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PubMedDate not supplied

[The stakes in psychiatric hospitalization. Is an ethical approach possible?].

To pose the question of what is at stake in a psychiatric hospitalisation really means to pose the question of its purpose, its justification and ultimately of its underlying ethics. After having defined ethics in its moral and deontological aspects, we shall broach the psychiatric and medical aspect of its politics and relationship to the social field, questions which have become acute because of the fact that they are directly related to our notion of liberty. Certain points shall be more specifically developed: Whom do we serve? To hospitalise, is a medical act. Hospitalisation is a means of protection against Murder and Incest. Hospitalisation is a Third dimension in a Space and Time experience. Our intervention is a logical outcome of our own conception of symptoms and the healing process. What if ultimately, pathology were but the answer to an unverbalized interrogation? To take into consideration, beyond the determinating factors be they genetical, biological, or social, a psychic reality which we recognize in the patient's transfer and his verbalisation, impell a necessary and imperative change in the perspective of the field of conventional psychiatry. To allow oneself to be interrogated by this "Other" discourse, and to assume all the consequences, both theoretical and practical, this is the passing from medical ethics to what might be called analytical ethics.

Belgium↗
PubMed1983

[Grandparenthood].

This is a study about grandparenthood and represents an approach to the organization of the human psychodynamics along the individual's development toward becoming a grandparent. Grandparenthood is an important function that has its roots in the nuclear oedipical bonds and in previous narcissistic relationships. It is not always, though, an idylic happy end, reached by the only fact of having been a parent and then a grandparent with many grandchildren. In this paper, the author expands on three basic items: The desire of the individual to become a grandparent. The meaning for the grandparent of this desire. The way in which the tumultuous libidinal metamorphose, which can be called "grandparenthood crisis" develops. Human beings do not willingly give up their libidinal strongholds, not even when potential compensatory substitutes are rising up. But in the normal case, the sense of reality prevails. Meanwhile, losses continue their existence in the psyche as inscriptions of a lack, making encounters and reencounters possible. Parents may be lost and sons may become independent but they are recovered through grandchildren and new social bonds that provide richer fulfillment feelings to the grandparent. The family, the environment in which the emergence of desire puts to the proof the interdiction of incest, the sex differences and the generational gap, is the most intimate and adequate field for the development of the strongest tendencies either in the realm of creativity or in the realm of destructivity. And grandparenthood takes place in this field of tendencies.

Family↗
PubMed1995

Infantophilia--a new subcategory of pedophilia?: a preliminary study.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders has included three subgroups of pedophilic disorder based on the gender of the victim, the exclusiveness of the subject's preference for children, and whether the behavior is limited to incest. This study uses the pedophile's preference for age of victim as a means of delineating two distinct subgroups. The first group of so-called 'infantophiles' had victims who were less than five years old, while the latter subgroup of pedophiles had victims between the ages of 6 and 12 years (n = 38). The primary purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that these two subgroups, based on the age of the victims, can be further distinguished by descriptive parameters. Various standardized questionnaires were administered to the subjects. The results of the study are discussed and suggestions made with regard to future research efforts.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Placement outside home. 1. Study of the records on 112 children and adolescents placed outside the home in 1990].

A retrospective study was made of the records of 112 children and adolescents who had been placed outside their homes in 1990 in accordance with Section 66 of the Social Assistance Act. The children had been placed either in foster homes, boarding schools, group homes or youth homes. The aim of the study was to examine the social circumstances relevant to placement of the children. It was found that the parents' marital status, their means of income and the recorded problems of both children and parents, all of which were considered to be contributing factors to placement of the children, corresponded with results from previous studies. However, incest and physical abuse were not recorded as a cause of placement. Only a few children were placed directly from their own homes; most of them were transferred from one form of institution or school to another. In more than 90% of the cases, extensive measures of social support had previously been established in an attempt to avoid the first placement outside the home. Although the children received social support during placement, the support given to the parents is still considered insufficient. This is especially the case for parents of children below school age. Compared to the total sample this group seems to have the highest number of recorded parental problems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Screening for abuse in the clinical setting.

Physical examinations can be positive patient experiences, providing reassurance, education, and case finding. However, examinations also can be extremely anxiety provoking because of feelings of shame and embarrassment about visible injuries from an abuser. They also may provoke flashbacks related to incest, child sexual abuse, and rape. Nurses involved in clinical assessment of any kind need to be aware that a patient's history often affects her response to clinical evaluation. Asking a patient about abuse before evaluation is respectful and empowering and often establishes a valuable opportunity for intervention.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

The effects of child abuse and race on risk-taking in male adolescents.

This study explores the effects of abuse on the risk-taking behaviors of 2973 black and white adolescent males, 412 of whom were sexually or physically abused. Surveys on mental and physical health, risk-taking behaviors and attitudes, and family living were administered to 9th and 12th graders in an urban midwestern state. The surveys included questions on past history of sexual and physical abuse. More black than white males reported experiencing incest, extrafamilial sexual abuse, and physical abuse. As for outcome risk-taking behaviors, blacks were more likely to use illegal substances, run away, skip school, attempt suicide, force partners into sex, and commit violent acts; however, the racial effects decreased when abuse histories were taken into consideration. Whites were more likely to drink and drive, and to drink before having sex; abuse history did not decrease this racial effect. Abuse but not race was predictive of drinking and of having serious drinking problems. The results point to the importance of pediatricians, psychologists, and other healthcare workers, as well as those in the legal and criminal justice system screening for a history of abuse among adolescents who demonstrate these or other risk-taking behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Anxiety and unconscious fantasies in adoptive families].

