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PubMed2001

Human infertility, reproductive cloning and nuclear transfer: a confusion of meanings.

The Chief Medical Officer of Health of the United Kingdom has recommended that the 1990 Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act should be amended to allow cloning in humans for research purposes only. He also recommended that: "The transfer of an embryo created by cell nuclear replacement into the uterus of a woman (so called 'reproductive cloning') should remain a criminal offence" (recommendation 7, Ref. 1). This recommendation implies that nuclear replacement and cloning are the same. They are not. Nuclear transfer constitutes reproductive cloning only when the individual created is genetically identical to the nuclear donor. In this paper, we describe a possible future use of nuclear transfer for the treatment of infertile individuals. The treatment yields an individual that receives approximately equal genetic contributions from each parent. We use this example to illustrate how semantic confusion might lead to plausibly moral and justifiable treatments being legally banned. In doing so, we hope to encourage a more accurate and informed use of language in science, law and politics, so that legislation is properly informed by science and achieves what it intends. BioEssays 23:359-364, 2001.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Insulin glargine: a new basal insulin.

OBJECTIVE: To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, dosing guidelines, adverse effects, drug interactions, and clinical efficacy of insulin glargine. DATA SOURCES: Primary and review articles regarding insulin glargine were identified by MEDLINE search (1966-July 2001); abstracts were identified through Institute for Scientific Information Web of Science (1995-July 2001) and the American Diabetes Association. Additional information was obtained from the insulin glargine product information. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: All of the articles and meeting abstracts identified from the data sources were evaluated, and all information deemed relevant was included in this review. Priority was placed on data from the primary medical literature. DATA SYNTHESIS: Insulin glargine is a long-acting, recombinant human insulin analog that is given once daily as a basal source of insulin in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus. Modification of the basic insulin structure has produced a new insulin that is soluble at an acidic pH, but precipitates in the subcutaneous tissue and is slowly released from a depot. Insulin glargine has a slower onset of action than NPH insulin and a longer duration of action with no peak activity. Once-daily administration of insulin glargine has comparable efficacy to that of NPH insulin administered once or twice daily in basal-bolus regimens when used in combination with intermittent doses of regular insulin or insulin lispro in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and in conjunction with oral antidiabetic agents in patients with type 2 diabetes. Overall, insulin glargine has an incidence of hypoglycemia comparable to or less than that of NPH insulin, with a reduced incidence of nocturnal hypoglycemia compared with NPH insulin seen in some studies. CONCLUSIONS: Insulin glargine is a long-acting insulin analog capable of providing 24-hour basal insulin coverage when administered once daily at bedtime. Its activity profile, which lacks a pronounced peak, more closely resembles that of endogenous basal insulin than that of other intermediate- or long-acting insulins and appears more likely to be associated with a reduced incidence of hypoglycemia, particularly nocturnal hypoglycemia. Insulin glargine physiologically provides basal insulin but, for most patients, the addition of a rapid-acting insulin, like insulin lispro, before or with meals will need to be included in the treatment regimen to achieve optimal management of blood glucose concentrations.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

Where to find nutritional science journals on the World Wide Web.

The World Wide Web (WWW) is a burgeoning information resource that can be utilized for current awareness and assistance in manuscript preparation and submission. The ever changing and expanding nature of the WWW allows it to provide up to the minute information, but this inherent changeability often makes information access difficult. To assist nutrition scientists in locating useful information about nutritional science journals on the WWW, this article critically reviews and describes the WWW sites for seventeen highly ranked nutrition and dietetics journals. Included in each annotation are the site's title, web address or Universal Resource Locator (URL), journal ranking and site authorship. Also listed is whether or not the site makes available the guidelines for authors, tables of contents, abstracts, online ordering, as well as information about the editorial board. This critical survey illustrates that the information on the web, regardless of its authority, is not of equal quality.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed2001

Information age technologies for surgeons: overview.

This overview summarizes the revolutionary changes that are occurring in medicine today and looks beyond medicine to the other disciplines of science that contribute to the overall revolution of the Information Age. The concept of "information equivalent," representing real objects within a computer as information, is explained. The application of today's emerging information technologies is divided into the components of patient care--diagnosis, consultation, treatment, and education--and illustrations are given of how information sciences are changing the practice of surgery.

General Surgery↗
PubMed2006

Conservation science and forest service policy for roadless areas.

Questions persist regarding whether the science of conservation biology can successfully affect environmental decision making. One of the most prominent fields of intersection between conservation science and environmental policy is public-lands debates in the United States. I reviewed the role of conservation science in the roadless-area policies of the U.S. Forest Service. Since 1971, the Forest Service has systematically evaluated roadless areas on national forests three times, most recently during the Clinton administration's Roadless Area Conservation Review (1998-2000) (U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service 2000b). Drawing on the agency's environmental impact statements and supporting documents and the internal records of conservation organizations, I examined the changing goals, methodology, and outcome of roadless-area advocacy and policy Since the 1970s, conservation science has successfully informed public and administrative concern for roadless-area protection. Conservation science has transformed public discourse regarding roadless areas and has changed the scope and rationale of national conservation organizations' goals for roadless-area policy from protecting some to protecting all remaining national forest roadless areas. The Forest Service has increasingly drawn on the lessons of conservation biology to justify its methodology and its administrative recommendations to protect roadless areas. The 2000 Roadless Area Conservation Review resulted in a recommendation to protect all remaining national forest roadless areas, up from 22% of roadless areas in the first roadless review. Despite the scientific merits of recent roadless-area advocacy and policy, however such initiatives have faced political difficulties. The emphasis on large-scale, top-down, national approaches to conservation policy has rendered such policies politically problematic.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed1990

The changing continuing education role of health sciences libraries.

