examinations. The Autoanalyzer was improved, from mono-channel to multi-channel, using various methods besides colorimetry, and with the aid of computers, it is now being applied to hematology and immunochemistry as well as chemistry. Although the AGA-Autochemist was something like a chemical factory at the beginning, various instruments using discrete system have been produced according to the refinement of the basic mechanisms of AGA-Autochemist. It is now used in other fields and has contributed considerably to clinical laboratory examinations. This article reviews the development of these instruments at intervals of five years, as reported or reviewed at the scientific meetings of the Japan Society for Clinical Laboratory Automation, and articles of the Journal of the Society. The evaluation of merits and demerits of clinical automation is omitted due to limitation of space.

Autoanalysis↗
PubMed1989

Commercialising biomedical technology.

Engineers and scientists working with biomedical technology are a highly inventive lot. However, it is disappointing to see how few of the products of that inventiveness ever see the light of day outside the hospitals or institutions in which they are developed. This is usually because the developers do not know how to go about commercialising their products. The two basic options in commercialising a new product are to license the product to an existing company, or to establish a new company to manufacture and market it. Whichever approach is taken, a "Business Plan" is an essential requirement. This is a selling document which is needed either to convince an existing company that it would be profitable for it to license the product, or to convince an investor/financier to fund the establishment of a new company to commercialise it.

Australia↗
PubMed1987

Current innovations in drug delivery.

It is almost twenty years since the attention of the pharmaceutical industry was focussed on an alternative strategy--improving existing medicines by better control of the site, duration and intensity of the drugs they contain. Whilst site specificity remains a major objective for future medicines, progress has mainly come from devices which modulate the duration and intensity of drug action. In their most advanced form, they will deliver their contents in response to a physiological or pathological demand such as a diabetic's glucose level. However, practical devices have been limited to passive dosage forms which either speed up or slow down the rate of systemic absorption in a controlled manner. Oral, rectal, percutaneous and parenteral routes have been energetically explored and several products have been successfully marketed. Oral administration has dominated invention. Future advances will embrace the concepts of variable or pulsed release in order to meet particular therapeutic criteria. Equally important will be the extension of transit time in order to increase the uptake of some poorly absorbed drugs, or to extend dosage intervals to twenty-four hours. Attempts to more closely approach constant release rates at the end of the release period, to devise efficient formulae which carry drug loadings in excess of eighty per cent, or to invent formulae which, whilst retaining precision, are cheaper and more easily manufactured are less innovative aspects of this important field. The commercial success of percutaneous presentation of glyceryl trinitrate has prompted further refinement of this principle and guidelines for exploitation are now clearer. The development of acceptable penetration enhancers remains an important element in extending this principle to a wide range of drugs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed1987

[Improving the retrieval of information from scientific research works in the field of medical roentgenoradiology].

A subject thesaurus covering investigations pursued at the Moscow Research Institute of Roentgenoradiology (Ministry of Health of the RSFSR) has been worked out for data retrieval. Each subject heading is provided with indices of the International Classification of Inventions (MCI), national classifications of inventions (NCI), Universal Digital Classification (UDC), Branch Automated System of Scientific Medical Information (BASSMI), Medinform, and the State Automated System of Scientific-Technical Information (SASSTI). The subject thesaurus is necessary for the detection of relevant information in the BASSMI and Medinform data banks and in patent forms.

Humans↗
PubMed1979

[The relevance of "family-oriented obstetrics" and its consequences for the maternity hospital (author's transl)].

By inventing the "rooming in", the organisational prerequisites for the undisyurbed early mother--child relationship, which is of fateful relevance for the newborn, are provided. Since part of the responsibility for the child is transferred to the mother already in the hospital, an adequate instruction is necessary. Thus, a change is taking place pertaining to the tasks of the nursing personnel. In an inquiry made on 950 female patients, the social-psychological aspects of the "romming in" were examined and evaluated. The joint accommodation of mother and child ought to be available on request for approximately 50% of the delivered women. During the night the newborns should be taken to the nursery. This meets with the needs of many women for undisturbed rest during the night despite "rooming in" and also with the necessity for control of the newborns by the nursing staff. The general judgment of the patients on a clinic cannot be changed essentially by the invention of "rooming in". This is depending to a great extent on various other factors.

Berlin↗
PubMed1980

The birth of the surgical stapler.

Contrary to the popular belief that the stapling machine is a relatively recent technical innovation, surgical staplers have been in general use since as early as the first decade of the century. The first surgical stapler was invented in 1908, and the two people who were responsible for this invention were Victor Fischer and Hümér Hültl.

Austria↗
PubMed1982

Appropriate ophthalmic surgical technology in developing nations.

