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PubMed1999

Laboratory evaluation of AI3-37220, AI3-35765, CIC-4, and deet repellents against three species of mosquitoes.

Four repellents, N,N-diethyl-3-methyl-benzamide (deet), 2-hydroxy-methyl-cyclohexyl acetic acid lactone (CIC-4), and 2 piperidines (1-[3-cyclohexen-1-ylcarbonyl] piperidine [AI3-35765] and 1-[3-cyclohexen-1-ylcarbonyl]-2-methylpiperidine [AI3-37220]) were evaluated alone and in combination against Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi, and Culex quinquefasciatus using a modified in vitro test system. This method was a valuable tool for comparing effective concentrations of the new compounds. Because of the controlled conditions of the test, it was possible to use the results of assays that had been conducted over a 5-year period and to perform the many replications necessary to evaluate combinations of compounds. The new candidate repellents were generally as effective as deet. Although speculative at this time, there was some evidence of synergistic interaction. Repellent combinations of CIC-4/AI3-37220/AI3-35767, deet/AI3-35765, and deet/AI3-37220/AI3-35765 against An. stephensi and CIC-4/AI3-35765, deet/AI3-37220/AI3-35765, AI3-37220/AI3-35765, and CIC-4/AI3-37220 against Ae. aegypti were more effective than the component compounds alone.

Aedes↗
PubMed1992

Mosquito repellent activity of oils from Vitex negundo Linn. leaves.

Oil obtained from stream distillate of V. negundo leaves was fractionated by column chromatography. Mosquito repellence activity, as evaluated against Aedes aegypti was mainly confined to the most polar fractions. The protection period against mosquito bites by polar fractions ranged between 1-3 h. However, the mean protection period values of these fractions did not show significant increase in the subsequent subfractions.

Aedes↗
PubMed2004

DEET mosquito repellent provides personal protection against malaria: a household randomized trial in an Afghan refugee camp in Pakistan.

Synthetic repellents based on di-ethyl 3-methyl benzamide (DEET) are a popular method of obtaining protection from mosquitoes and yet clear evidence for a protective effect against malaria has hitherto never been convincingly demonstrated. A household randomized trial was undertaken among a study population of 127 families (25%) in an Afghan refugee village in Pakistan to compare the efficacy of repellent soap (Mosbar containing 20% DEET and 0.5% permethrin) vs. a placebo lotion. Cases of falciparum and vivax malaria were detected by passive case detection at the camp's clinic. At the end of the 6 month trial 3.7% (23 of 618) of individuals in the Mosbar group had presented with one or more episodes of falciparum malaria compared with 8.9% (47 of 530) of the placebo group (odds ratio 0.44, 95% CI 0.25-0.76). 16.7% of the Mosbar group (103 of 618) presented with vivax malaria compared with 11.7% (62 of 530) of the placebo group, and thus no effect was shown against vivax malaria (odds ratio 1.29, 95% CI 0.86-1.94). A considerable proportion of individuals (22%) had presented with vivax malaria during the 7 months leading up to the trial and thus any intervention effect would be partially masked by relapsed infections. The distribution of mosquitoes among households was broadly similar between Mosbar and placebo groups. The repellent was popularly received and very few side-effects were reported. There is a case for giving repellents more prominence in public health as a preventive measure in regions where vectors bite in the early evening or in emergency situations such as epidemics or newly established refugee camps.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Repellency of citronella for head lice: double-blind randomized trial of efficacy and safety.

BACKGROUND: Head lice move easily from head to head. The lack of safe, effective repellents leads to reinfestation. OBJECTIVES: To test the efficacy of a slow-release citronella formulation as a repellent against the head louse. METHODS: During 4 months in 2003 a randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind clinical study was conducted in four elementary schools; 103 children were treated with the test formulation and 95 with a placebo. RESULTS: A significant difference was observed during the second examination 2 months later, when 12.0% of the children treated with the test repellent and 50.5% of those treated with placebo were infested with lice. A significant difference was also observed at the third examination 2 months later, when 12.4% of the children treated with the test repellent and 33.7% treated with placebo were infested. Overall, there were significant differences between those treated with the repellent and those treated with the placebo (15.4% and 55.1% respectively, P < 0.0001). Side effects were observed in 4.4% of children who disliked the odor of the formulation, and an additional 1.0% who complained of a slight itching and burning sensation. CONCLUSIONS: Use of an effective repellent could significantly lower the incidence of reinfestations, which would lower expenditure on lice control, including pediculicides, combs and products for nit removal, and the time spent on treatment and removal of the nits.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Microencapsulation of Zanthoxylum limonella oil (ZLO) in glutaraldehyde crosslinked gelatin for mosquito repellent application.

