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PubMed1993

Artificial intelligence and the supervision of bioprocesses (real-time knowledge-based systems and neural networks).

The ability to supervise and control a highly non-linear and time variant bioprocess is of considerable importance to the biotechnological industries which are continually striving to obtain higher yields and improved uniformity of production. Two AI methodologies aimed at contributing to the overall intelligent monitoring and control of bioprocess operations are discussed. The development and application of a real-time knowledge-based system to provide supervisory control of fed-batch bioprocesses is reviewed. The system performs sensor validation, fault detection and diagnosis and incorporates relevant expertise and experience drawn from both bioprocess engineering and control engineering domains. A complementary approach, that of artificial neural networks is also addressed. The development of neural network modelling tools for use in bioprocess state estimation and inferential control are reviewed. An attractive characteristic of neural networks is that with the appropriate topology any non-linear functional relationship can be modelled, hence significantly reducing model-process mismatch. Results from industrial applications are presented.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1988

Cognitive deficits in olivopontocerebellar atrophy: implications for the cholinergic hypothesis of Alzheimer's dementia.

A cerebral cortical cholinergic reduction in dominantly inherited olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA) was recently described. Although the magnitude of the cholinergic reduction was similar to that observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD), none of the OPCA patients was reported to have been demented. We now describe a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment of 11 patients from one of the OPCA pedigrees which we examined biochemically. Detailed neuropsychological testing disclosed previously unrecognized deficits in verbal and nonverbal intelligence, memory, and frontal system function which were positively correlated with the severity of cerebellar ataxia. However, our OPCA patients appeared to be at most only mildly disabled by their cognitive impairment and scored within or close to the normal range on a simple mental status screening examination. This, as well as an absence of any aphasia, apraxia, or agnosia, contrasts with the profile and severity observed in advanced AD dementia, characterized by a similar cortical cholinergic deficit. This finding also suggests that cholinergic reduction may explain only part of the pathophysiology underlying the dementia of AD.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Active and intelligent inhaler device development.

The dry powder inhaler, which has traditionally relied on the patient's inspiratory force to deaggregate and deliver the active agent to the target region of the lung, has been a successful delivery device for the provision of locally active agents for the treatment of conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, such devices can suffer from poor delivery characteristics and/or poor reproducibility. More recently, drugs for systemic delivery and more high value compounds have been put into DPI devices. Regulatory, dosing, manufacturing and economic concerns have demanded that a more efficient and reproducible performance is achieved by these devices. Recently strategies have been put in place to produce a more efficient DPI device/formulation combination. Using one novel device as an example the paper will examine which features are important in such a device and some of the strategies required to implement these features. All of these technological advances are invisible, and may be irrelevant, to the patient. However, their inability to use an inhaler device properly has significant implications for their therapy. Use of active device mechanisms, which reduce the dependence on patient inspiratory flow, and sensible industrial design, which give the patient the right clues to use, are important determinants of performance here.

Drug Delivery Systems↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Methodology for the development of expert systems of viral epidemiology].

The proposed methodology for the elaboration of the base of knowledge uses a tree of the hierarchical entities and a simplified variant of the natural language. The resolution system is based on an extension of the predicate calculation containing, in an explicit way, entities of different nature, and among these the correlations giving the rules of deduction.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1998

Development of a health promotion system for the elderly: Committee of Health Evaluation for Elderly Persons Council of Japan AMHTS Institutions.

A new health promotion approach for elderly persons is required which maintains not only their physical health but also their quality of life. We are developing a health promotion system which makes use of questionnaires dealing with physical conditions and quality of life, and makes health reports. Health evaluation is carried out in three steps. First, detailed information about the physical health of each client is collected. Second, quality of life is evaluated according to five health indicators. Last, health recommendations are generated. An artificial intelligence (AI) program produces detailed questions to collect necessary information for the evaluation of a client's health. The information related to quality of life is converted into five health indicators and presented as a radar-chart in documents and displays. The knowledge-based AI program automatically generates the health recommendation documents. This information is available for physicians and nurses for health counseling.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Bridging theory and practice: cognitive science and medical informatics.

Medical informatics has experienced dramatic growth, both as an applied and as a research discipline in recent years. In this paper, we argue that there is a need to expand the research base to characterize the cognitive dimension of informatics. Theories and methods from cognitive science can provide an effective counterpart to traditional medical informatics in addressing issues of usability of the systems, the processing of information, and the training of physicians. In the first part of the paper, we address the problems inherent in applying basic theories to practice and suggest some potential solutions. The second section deals with epistemological issues that are fundamental to cognitive science research and medical informatics. We then discuss two areas of application of cognitive scientific theories and methods to medical informatics: cognitive evaluation of human computer interface and intelligent medical decision support systems. The paper addresses the progress that has been made thus far and discusses how future cognitive research can facilitate further growth in the development of these applications.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The electrophysiologycal and information aspects of stress development].