Ophthalmologists working in developing nations are faced with shortages in surgical equipment and expendable supplies. Invention and improvisation can extend financial resources and reduce the unit cost per operation. Examples of appropriate ophthalmic technological invention are described and illustrated.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed1995

Nathan Zuntz (1847-1920)--a German pioneer in high altitude physiology and aviation medicine, Part II: Scientific work.

For over 52 years, the work of Nathan Zuntz (1847-1920) covered an amazingly wide spectrum of research fields; metabolism, nutrition, respiration, blood gases, exercise, and high altitude physiology were the main themes. Zuntz achieved fame for his invention of the Zuntz-Geppert respiratory apparatus in 1886 and the first Laufband (treadmill) in 1889. To this experimental setup Zuntz later added an X-ray apparatus in 1914 to determine the changes in heart volume during exercise. Moreover, he constructed a climate chamber to study exercise under varying and sometimes extreme climates. For field studies Zuntz invented a transportable Gasuhr (dry gas measuring device). Zuntz was the first to describe the difference between laboratory data gained in a hypobaric chamber and the measurements at high altitude. He found that the barometric formula is not applicable in the field. Two balloon expeditions in 1902 by Zuntz and his pupil, v. Schroetter, marked the step from terrestrial physiology towards aviation medicine. An outline of the development of scientific aviation in Berlin from 1880-1918 elucidates how closely the aviation union, army, and scientific departments were connected with and dependent upon each other. In cooperation with these institutions Zuntz and v. Schroetter constructed an oxygen supply system and planned a pressure cabin for extreme altitudes above 10,000 m, a forerunner of modern systems in aviation and astronautics. In 1912, Zuntz and v. Schroetter each published papers on aviation medicine, both publications internationally unique in style and extent. Zuntz's work in its empirical approach was the counterpart to the established formal mathematical-physical reductionism of the German Physiological Society.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1994

[History of the treatment of varices].

Diseases of the vein and particularly varicose veins have been recognized since antiquity. The Ebers papyrus, dated 1550 b.c., mentions serpent-shaped dilatation of the lower limbs. The Acropolis tablet of the IVth century b.c. concerning Dr Amynos allows us to visualize an enlarged lower limb clearly showing a varicosity. From 460-377 b.c., Hippocrates noted that a loose tourniquet leads to haemorrhages but that when the tourniquet is tight gangrene ensues and finally that standing up can exaggerate leg ulcerations. Of course much progress has been made since Hippocrates. The school at Alexandria, with Herophilus and Erasistrates speak of vascular ligatures. Their work was unfortunately lost in the fire of the Alexandria library in 391 a.d. Galien himself described varicose vein ligatures in 200 a.d. Leonardo de Vinci's magnificent anatomic studies of veins are widely known. In 1525, Ambroise Paré described leg bandaging for ulcers beginning from the foot up to the knee. In 1585, Fabrice d'Acquapendente described venous valves. In 1676, Wiseman invented the first supportive stockings made of leather and in 1854, Unna described in Vienna the supportive boot which now carries his name. Shortly thereafter new medical and surgical techniques were developed for the treatment of varicose veins. Pravaz, in 1860, invented a syringe which now carries his name and initiated sclerotherapy. At the end of the XIXth century, Trendelenburg performed the first ligatures of the greater saphenous veins. In 1905, and 1906, Keller and Mayo performed the first ablation of the greater saphenous vein and in 1906, Carrel reported the first venous transplantation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Europe↗
PubMed1995

The decision support system for a therapeutic department physician as an example of Dr. Watson Type System.