Glutaraldehyde (GA) crosslinked gelatin (G) microcapsules containing Zanthoxylum limonella oil (ZLO) were prepared by coacervation technique. The effect of various parameters such as variation of oil-loading, gelatin concentration and degree of crosslinking on release rate of oil were studied. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to understand the surface characteristics of microcapsules. FTIR-results indicated the absence of any significant interaction between polymer and oil.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Response of economically important aphids to components of Hemizygia petiolata essential oil.

The essential oil of Hemizygia petiolata Ashby (Lamiaceae) contains high levels (>70%) of the sesquiterpene (E)-beta-farnesene, the alarm pheromone for many economically important aphid species. In order to test the suitability of H. petiolata oil as a source of (E)-beta-farnesene for use in new integrated aphid control strategies, behavioural responses of pest aphid species were studied in laboratory and field experiments. In alarm pheromone assays the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae Sulzer, and the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harr), showed a lower level of response to the oil than expected given the high levels of (E)-beta-farnesene. It was shown that minor components in the oil, (+)-bicyclogermacrene and (-)-germacrene D, caused inhibition of the alarm response for M. persicae and A. pisum respectively. Nevertheless, in olfactometer studies the oil was directly repellent to A. pisum and the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae F. Sitobion avenae was not only repelled by (E)-beta-farnesene but also by (-)-germacrene D. Furthermore, although it was not directly repellent to M. persicae, the oil interfered with its attraction to host plant stimuli. In field plot experiments, numbers of A. pisum were significantly reduced in plots treated with a slow release formulation of the oil, when compared with control plots.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Natural products: repellency and toxicity of wild tomato leaf extracts to the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch.

The potential of using phytochemicals from leaves of wild tomato for controlling the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is explored in this study as a promising alternative to the use of synthetic pesticides. Wild tomato accessions of Lycopersicon hirsutum plants that are not consumed by humans were planted under greenhouse conditions for mass production of leaves. Crude extracts from leaves of three accessions of L. hirsutum, six accessions of L. hirsutum f. glabratum, and one accession each of L. pennellii and L. pimpinellifolium were prepared in chloroform, ethanol and hexane. Two spider mite bioassays, one a measure of antibiosis and the other a measure of repellency, were utilized to determine the acaricidal performance of the crude extracts. The bioassay for antibiosis was a 6-h no-choice test. The bioassay for repellency utilized a ring bioassay. Chloroform leaf extracts of L. hirsutum f. glabratum accessions (PI-251304, PI-134417, PI-134418, and PI-126449) exhibited greatest antibiotic activity on two-spotted spider mites; the hexane extracts exhibited greatest repellency. Extracts from PI-251304, PI-126449, PI-134417, and PI-134418 were especially lethal (chloroform) or repellent (hexane). We investigated differences in chemical composition of the crude leaf extracts that may explain the observed differences in mortality and repellency among the different accessions. Major chemical compounds (alpha -curcumene, alpha -zingiberene, trans-caryophyllene, 2-undecanone, and 2-tridecanone) known to have pesticidal efficacy were detected and quantified in the crude leaf extracts using a gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with a mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Lethality of extracts was mainly associated with the presence of high concentrations of 2-tridecanone; repellency of extracts was mainly associated with the presence of trans-caryophyllene. Leaf extracts of L. hirsutum f. glabratum accessions that contain significant quantities of 2-tridecanone and/or trans-caryophyllene could be useful for managing populations of spider mites, which could reduce reliance on synthetic pesticides.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Effects of indoor environmental factors on respiratory health of children in a subtropical climate.

This study was conducted to determine whether indoor environmental factors affected respiratory symptoms in 4164 primary school children in Kaohsiung rural areas of Taiwan. Information on respiratory health symptoms and characteristics of the housing was obtained using a written questionnaire, completed by the parents of children. Multiple logistic regression analysis examined the relationship between respiratory health symptoms (cough, wheezing, bronchitis, asthma, and allergic rhinitis) and housing factors. Home dampness was significantly associated with all respiratory health symptoms. Incense burning and mosquito repellant burning showed effects on the reporting of coughing symptoms. No apparent associations were found with the other indoor factors included in this study or respiratory health symptoms. We conclude that dampness in the home has a pronounced effects on respiratory health symptoms and is a new public health issue in subtropical areas.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed1996

Essential oil analysis and field evaluation of the citrosa plant "Pelargonium citrosum" as a repellent against populations of Aedes mosquitoes.