In the first part of this paper the modern concepts of stress and possibility of diagnostics of early stress manifestations are considered. Though significant advances of researches of this problem many methodological and methodical aspects are continued to be discussed. The categorical proff are stage development of adaptation processes and there classification [H. Selye]. A long-term studies of adaptation processes of students in semesters and exams have been conducted by authors with specially development and to accumulate new data. The second part of this paper is the survey of these results published in different time. The polyparametric technology including some electrophysiological methods with the system analysis using artificial intelligence algorithms and methods of pattern recognition permitted to show some regular dependences in relationships of electrophysiological parameters and there variations under stress development. It was shown for diagnostics of stress stages in necessary to assess not only absolute values of parameters but also there relationships, which are new diagnostics signs considering as information connections between physiological systems. The main characteristic of functional state of an organism is balance of parameter's relationships in totality, representing invariant for healthy persons. In condition of disharmony of parameter relationships there are aroused the strain, overstrain functional state or failure of adaptation in depends on a degree of misbalance. The represented new data don't contradict to known reasons and mechanisms of stress and accumulated data of its variety manifestations. As the work-hypothesis the information-wave model of appearance of psychosomatic reactions of stress is introduced.

Electrophysiology↗
PubMed1983

Sympathetic nervous system function in XYY subjects.

Initial reports of males with the XYY sex chromosome anomaly indicated that these individuals excessively exhibit impulsive, aggressive, and criminal behavior. Central nervous system (CNS) defects, including low intelligence, in certain XYY subjects may be associated with these antisocial behaviors. The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is activated in stressful conditions of "fight or flight" upon standing up from a supine posture, with physical exercise, and with aggressive behavior. Norepinephrine (NE) is the principal neurotransmitter of the SNS, and plasma levels of NE and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase are indices of SNS function. We questioned the integrity of SNS function in XYY subjects for two reasons: (1) their inferred propensity for aggressive behavior and the association of this behavior with increased NE levels; and (2) their potential for CNS dysfunction, which could be reflected in abnormal SNS regulation by the CNS. In the current study plasma levels of NE in XYY subjects are nonsignificantly higher than in normal volunteers. Additionally, XYY patients have a normal NE half-life indicating normal SNS activity and metabolism. Thus, we are unable to document with confidence any abnormality in SNS function in these XYY subjects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Critiquing anesthetic management: the "ATTENDING" computer system.

ATTENDING, a computer system under development using Artificial Intelligence techniques, is designed to critique an anesthetist's preoperative plan for anesthetic management. The system receives as input: 1) a list of a patient's medical problems; 2) a planned surgical procedure; and 3) an anesthetic plan outlining the agents and techniques to be used for premedication, induction, intubation, and maintenance of general or regional anesthesia. ATTENDING critiques this plan, discussing the risks and benefits of the proposed approach and of other reasonable approaches. To critique a physician's plan, the ATTENDING system must be able to 1) explore alternative approaches to a patient's management in a flexible fashion; 2) assess the relative risks and benefits of these alternatives; and 3) produce a readable, easily understood analysis written in English prose. This article describes how these design issues are addressed in ATTENDING's current implementation. The ATTENDING system is presently being used in a tutorial mode which allows self-evaluation by an anesthetist.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed2005

A tele-operated mobile ultrasound scanner using a light-weight robot.

This paper presents a new tele-operated robotic chain for real-time ultrasound image acquisition and medical diagnosis. This system has been developed in the frame of the Mobile Tele-Echography Using an Ultralight Robot European Project. A light-weight six degrees-of-freedom serial robot, with a remote center of motion, has been specially designed for this application. It holds and moves a real probe on a distant patient according to the expert gesture and permits an image acquisition using a standard ultrasound device. The combination of mechanical structure choice for the robot and dedicated control law, particularly nearby the singular configuration allows a good path following and a robotized gesture accuracy. The choice of compression techniques for image transmission enables a compromise between flow and quality. These combined approaches, for robotics and image processing, enable the medical specialist to better control the remote ultrasound probe holder system and to receive stable and good quality ultrasound images to make a diagnosis via any type of communication link from terrestrial to satellite. Clinical tests have been performed since April 2003. They used both satellite or Integrated Services Digital Network lines with a theoretical bandwidth of 384 Kb/s. They showed the tele-echography system helped to identify 66% of lesions and 83% of symptomatic pathologies.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1997

Plasma beta-endorphin, adrenocorticotropin hormone, and cortisol in autism.

Plasma levels of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis hormones beta-endorphin (BE), adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), and cortisol were measured in autistic (N = 48), mentally retarded/cognitively impaired (MR/CI, N = 16), and normal control (N = 26) individuals. Comparison of log transformed data from the three groups revealed that levels of BE and ACTH were significantly higher (p < .05) in the autistic individuals than in normal controls. The higher means in the autistic group were due to significantly higher plasma levels of BE and ACTH, indices of acute stress response, in the more severely affected individuals. The data support the idea that individuals with severe autism have a heightened response to acute stressors rather than chronic hyperarousal or elevated basal stress response system functioning.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Embryonics: a path to artificial life?