The System Analysis Guide (Sage) is decision support system intended for highly-skilled physicians. The SAGe estimates the effectiveness and adequacy of treatment delivered by physicians. The traditional technique was not suitable for the solution of such complex tasks, and, as a basic model, the technology of the Dr. Watson Type System (Dr.WTS) (S. Goldberg, L. Meshalkin, 1990) was selected. Dr.WTS creates an informational medium that promotes correct decision making by a specialist. With that end in view, it is necessary to: a) get all the necessary information for decision making; b) stimulate the user by production of a conflict situation for the given informational space; c) direct the user's reflections toward a correct decision; d) provide the user with an compelling motive for continuing to work with the Dr.WTS program. Similar methods are actively used for the organization of creative process conditions by psychologists, system analysis specialists, and for invention machines. A distinctive feature of the Dr.WTS is the presence of an inference engine. Though the decisions themselves are not offered, Dr.WTS creates the enumerated conditions on the basis of decision making algorithms together with the result of the specialists work. Another characteristic is the system self-tuning on the problem which is solved, not in invention machines, but by the concrete specialist. The SAGe is written in C++ on an Intel 386SX-based computer and consists of five subsystems: "Diagnostics," "Treatment Effectiveness," "Treatment Adequacy," "Integral assessment of patients in the department," and "Information import." The "Diagnostics" subsystem gives a physician the opportunity to assess all information about a patient from the point of view of compensating the organism's basic systems. The SAGe organizes the presentation of the information and notes the signs which are not used in the physician's diagnostic schema (as interpreted by the SAGe). The "Treatment Effectiveness" subsystem makes it possible to compare the state severity dynamics with the dynamics of treatment character and intensity. The physician has the possibility of including the dynamics of any quantitative or qualitative indices in the analysis. The SAGe proposes the dynamics of signs which, from its "point" of view, are the most important for the choice of treatment and assessment of treatment efficacy. The "Treatment Adequacy" subsystem gives the physician an opportunity to create an archive of his own a priori and a posteriori reflections about the treatment course, causes of a state aggravation, treatment ineffectiveness, non-coincidence of prognoses, etc. The SAGe reflects the basic dynamic information about a patient and the dynamics of a physician's reflections in the form of a flower growth picture. The SAGe, stressing various details of the picture according to its notions, gives a physician an opportunity to assess divergences between his reflections at different moments in time and between the real dynamics of a disease. Thus the physician receives a notion of harmony patient treatment which is close to the adequacy of notions. The SAGe's most important role, both for stimulating a physician's intellectual activity and for the work of decision-making algorithms, is played by demanding that the physician make independent short-term and long-term prognostic assessments of a disease's development. These prognostications are then compared with reality. At present, the SAGe has been passed for approbation to some of the physicians of Yekaterinburg and Peterburg. The next task in developing the SAGe is a full-volume realization of mechanisms for algorithmic self-tuning with a concrete user.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1996

[Bradyarrhythmia].

Bradyarrhythmia has been well studied, and many results contributed to the progress of its treatments. When simple pacemaker like VVI was first invented, it seemed to have solved the problem, but the pacemaker did not improve the mortality rate until physiological pacing like DDD was invented. Permanent pacemaker implantation has now become standard means to solve the problem whether it was due to sinus node dysfunction or conduction disturbances. Recent trend of arrhythmia study has already been shifted to be focused on tachyarrhythmia, especially related to RF ablation. This new technique has revealed many informations related to mechanism of tachyarrhythmias, and also the basic functional structure of AV node and other cardiac conduction system. Such informations gave many knowledges about bradyarrhythmia. On the other hand, study on autonomic nervous system is not yet enough to unveil its role.

Autonomic Nervous System↗
PubMed1996

Technology transfer at US universities: seeking public benefit from the results of basic research.

The development of technology transfer programs at universities throughout the US was catalyzed by the passage of the Bayh-Dole Act in 1980. This landmark legislation allowed universities to own and manage all inventions developed by their employees with federal funding. An effective technology transfer program requires: productive and innovative researchers; clear, supportive policies; knowledgeable professional staff; and adequate funding for operating expenses and for patenting inventions. When all four components are in place, technology transfer can enhance the university's ability to interact with industry and can make a significant contribution to economic development at the local, state and national level.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed1996

[Knee problems from a medical history viewpoint].

Knee-joint problems have worried our medical ancestors time and again and made them search for unconventional solutions. Four small case studies are meant to give the reader an insight into the paleopathology and medical history of knee-joint diseases. A grotesquely deformed knee-joint of a young ladies' tailor from the hospital cemetery of Basle (1846) has been investigated paleopathologically and led to the diagnosis of a severe knee-joint tuberculosis. Based on the rediscovered written legacy of the Zurich country doctor Felix Heusser (1817-1875), his significance as an up to now underrated pioneer of knee-joint resection is illustrated. The example of the first knee-endoprosthesis invented by Themistocles Gluck (1853-1942) demonstrates how an ingenious idea can very seriously affect the career of a very promising physician. Another milestone in knee surgery, the invention of knee arthroscopy by the controversial Argovian surgeon, military commander and politician Eugen Bircher (1882-1956), deserves once more our attention.

History, 18th Century↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Embryo transfer in the goat--a review].

The available techniques for the control of the estrous cycle and superovulation in goats are covered. Most commonly the estrous cycle is controlled by means of progestagen pessaries or s.c. implants. To superovulate goats, FSH is more suitable than PMSG. As an alternative, goats may be immunized against inhibin. Premature regression of corpora lutea is a common complication in superovulated goats. Collection and transfer of embryos is usually accomplished via laparotomy. Occasionally endoscopic techniques are utilized. A recently invented technique for transcervical embryo collection is touched upon. Methods of in vitro culture and preservation of embryos resemble those commonly applied in cattle. Satisfactory success rates are achieved with the transfer of frozen-thawed blastocysts. Vitrification of goat embryos is feasible. There are reports on successful splitting and fusion (chimaera formation) of goat embryos and on in vitro fertilization (IVF). The goat may serve as a suitable model for the invention of new approaches in biotechnology in ruminants.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Ethical and intellectual property in the biological sciences.