A plant recently introduced into North America as the citrosa, Pelargonium citrosum ('Van Leenii'), has been marketed as a biological repellent against mosquitoes. Citrosa is claimed to repel mosquitoes within a 10 ft.2 (0.93 m2) area due to a continuous fragrant release of citronella oil. The total essential oil yield was 0.2 +/- 0.1% from fresh plant material. Chemical analysis by the authors revealed that combined essential oils of fresh greenhouse- and field-grown citrosa have 35.4 +/- 6.2% geraniol, 10.4 +/- 1.6% citronellol, 8.9 +/- 2.0% isomenthone, and 6.8 +/- 3.8% linalool. Both the morphology and essential oil of citrosa fall within the Pelargonium x asperum hybrid complex and are similar to 'Rosé', the commercial rose geranium. No character of morphology or essential oil of a Cymbopogon species yielding commercial citronella oil could be detected in the citrosa. The effectiveness of the citrosa as a repellent against field populations of spring Aedes spp. mosquitoes was evaluated and compared with a 75% deet (N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) formulation. Deet provided > 90% reduction in mosquitoes biting subjects for up to 8 h post-treatment. There was no significant difference between citrosa-treated and nontreated subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Influence of human skin surface lipids on protection time of topical mosquito repellent.

Skin surface lipids were extracted from volunteers who had been ranked according to the duration of protection from mosquitoes by diethyltoluamide. These lipids were analyzed by GLC-mass spectrometry for their fatty acid contents. Correlations were found between total skin lipid content and protection time of diethyltoluamide and between certain fatty acid concentrations in the skin lipids and the protection time of diethyltoluamide.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1993

Laboratory evaluation of repellents against four anopheline mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and two phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae).

Deet, the lactone CIC-4, and the piperidine compounds A13-37220 and A13-35765 were evaluated for initial repellency against laboratory-reared Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann, An. freeborni Aitken, An. gambiae Giles, An. stephensi Liston, and Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) using a dose-response testing procedure on human volunteers. In addition, deet and CIC-4 were tested against Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva). In general, the repellency of A13-37220, A13-35765, and CIC-4 was not markedly different from that of deet against each species tested; however, the different species varied greatly in response to the repellents. Overall, An. stephensi, L. longipalpis, and P. papatasi were the most sensitive, and An. albimanus the most tolerant species. The four repellents subsequently were tested against An. stephensi and An. albimanus to determine the duration of repellency. AI3-37220 provided effective (> 90%) protection against An. stephensi bites for 7 h, whereas deet, AI3-35765, and CIC-4 provided 6, 5, and 3 h of protection, respectively. Each of the four compounds provided < 1 h of protection against An. albimanus bites.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Historical study of the moth repellent, "Fujisawa Camphor" (3) An exposition as an advertisement media].

Newspaper advertisements were the predominant medium in informing people about new products midway through the Meiji Era. Subscribers to these newspapers, however, were still limited. At the time, expositions were wildly popular. Seizing the opportunity , in 1903 Fujisawa promoted his "Fujisawa Camphor" through aggressive advertising at the 5th Domestic Industrial Exposition in Osaka. The advertising proved to be a success, as Fujisawa took 2nd Prize of the exposition.

Advertising↗
PubMed1987

Toxic effects of mosquito coil (a mosquito repellent) smoke on rats. I. Properties of the mosquito coil and its smoke.

The physical and chemical properties of the mosquito coil, a commonly used mosquito repellent in Asia and South America, were analysed. The smoke emitted from the burning mosquito coil consists of submicron particles (diameter less than 1 micron) coated with a considerable amount of heavy metals, allethrin and a wide range of organic vapors, such as phenol and o-cresol. Therefore, a lengthy exposure to this smoke will cause adverse effects on the consumers.

Allethrins↗
PubMed1992

Laboratory and field observations on anti-tick properties of the plant Gynandropsis gynandra (L.) Brig.