Electronic systems, no matter how clever and intelligent they are, cannot yet demonstrate the reliability that biological systems can. Perhaps we can learn from these processes, which have developed through millions of years of evolution, in our pursuit of highly reliable systems. This article discusses how such systems, inspired by biological principles, might be built using simple embryonic cells. We illustrate how they can monitor their own functional integrity in order to protect themselves from internal failure or from hostile environmental effects and how faults caused by DNA mutation or cell death can be repaired and thus full system functionality restored.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

A temporal database mediator for protocol-based decision support.

To meet the data-processing requirements for protocol-based decision support, a clinical data-management system must be capable of creating high-level summaries of time-oriented patient data, and of retrieving those summaries in a temporally meaningful fashion. We previously described a temporal-abstraction module (RESUME) and a temporal-querying module (Chronus) that can be used together to perform these tasks. These modules had to be coordinated by individual applications, however, to resolve the temporal queries of protocol planners. In this paper, we present a new module that integrates the previous two modules and that provides for their coordination automatically. The new module can be used as a standalone system for retrieving both primitive and abstracted time-oriented data, or can be embedded in a larger computational framework for protocol-based reasoning.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1991

A specialized framework for Medical Diagnostic Knowledge Based Systems.

To have a knowledge based system (KBS) exhibiting an intelligent behavior, it must be endowed even with knowledge able to represent the expert's strategies, other than with domain knowledge. The elicitation task is inherently difficult for strategic knowledge, because strategy is often tacit, and, even when it has been made explicit, it is not an easy task to describe it in a form that may be directly translated and implemented into a program. This paper describes a Specialized Framework for Medical Diagnostic Knowledge Based Systems able to help an expert in the process of building KBSs in a medical domain. The framework is based on an epistemological model of diagnostic reasoning which has proved to be helpful in describing the diagnostic process in terms of the tasks by which it is composed of.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2006

Multigate transcranial Doppler ultrasound system with real-time embolic signal identification and archival.

An integrated system for acquisition and processing of intracranial and extracranial Doppler signals and automatic embolic signal detection has been developed. The hardware basis of the system is a purpose-built acquisition/processing board that includes a multigate Doppler unit controlled through a computer. The signal-processing engine of the system contains a fast Fourier transform (FFT)-based, spectral-analysis unit and an embolic signal-detection unit using expert system reasoning theory. The system is designed so that up to four receive gates from a single transducer can be used to provide useful reasoning information to the embolic signal-detection unit. Alternatively, two transducers can be used simultaneously, either for bilateral transcranial Doppler (TCD) investigations or for simultaneous intra- and extracranial investigation of different arteries. The structure of the software will allow the future implementation of embolus detection algorithms that use the information from all four channels when a single transducer is used, or of independent embolus detection in two sets of two channels when two transducers are used. The user-friendly system has been tested in-vitro, and it has demonstrated a 93.6% sensitivity for micro-embolic signal (MES) identification. Preliminary in-vivo results also are encouraging.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

LoColms: an innovative approach of enhancing traditional classroom form of education by promoting web-based distance learning in the poorer countries.

There have been numerous attempts recently to promote technology based education (Shrestha, 1997) in the poorer third world countries, but so far all these have not provided a sustainable solution as they are either centered and controlled from abroad and relying solely on foreign donors for their sustenance or they are not web-based, which make distribution problematic, and some are not affordable by most of the local population in these places. In this paper we discuss an application, the Local College Learning Management System (LoColms), which we are developing, that is both sustainable and economical to suit the situation in these countries. The application is a web-based system, and aims at improving the traditional form of education by empowering the local universities. Its economy comes from the fact that it is supported by traditional communication technology, the public switching telephone network system, PSTN, which eliminates the need for packet switched or dedicated private virtual networks (PVN) usually required in similar situations. At a later stage, we shall incorporate ontology and paging tools to improve resource sharing and storage optimization in the Proxy Caches (ProCa) and LoColms servers. The system is based on the client/server paradigm and its infrastructure consists of the PSTN, ProCa, with the learning centers accessing the universities by means of point-to-point protocol (PPP).

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2003

Multiple metaphor environments: designing for diversity.

This paper advances a proposition for the engineering of interactive computer-based environments capable of exhibiting alternative interactive embodiments to cope with diversity in users, interaction platforms and usage contexts. Such systems are referred to as Multiple Metaphor Environments (MME). The theoretical underpinnings of an MME rely on a conception of HCI design as mapping functions in a machine-oriented language (target domain) to symbols in a user-oriented language (source domain), and vice versa. Such a conception, which is rooted in developments in communication theory and the philosophy of language, constitutes the baseline for formulating a proposal for the design of MME. The proposal comprises a set of engineering principles, process-oriented guidelines and design techniques intended to facilitate a detailed account of how interactive systems could be designed to cope with diversity. To aid the articulation of the various properties of MME, we refer to concrete case studies that provide exemplars of novel insights and promising design practices towards the specification of MME.

Artificial Intelligence↗