Ethical concerns on patents in the biological sciences are increased by the prospect of patents for higher life forms. A Canadian patent grants the owner the right to exclude others in Canada from making, using, or selling or offering for sale his or her invention for the term of the patent; however, it does not give the patent owner any positive rights to do likewise. As with other forms of property, the right to make, use, or sell a patented invention may be regulated by other laws or guidelines. In Canada, higher life forms, medical and surgical methods are not patentable subject matter. Unicellular life forms and subcellular material are considered patentable. Decisions on ethical issues are not considered by patent officers. The Patent Office is guided only by legislation. Other regulations by the legislatures can direct public policy and minimize risks.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Winnicott and the capacity to believe.

Like Freud's, Winnicott's writing displays an enormous interest in words, in their histories as well as their current usage. The author discusses his use of two words, 'capacity' and 'belief' combined in the phrase 'capacity to believe'. What Winnicott has to say about this capacity sheds light on the nature of both religious and cultural experience generally. The paper's argument has two strands that are woven together throughout. The first is Winnicott's concern for words and how a knowledge of their roots can enrich their current meaning. The second is his concern for the nature of belief, the 'capacity to believe', and his conviction that in exploring this capacity psychoanalysis might have something to teach religion. These concerns are interrelated in a number of ways in Winnicott's writing and are ultimately connected with his notion of a 'cultural field', a place to grow, where 'inventiveness', even verbal inventiveness, is 'just one more example ... of the interplay between separateness and union', that is the separateness of individual language users but also their union through the language they share.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed1994

[Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and directional coronary atherectomy: a short review of recent progress].

Since the invention of Gruentzig AR in 1977, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) has become a widely accepted therapeutic measure for the treatment of patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD), as well as coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). The rate of initial success in PTCA elevated up to more than 90% recently, in accordance with the progress in technology and the operator's skill. The limitations of PTCA are acute coronary occlusion which occurs in a few percent during or just after the procedure, and restenosis which occurs in thirty to fourty percent within six months. Some new devices have been invented to add better results for the patients. Directional coronary atherectomy (DCA) is one of the devices to remove atheroma in narrow segment, instead of splitting it. DCA can create a larger and smoother lumen than that created with PTCA, and it may be expected to reduce the restenosis rate. The therapeutic choice in IHD is still controversial. At present, several clinical trials are being conducted in order to evaluate and compare medical therapy, CABG, and PTCA. These results will provide informations to help the decision making in the management of the patients with IHD.

Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary↗
PubMed1976

[The unmasking of consciousness by means of criticism of illusion and ideology].

The author contends that the constitution of Psychology as a Science requires the elucidation of the conceptual instruments to be used in the approach of its specific theoretical object. In order to meet that requirement, three main methodological subjects are considered: I. The image, conceived as embodiment of the illusory and the deceptive, vs. the image as "the imaginary". Images are defined as representations determined a priori as the sole possibility of understanding reality. The distinction is made between two modes of this gnoseological process: the one, apparent, the other real. The first one, image as a representation having no correspondence whatsoever with reality, conveys only deceptive features: illusion at the individual level, and ideology at the broader scale of the socioeconomical class. Illusion and ideology are subject to parallel in that both mask reality, uncovering a part of it in order to hide the whole; and they imply each other in that to each illusion of individual consciousness corresponds a single socio-economical ideology. The unmasking must be performed both at the individual (illusion) and the collective (ideology) levels, through a conceptual work under a clear conception of knowledge and its methods, leading to an actually objectivating neutral act-Husserl. II. The imaginary as a project of irreality. Accepting that the image has a double function: a) an essential (gnoseological) one, and b) an unesential, supplementary one, as the support of illusion and ideology, there is yet a double manner for the concealment: a) subjective or belonging to the psychological level, and b) objective-intersubjective level, or actual social level. The image provides the object for the "belief", being thus the basis for the creation of a super-reality, an invention over another invention, with the goal of fulfilling desire. This goal implies failure in itself, as desire is always beyond the reality that seeks its fulfillment. The process of illusion can be explained by the triple link: desire-imagination-illusion, leading to belief. In desire there is a double work: a) a positive one, or trend towards the appropriation of the object; and b) a negative one, or the all-present frustration leading, precisely, to illusion. III. Desire and discourse: dialectics of possibility. Reality provides a limit-border to desire: it sets the frontiers of impossibility. Only the discourse provides a program, a planification of the being-desire. But desire exceeds the limits of possibility, and sets the underlying framework on which the impossibility of desire is expressed. Two different answers have been attempted from a logical-gnoseological-methodological stand point, consisting of reductionisms or pseudo-answers. Firstly, intellectualism, professing to reduce everything to rational cathegories and their logico-formal methods; and secondly, naturalism, professing to reduce everything to a factic-empirical scheme and to its experimental method...

Consciousness↗