First, after a short introduction, the author goes into the threatened identity in adoptive families and the role sexuality hereby plays. This is demonstrated with a case example. Then the unconscious fantasies and dealing with the incest prohibition are described, followed by thoughts about therapy and the problem of the right time to tell the child about his adoption.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Disputed paternity: the historical perspectives.

Requests for blood tests to resolve issues of disputed paternity fall under three main categories: (1) Proof of adultery; (2) Proof of kinship (a) in claims for citizenship, (b) to make material changes to the Birth Certificate, (c) for settlement of family disputes usually in inheritance matters; and (3) Investigation of sex crimes like rape and incest where a child is the result of the union. A broad overview is given on the venous red cell and serum blood groups used for paternity investigations. The laws of inheritance as applied to blood group investigations for disputed paternity are discussed. A survey of cases investigated on red cell and serum genetic markers since 1978 till 1990 showed an average of 5.5 cases a year with exclusion of the putative father in 19% of cases.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Incidence of sexual abuse].

BACKGROUND: Much attention is paid lately at all levels to sexual child abuse. Its incidence in the population is, however, not known. The objective of the present investigation was to assess the incidence of sexual abuse in a defined group of young people. METHODS AND RESULTS: The authors examined, using an anonymously completed semistructured questionnaire, 311 5th year medical students from Charles University, mean age cca 23 years. They found that 66% of the women and 20% of the men some time during their life were subjected to involuntary sexual interaction. Only one third of the delicts, however, had occurred before the age of 12, the majority after the age of 15 years. The offender was most frequently an unknown man who exhibited before the victim or fingered her. Brutal of serious interactions (rape or attempted rape) were recorded only in 6%. The authors did not record a single case of incest. The majority of examined subjects experienced this event as unpleasant, however, usually did not tell it to anybody. Police organs were informed only in four cases. CONCLUSIONS: The presented negative experience can contribute to the development of some psychiatric disorders and psychosomatic diseases, although in the examined group a higher rate of psychic and sexual complaints was not recorded in probands with a negative sexual experience.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[A method to calculate the probability of paternity between relatives--a paternity case where the putative father was a deceased granduncle].

To test paternity in a case where the putative father was a deceased uncle of mother (plaintiff's granduncle), we designed a new method to calculate the probability of paternity likelihood. The putative father's genotypes of red cell antigens, HLA and short tandem repeat (STR) polymorphism were estimated from those of mother and sister of the plaintiff. When the probability was calculated from the frequencies in the unrelated individuals (the standard method), a significant bias might be introduced since the putative father and the plaintiff were likely to have the same alleles come from their common ancestry. Therefore, we designed a new method to calculate the likelihood ratio from the frequencies in the group of mother's uncles estimated from mother's genotypes. The probability (0.9299) calculated with our method was found to be lower than that (0.9992) done with the standard method indicating that the new method could remove the bias introduced from the incest.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Public funding for contraceptive, sterilization and abortion services, 1994.

In 1994, federal and state funding for contraceptive services and supplies reached +715 million. Funding totaled +148 million for contraceptive sterilization and +90 million for abortion services. According to a survey of state health, Medicaid and social service agencies, reported spending on contraceptive services and supplies increased by 11% between 1992 and 1994. In the same period, spending under Title X rose by 37%, making it the third largest public funding source for contraceptive services and supplies. The largest source of public funds for family planning services continues to be the joint federal-state Medicaid program. Medicaid family planning expenditures increased by only 4% between 1992 and 1994, a sizable decrease in growth from previous years. State funds continue to be the second largest source, providing almost one-quarter of reported public expenditures in 1994. The maternal and child health and social services block grants remain relatively minor sources of support nationally, although in a handful of states they provide the majority of public-sector funds. State governments were virtually the sole source of public support for the 203,200 abortions provided in 1994 to low-income women. Despite the loosening of federal abortion funding criteria in FY 1994 permitting payment in cases of rape and incest, federally funded abortions numbered only 282.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1977

[Oedipus - anthropology of enlightenment and interpretation].

The myth of oedipus follows - from an anthropological-phenomenological point of view - an interpretation as a tragedy of enlightment. Oedipus solves the riddle of the sphinx concerning the finality of human life. By this he has done the step from the cyclical conception of life, essential for early humanity and childhood, towards the causal and teleological thinking of modern man. But by this step he looses the instinctual-prelogical knowledge of early humanity - still observable among so called "savages" - about the ties of blood and the signification of incest. The loss of this knowledge throws him into the fateful marriage of his mother. Only after blinding himself he gains insight into the relations that are hidden to the "enlightened" thinking.

Anthropology, Cultural↗
PubMed1997

Splitting and the psychodynamics of adolescent and young adult suicide attempts.

The authors point to a link between the contradictory meanings and functions of adolescent and young adult suicide attempts and splitting mechanisms that may explain the normal coexistence of opposite tendencies. They argue that suicide attempts of young people reveal a deadlock in development, in which individuation and the need for dependence are equally intolerable because of the arousal of anxiety linked to persecution or abandonment. The sexualisation of the body and of intimate relationships engenders a risk of psychic decompensation, which is temporarily set aside through the reinforcement of splitting and denial; the suicide attempt, however, is precipitated by conditions that provoke a traumatic return of that which has been split-off and denied. Suicide attempts thus represent an act of compromise, the object of which is to avoid psychic disorganisation through the re-establishment of a precarious equilibrium between antithetical tendencies that splitting can simultaneously address. In particular, suicide may represent an attempt at individuation and flight from incest while at that same time satisfying fusion needs and the realisation of oedipal fantasies. Clinical examples are presented to illustrate the manifestation and the function of splitting in young people's suicide attempts.

Adolescent↗