A shrubby plant, abundant in east Kenya, Gynandropsis gynandra (L.) Brig., was shown to exhibit repellent and acaricidal properties to larvae, nymphs and adult Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Amblyomma variegatum ticks. All stages of ticks avoided the leaves of the plant and a high percentage of the ticks which were continuously exposed to its leaves died; surviving ticks were weak and inactive but regained activity when exposed to fresh air. The effectiveness of the plant's leaves as a repellent and acaricide was most pronounced on nymphs and least pronounced on adults. Field investigations indicated that ticks were not found up to 2-5 m from the plant in areas where the plant was predominant. The potential of using the plant for tick control within an integrated tick management system in the resource-poor farming context in Africa was highlighted.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Travellers returning to Sweden with falciparum malaria: pre-travel advice, behaviour, chemoprophylaxis and diagnostic delay.

We have investigated pre-travel advice, behaviour, chemoprophylaxis and diagnostic delay in travellers returning to Sweden with falciparum malaria. Questionnaires were distributed to patients having been notified with falciparum malaria from 1994 to 2001. Of 408 notified patients, 237 (58%) returned the questionnaires; 62% were males and 43% above the age of 45 y. Africa was the travel destination in 90% of the cases, and 27% had travelled to Kenya. 69% had spent more than 1 night in the countryside, and 6% had stayed in modern urban areas only. 40% took an adequate dose of chemoprophylaxis, although this proportion decreased from 55% to 12% during the study period. Nine per cent used both bed nets and mosquito repellents regularly. The median time from onset of symptoms to contact with health care professionals was 2 d, and from that contact to start of malaria treatment the median time was less than 24 h.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Risk factors for lyme disease in Chester County, Pennsylvania.

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with increased or decreased risk of infection for Lyme disease in Chester County, Pennyslvania. METHODS: The authors designed an unmatched case-control study involving 294 incident cases reported to the Chester County Health Department in 1998 and 449 controls selected by random digit dialing. All case and control participants were interviewed by telephone. RESULTS: Age is a risk factor for Lyme disease for groups aged 10-19 years old and 50 years or older. Sex was not a risk factor. Incidence of Lyme disease in a rural setting was three times the incidence in an urban setting. Increased risk also was associated with living in single family homes, homes with yards or attached land, woods on the land, signs of tick hosts seen on the land, and homes within 100 feet of woodland. Gardening for more than four hours per week was also a risk factor, but most other outdoor activities were not. Twice as many participants took protective measures against tick bites before outdoor employment than those who merely ventured into the yard or land associated with the home. Only checking for ticks during outdoor activity and the use of repellents prior to outdoor activities outside the yard were unequivocally associated with a reduced risk of Lyme disease. CONCLUSIONS: It is important to increase public awareness about the risk of acquiring Lyme disease from ticks in the immediate environment of the home.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Survey of personal protection measures against mosquitoes among Australian defense force personnel deployed to East Timor.

A questionnaire was completed by 955 Australian Defense Force soldiers from two battalion groups to determine their usage of mosquito repellents and bed nets during peacekeeping duties in East Timor. The survey showed that most soldiers (84%) used repellents, but only 19% used them daily. The soldiers used a number of repellent formulations; however, few soldiers used the Australian Defense Force deet (diethyl methylbenzamide) formulation containing 35% deet in a gel. Most soldiers preferred several commercial formulations, which contained 7 to 80% deet. The occurrence of mosquito-borne disease in soldiers was not affected by repellent usage, as the use of repellents was comparable between infected and noninfected individuals. The overall frequency of bed net usage differed in the two battalion groups. The occurrence of malaria in soldiers from one battalion group who did not sleep under a bed net every night of their deployment was significantly (p = 0.007) higher than those who did.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Effects of weathering on fabrics treated with permethrin for protection against mosquitoes.

Permethrin-impregnated and untreated fabrics were evaluated for their toxic and repellent effects against Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti after both types of fabrics were subjected to accelerated weathering for 9 weeks, under a simulated wet/tropical environment. The toxic (knockdown) effect of permethrin-impregnated fabrics against both species of mosquitoes diminished rapidly after 1 week compared to the repellent effect. After 6 weeks of weathering, the remaining low amounts of permethrin provided fair protection from mosquito bites; however, no knockdown was observed at those levels. Permethrin-treated fabric was effective in providing protection from mosquito bites and appears to be a means of attenuating both the nuisance effects and, possibly, disease transmission by mosquitoes.

Animals↗