Libraries have always organizationally supported the continuing education (CE) objectives of their respective institutions. As CE experts increase their understanding of the learning process and the factors that make CE opportunities successful, it is important that health sciences librarians use this knowledge to enhance their positions as key players in the CE field. This paper surveys the literature related to the roles of health sciences libraries in CE, reports an informal survey of health sciences librarians, and identifies innovative services that integrate the library with the lifelong learning processes of its users. Four distinct support areas are identified in which the library relates to CE (resources, content, education, and information management), illustrating traditional library CE roles and suggesting new opportunities. To be successful in improving the library's role in CE, librarians must attend to their own lifelong learning needs, increase collaboration with educators and CE providers, participate in research that addresses the learning and information assimilation processes, and actively involve the library in the quality filtering process.

Education, Continuing↗
PubMed2004

[Men of science in Brazil: colonial empires and the circulation of information (1780-1810)].

In the eighteenth century, the Portuguese imperial model yielded to other international strategies, organized according to a logic of networks that revolved around centers for the production of knowledge and the creation and redistribution of scientific products. Within this context, Portugal underwent a 'conversion' that drew it towards the French and British colonial systems. A self-legitimized scientific field was one of the corollaries of the European Enlightenment, a process that involved at least two generations of men of science and, most importantly, whose success relied on the engagement of the State. This process did not transpire systemactically in Brazil, although many of the country's men of science were well abreast of the Enlightenment's most modern philosophical and scientific theories. Policies to foster scientific activities in Brazil did not occur in tandem with broad, deep transformations in the spheres of administration, sociability, institutions, economics, or culture.

Brazil↗
PubMed2005

"Hello, hello--it's English I speak!": a qualitative exploration of patients' understanding of the science of clinical trials.

Informed consent may be seriously compromised if patients fail to understand the experimental nature of the trial in which they are participating. Using focus groups, the authors explored how prospective trial participants interpret and understand the science of clinical trials by using patient information sheets relative to their medical condition. An opportunity was provided to hear in the patients' own words how they interpret the information and why there is variable understanding. Respondents struggled to comprehend the meaning and purpose of concepts such as randomisation and double blinding, and found them threatening to their ideas of medical care. Suggestions are made about how to improve the national guidelines on written information for trial participants and pretesting of the information sheets is advocated.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Learning from education to communicate science as a good story.

Science communicators must learn from science educators in their crusade to counteract the traditional boring and inefficient approaches to convey science. Educators encounter a need for methods of teaching that portray science as 'hard fun' and resources that encourage students' minds to burst into action. Narratives are considered by several authors as highly valuable resources for science education. However, little research has been undertaken to measure the efficiency of narratives in the context of science communication to the general public. Recent work however, suggests that narratives are indeed an alternative and an important means for science communication to convey information in an accurate, attractive, imaginative and memorable way. To present scientific information through stories, novels, comics and plays should be regarded as an important means to transmit information in the repertoire of both science teachers and science communicators.

Curriculum↗
PubMed2001

Nateglinide therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE: To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, dosing guidelines, adverse effects, drug interactions, and clinical efficacy of nateglinide. DATA SOURCES: Primary and review articles regarding nateglinide were identified by MEDLINE search (from 1966 to January 2001); abstracts were identified through the Institute for Scientific Information Web of Science (from 1995 to January 2001) and the American Diabetes Association; additional information was obtained from the nateglinide product information. STUDY SELECTION/DATA EXTRACTION: All articles and meeting abstracts identified from the data sources were evaluated and all information deemed relevant was included in this review. Much of the information was from abstracts or the product labeling, since few clinical studies have been published in the medical literature. DATA SYNTHESIS: Nateglinide is a novel nonsulfonylurea oral antidiabetic agent that stimulates insulin secretion from the pancreas. It has a rapid onset and short duration of action, allowing administration before a meal to reduce postprandial hyperglycemia. Improvement in glycemic control with nateglinide monotherapy has been demonstrated in patients not previously treated with antidiabetic medications. Greater improvement in glycemic control was observed when nateglinide was administered in combination with metformin. CONCLUSIONS: Nateglinide is similar to repaglinide, but has a quicker onset of action, quicker reversal, and does not usually require dosage titration. Based on the pharmacodynamics of nateglinide and repaglinide, nateglinide produces a more rapid postprandial increase in insulin secretion, and its duration of response is shorter than that of repaglinide. The risk of postabsorptive hypoglycemia should be lower than with either sulfonylureas or repaglinide.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Longitudinal studies of personality disorders: four lessons from personality psychology.

The three longitudinal projects described in this special section of the Journal of Personality Disorders raise a number of intriguing questions concerning the natural history of personality disorders and offer more than their share of surprises. In addition, they underscore several valuable lessons derived from the literature on normal-range personality traits. Drawing in part from the writings of the American trait psychologist Gordon Allport, I describe four such lessons: (1) change and continuity of personality traits and disorders can and do coexist, (2) the covariation among personality traits helps to account for the "comorbidity" among personality disorders, (3) personality traits and disorders influence how individuals interpret life events, and (4) personality traits must be distinguished from behavioral adaptations to these traits. These lessons remind us that the science of personality disorders must be informed by the basic science of personality.

Anxiety Disorders↗